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Enhancing the growth performance of Sesbania cannabina using Ensifer alkalisoli and biochar under salt stress
No full textSesbania cannabina is a leguminous salt-tolerant plant that has been effectively used in saline-alkaline land restoration, and forms symbiotic interactions with various rhizobia to form nodules. Ensifer alkalisoli YIC4027, a rhizobium, was screened from S. cannabina root nodules and has significant host specificity. However, the mechanism underlying the symbiotic salt tolerance of S. cannabina -YIC4027, and strategies to enhance this tolerance remain poorly understood. In this study, the mechanism underlying the effect of YIC4027 on the salt tolerance of S. cannabina and the effect of straw biochar on the symbiotic nodulation of S. cannabina-YIC4027 under salt stress were analyzed using a vermiculite pot test. The results indicated that inoculation with YIC4027 markedly increased the biomass, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and catalase (CAT) activity of S. cannabina under salt stress, while there was no obvious change in glutathione (GSH) or proline (PRO) content. The nitrogen supply and salt concentration are important regulators of YIC4027 nodulation. Salt stress reduced the nodulation efficiency of YIC4027 by 66.67%, and straw biochar application resulted in a 5-fold increase in nodulation efficiency of YIC4027. The present results further suggest that the combination of YIC4027 and straw biochar is an effective biological method for enhancing the effectiveness of S. cannabina in saline-alkali soil improvement
Hydrogel-Coated SERS Microneedles for Drug Monitoring in Dermal Interstitial Fluid
No full textIn vivo drug monitoring is crucial for evaluating the effectiveness and safety of drug treatment. Blood sampling and analysis is the current gold standard but needs professional skills and cannot meet the requirements of point-of-care testing. Dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) showed great potential to replace blood for in vivo drug monitoring; however, the detection was challenging, and the drug distribution behavior in ISF was still unclear until now. In this study, we proposed surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) microneedles (MNs) for the painless and real-time analysis of drugs in ISF after intravenous injection. Using methylene blue (MB) and mitoxantrone (MTO) as model drugs, the innovative core-satellite structured Au@Ag SERS substrate, hydrogel coating over the MNs, rendered sensitive and quantitative drug detection in ISF of mice within 10 min. Based on this technique, the pharmacokinetics of the two drugs in ISF was investigated and compared with those in blood, where the drugs were analyzed via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. It was found that the MB concentration in ISF and blood was comparable, whereas the concentration of MTO in ISF was 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than in blood. This work proposed an efficient tool for ISF drug monitoring. More importantly, it experimentally proved that the penetration ratio of blood to ISF was drug-dependent, providing insightful information into the potential of ISF as a blood alternative for in vivo drug detection
A new chemosymbiotic bivalve species of the genus Acharax Dall, 1908 (Bivalvia, Solemyida, Solemyidae) from the Haima cold seep of the South China Sea
No full textSolemyidae is an ancient group of protobranch bivalves that typically inhabit unusual environments, such as deep-sea chemosynthetic environments, and are symbiotic with chemoautotrophic and gill -hosted bacteria. In May 2018, a living solemyid bivalve was collected using a remotely operated vehicle at a depth of 1,390 m from the Haima cold seep in the northwestern slope of the South China Sea. Through a comprehensive taxonomic approach combining morphological observations and molecular phylogeny reconstruction of concatenated mitochondrial COI,16S rRNA and 18S rRNA gene sequences, a new species, Acharax haimaensis sp. nov. is identified and described. The discovery of this new species contributes to the diversity of known solemyids in deepsea chemosynthetic environments
Effect of hydrodynamic and ecosystem conditions on persistent organic pollutant temporal-spatial variations in the Yellow Sea
No full textCoastal seas are important pools of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) discharged from land. Considering the complex conditions in coastal seas and various biochemical features of POPs, special temporal-spatial variations in POPs have been reported. To understand these variations, we developed a three-dimensional hydrodynamic-ecosystem-POP coupled model and applied it to the Yellow Sea. We selected two POP species (polychlorinated biphenyl congener 153 (PCB-153) and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209)), which have different biochemical properties, as target materials. The dissolved PCB-153 simulated concentration was high in late spring and low in autumn, whereas that of BDE-209 was high in summer and low in winter. Both PCB-153 and BDE-209 showed high particle-bound concentrations in early spring. In summer, dissolved PCB-153 accumulated at the sea bottom, whereas dissolved BDE-209 accumulated at the sea surface. Seasonal and spatial variation differences in the two POPs are likely caused by greater Henry's Law Constant (H ') and bioconcentration factor (BCF) of PCB-153 than that of BDE-209, which leads to higher volatilization and stronger absorption by the particles for PCB-153 than BDE-209. As a component of such differences, the "biological pump" of PCB-153 in the central Yellow Sea is more apparent than that of BDE-209
Influence of microplastics on the availability of antibiotics in soils
No full textMicroplastics (MPs) and antibiotics, as two major types of emerging pollutants, inevitably coexist in the soil environment due to agricultural film residue, sewage irrigation and sludge application. However, the impact of MPs on antibiotic availability in soils with varying characteristics has not been extensively studied. Therefore, in this study, an interference experiment was conducted using three types of MPs (polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polypropylene (PP)) in red soil, paddy soil and cinnamon soil. The available antibiotics in soils were evaluated using diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT). Results showed that MPs had a significant impact on the amount of antibiotics adsorbed on soil solid (Cs) by providing additional binding sites or altering soil characteristics (e.g., pH and dissolved organic carbon). The most significant effects on Cs were observed in cinnamon soil, and the Cs values were dependent on concentration of MPs. The available antibiotics, as measured by DGT significantly decreased after the addition of MPs. This decrease was influenced by the soil characteristics. However, the concentration of antibiotics in soil solutions (Cd) was only slightly impacted by MPs. Therefore, the influence of MPs on the migration of antibiotics was reflected by their impact on the soil/water partition coefficient (Kd), while the resupply ability (R) from the soil solid phase was less influential. Moreover, the dosage of MPs had a significant effect on the availability of antibiotics in CS by promoting the adsorption of antibiotics on the solid phase, while in RS and PS, the soil properties played a dominate role in the changes in antibiotic availability after MP addition. These results indicate that the impact of MPs on available antibiotics mainly depends on soil properties. In addition, DGT measurement is more sensitive than soil solution to investigate the effects of coexisting pollutants on the behavior of antibiotics in soil
Antimicrobial sesterterpenoids with a unique 5/8/6/5 tetracyclic carbon-ring-system and diepoxide polyketides from a deep sea-sediment-sourced fungus <i>Chaetomium globosum</i> SD-347
No full textTwo new sesterterpenoids, sesterchaetins A and B (1 and 2), and two new diepoxide polyketides, chaetoketoics A and B (3 and 4), were characterized from the culture extract of Chaetomium globosum SD-347, a fungal strain derived from deep sea-sediment. Their structures and absolute configurations were unambiguously determined by detailed NMR, mass spectra, and X-ray crystallographic analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 contained a distinctive 5/8/6/5 tetracyclic carbon-ring-system, which represented a rarely occurring natural product framework. The new isolates 1-4 exhibited selective antimicrobial activities against human and aquatic pathogenic bacteria and plant-pathogenic fungi
Molecularly imprinted metal-organic frameworks assisted cloth and paper hybrid microfluidic devices for visual detection of gonyautoxin
No full textMarine algal toxin contamination is a major threat to human health. Thus, it is crucial to develop rapid and onsite techniques for detecting algal toxins. In this work, we developed colorimetric cloth and paper hybrid microfluidic devices (mu CPADs) for rapid detection of gonyautoxin (GTX1/4) combined with molecularly imprinted polymers. In addition, the metal -organic frameworks (MOFs) composites were applied for this approach by their unique features. Guanosine serves as a dummy template for surface imprinting and has certain structural advantages in recognizing gonyautoxin. MOF@MIPs composites were able to perform a catalytic color reaction using hydrogen peroxide-tetramethylbenzidine for the detection of GTX1/4. The cloth -based sensing substrates were assembled on origami mu PADs to form user-friendly, miniaturized colorimetric mu CPADs. Combined with a smartphone, the proposed colorimetric mu CPADs successfully achieved a low limit of detection of 0.65 mu g/L within the range of 1-200 mu g/L for rapid visual detection of GTX1/4. Moreover, the GTX1/4 of real shellfish and seawater samples were satisfactorily detected to indicate the application prospect of the mu CPADs. The proposed method shows good potential in the low-cost, stable establishment of assays for the rapid detection of environmental biotoxins
The characteristics of soil salinization effects on nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in upland fields
No full textThe influence of soil salinization on nitrogen (N) transformation is largely unknown, which impedes the reasonable management of N in saline fields. A comprehensive meta-analysis was thus conducted to evaluate the effects of salinity and relative soil physicochemical properties on net N mineralization and nitrification in upland soils. Results showed that effects of salinity on the net-N mineralization rate (Min) and nitrification rate (Nit) changed with the salinity level and incubation time. Generally, the inhibitory effect of salt on Min and Nit decreased gradually with incubation time. At 14-16 days of soil incubation, significant stimulatory effects on Min were observed in middle-level (ECe: 12-16 dS m(-1)) and high-level (ECe >16 dS m(-1)) saline soils, and on Nit in low-level (ECe: 4-12 dS m(-1)) saline soils. Regression analysis revealed that the effects of soil organic carbon (SOC), total N (TN), C/N, pH, and clay content on Min and Nit were closely related to salinity levels. Nit at 5-7 days of soil incubation first enhanced and then decreased with C/N increase, and the threshold value was 34.7. The effect of pH on Nit changed with salinity levels, and shifted from stimulation to inhibition with increasing pH. Min at 5-7 days of soil incubation in middle-level group first increased with increasing pH, and decreased when pH was higher than 8.1. Salinization deeply affected soil properties, which further influenced N turnover via alteration of the availability of substrates and microbial biomass and activities. Our findings suggest that the influence of salinity on soil N turnover closely related with salinity level, and salinity level should be considered fully when optimizing N management in saline upland fields
Detection of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 for pancreatic cancer imaging and treatment <i>via</i> a "turn-on" fluorescent probe
No full textUridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) is expressed ubiquitously in cancer cells and can metabolize exogenous substances. Studies show higher UGT1A1 levels in pancreatic cancer cells than normal cells. Therefore, we need a method to monitor the activity level of UGT1A1 in pancreatic cancer cells and in vivo. Here, we report a fluorescent probe, BCy-panc, for UGT1A1 imaging in cells and in vivo. Compared with other molecular probes, this probe is readily prepared, with high selectivity and sensitivity for the detection of UGT1A1. Our results show that BCy-panc rapidly detects UGT1A1 in pancreatic cancer. In addition, there is an urgent need for evidence to clarify the relationship between UGT1A1 and pancreatic cancer development. The present investigation found that the increase of UGT1A1 by chrysin was effective in inducing apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. These results indicate that the synergistic effect of chrysin and cisplatin at the cellular level is superior to that of cisplatin alone. The UGT1A1 level may be a biomarker for early diagnosis of cancer. Meanwhile, UGT1A1 plays a crucial role in pancreatic cancer, and the combination of chrysin and cisplatin may provide effective ideas for pancreatic cancer treatment
Research on Automatic Microalgae Detection System Based on Deep Learning
No full textObjective The scale of microalgae farming industry is huge. During farming, it is easy for microalgae to be affected by miscellaneous bacteria and other contaminants. Because of that, periodic test is necessary to ensure the growth of microalgae. Present microscopy imaging and spectral analysis methods have higher requirements for experiment personnel, equipment and sites, for which it is unable to achieve real-time portable detection. For the purpose of real-time portable microalgae detection, a real-time microalgae detection system of low detection requirement and fast detection speed is needed. Methods This study has developed a microalgae detection system based on deep learning. A microscopy imaging device based on bright field was constructed. With imaged captured from the device, a neural network based on YOLOv3 was trained and deployed on microcomputer, thus realizing real-time portable microalgae detection. This study has also improved the feature extraction network by introducing cross-region residual connection and attention mechanism and replacing optimizer with Adam optimizer using multistage and multimethod strategy. Results With cross-region residual connection, the mAP value reached 0.92. Compared with manual result, the detection error was 2.47%. Conclusion The system could achieve real-time portable microalgae detection and provide relatively accurate detection result, so it can be applied to periodic test in microalgae farming