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Zur Kenntnis der Frakturen der kleinen Sprunggelenksknochen des Pferdes
No full textDigitalisat der Ausgabe von 1915, erschienen 202
Beiträge zur Frage des Gültigkeitsbereiches des Nernst'schen Erregungsgesetzes bei Kondensatorentladungen
No full textDigitalisat der Ausgabe von 1920, erschienen 202
The importance of reactive silica for maintaining soil health
No full textBackground and aim
Soil health is vital for the sustainability of ecosystem services such as food and fiber production, nutrient cycling and water supply. Soil health can be assessed through a combination of physical, biological and chemical metrics. There is emerging evidence that reactive silica is a strong factor controlling soil functions.
Scope
We explain how reactive silica, specifically dissolved silicic acid and amorphous silica, can be used as a new metric for assessing soil health, complementing traditional metrics or even substituting for them.
Conclusion
The pivotal role of reactive silica for soil health is particularly important under stress conditions that are typically associated with drought and soil degradation. The status of reactive silica indicates soil degradation earlier than the currently used metrics, because reactive silica depletion is followed by soil degradation. We recommend suitable methods and benchmarks for assessing reactive silica. Furthermore, we suggest further research to improve our understanding of the importance of reactive silica for soil health. We call upon the soil research community to include reactive silica as a metric for soil health assessment
Situational by Structure: Rethinking the Role of Situation Construal in Situational Judgment Tests
No full textSituational judgment tests (SJTs) are widely used tools in personnel selection, yet their theoretical foundations remain debated. While traditionally described as contextualized simulations that capture dynamic person-situation processes, recent work has raised doubts about whether SJTs actually require situation construal or rather rely on structural item properties. In my dissertation, I develop and test a working model of SJT responding that integrates person factors (e.g., trait social desirability), item components (e.g., situation descriptions, response options, trait-relevant cues), and the psychological interpretation of the situation (situation construal via ATIC, DIAMONDS, situational strength, and social desirability perceptions). First, I examine ATIC as an individual difference in inferring evaluation criteria, extending its application to SJTs and testing its predictive power under varying incentive conditions. Second, I manipulate SJT item versions to isolate situation descriptions and response options, showing that response options carry most of the construct and criterion validity. Third, I directly test whether construal ratings predict performance across item versions, with results pointing to weak and inconsistent links. Together, these findings suggest that the “situationality” of SJTs lies less in dynamic construal processes and more in their structural design, particularly the information embedded in response options. The dissertation contributes to theory by reframing SJTs as structurally contextualized assessments and to practice by highlighting design properties such as cue quality and construct alignment.Situational Judgment Tests (SJTs) sind weit verbreitete Instrumente bei der Personalauswahl, doch ihre theoretischen Grundlagen sind nach wie vor umstritten. Während sie traditionell als kontextbezogene Simulationen beschrieben werden, die eine dynamische Interaktion zwischen Person und Situation erfassen, haben neuere Arbeiten Zweifel daran aufkommen lassen, ob SJTs tatsächlich situation construal benötigen, um beantwortet zu werden, oder ob sie eher auf strukturellen Eigenschaften der Items basieren. In meiner Dissertation entwickle und teste ich ein Arbeitsmodell für die Beantwortung von SJTs, das Personenmerkmale (z. B. soziale Erwünschtheitdisposition), Item-Komponenten (z. B. Situationsbeschreibungen, Antwortoptionen, trait-relevant cues) und die psychologische Interpretation der Situation (situation construal per ATIC, DIAMONDS, Situationsstärke und Wahrnehmung sozialer Erwünschtheit) integriert. Zunächst untersuche ich ATIC als interindividuellen Unterschied in der Erkennungsfähigkeit von Bewertungskriterien, erweitere dessen Anwendung auf SJTs und teste dessen Vorhersagekraft unter verschiedenen Anreizbedingungen. Zweitens manipuliere ich SJT-Item-Versionen, um Situationsbeschreibungen und Antwortoptionen zu isolieren, und zeige, dass Antwortoptionen den größten Teil des Konstrukt- und Kriteriumsvalidität bewirken. Drittens teste ich direkt, ob construal-Bewertungen die Leistung über Item-Versionen hinweg vorhersagen, wobei die Ergebnisse auf schwache und inkonsistente Zusammenhänge hinweisen. Zusammengenommen deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass die „Situationsabhängigkeit” von SJTs weniger in dynamischen construal-Prozessen als vielmehr in ihrem strukturellen Design liegt, insbesondere in den in den Antwortoptionen enthaltenen Informationen. Die Dissertation leistet einen theoretischen Beitrag, in dem sie SJTs als strukturell kontextualisierte Instrumente neu definiert, und einen praktischen Beitrag, in dem sie Designbestandteile wie cue-Qualität und Konstruktpassung hevorhebt
ISApl4, a New IS1595 Family Insertion Sequence Forming a Novel Pseudo-Compound Transposon That Confers Antimicrobial Multidrug Resistance in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
No full textBackground/Objectives: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is an important respiratory tract pathogen of swine worldwide. Insertion sequences (ISs) play a major role in the transfer of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among various porcine respiratory tract pathogens. In this study, three A. pleuropneumoniae genomes were investigated for the presence of a novel IS. Methods: Analysis of the draft genomes of three A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 8 isolates (AP_1, AP_120, AP_123) suggested the presence of a novel IS. A closed whole-genome sequence was generated for strain AP_123 by hybrid assembly of Oxford Nanopore MinION long-reads and Illumina MiSeq short-reads, followed by sequence analysis using standard online tools. Transfer was tested by natural transformation. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted by broth microdilution following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute standards. Results: A novel IS, designated ISApl4, was detected in all three genomes. ISApl4 is 712 bp in size and has a transposase gene (tnp) of 654 bp. Moreover, it has perfect terminal 14-bp inverted repeats and produces 8-bp direct repeats at its integration site. This IS was found in 39 copies in the AP_123 genome, two of which formed the 5,765-bp pseudo-compound transposon Tn7560. This transposon carries four AMR genes: sul2 (sulfonamide resistance), strA-strB (streptomycin resistance), and tet(Y) (tetracycline resistance). RT-PCR confirmed tnp gene expression and horizontal transfer of Tn7560 into A. pleuropneumoniae MIDG2331. Conclusions: This study identified the novel ISApl4 in porcine A. pleuropneumoniae and its association with the novel pseudo-compound transposon Tn7560, which proved to be an active element capable of disseminating multidrug resistance amongst A. pleuropneumoniae
Untersuchungen über die Bedeutung des Yatren für die Behandlung des sogenannten Hufkrebses des Pferdes
No full textDigitalisat der Ausgabe von 1921, erschienen 202
Vertical distribution of microplastics in soil affects plant response to microplastics.
No full textThe impacts of microplastics on plants have been extensively researched, yielding a variety of responses: promoting growth, limiting growth, or causing no change in plants. Experimental studies, following basic principles of ecotoxicology, typically use a homogeneous distribution of microplastics in soils, where soil and microplastic are well-mixed. However, in the environment, plastic is not homogeneously distributed. Therefore, we tested whether the distribution of microplastics in soils affects the impact observed on plants. For this purpose, we tested the effect of homogeneously distributed microplastics and heterogeneously distributed microplastics (at different levels) on the growth of spring onions. In addition, the presence of drought was also included in our greenhouse experiment. The results show that the distribution of microplastics (whether it is homogeneous or heterogeneous) affects the growth of spring onions differently, especially the shoot and root mass. First, differences of 21–22 % in shoot mass and 29–38 % in root mass were observed between heterogeneously distributed treatments and the homogeneous treatment. Second, under drought conditions, the effects -particularly on shoot mass and the C:N (carbon:nitrogen) ratio- may differ compared to non-drought. Differences of 30–37 % in shoot mass, and up to 16 % in the carbon/nitrogen ratio were observed between different heterogeneously distributed treatments and the homogeneous treatment in the drought case. In addition, shoot mass and the C:N ratio varied depending on drought conditions. Our results strongly suggest that future experiments on microplastic effects in soil should consider at least vertically heterogeneity of the pollutant to arrive at more realistic effect estimates
The ANTICS Large-N Seismic Deployment in Albania
No full textLocated within the active continental collision between Eurasia and the Adriatic microplate, Albania is an earthquake prone country with one of the highest seismic hazard in Europe. This came into evidence when the MW=6.4 Durrës earthquake hit the country in 2019, causing 51 fatalities and widespread damage to infrastructure. Despite this stark reminder, the seismotectonics of Albania remains poorly researched, holding many unknowns regarding active seismogenic faults and 3D velocity structure. In an attempt to fill-in this knowledge gap, we conceived the project ANTICS (AlbaniaN TectonIcs of Continental Subduction) to install a temporary network of 382 seismic stations and densely monitor the abundant seismic activity in central Albania. In this paper we introduce the project goals and seismic deployment, assessing data quality and extracting valuable lessons from such a complex large-N deployment. Finally, we present some preliminary results on the detected seismicity and a receiver function profile and expand on an outlook of the project and possible next steps in the area
Attosecond control and measurement of chiral photoionization dynamics
No full textMany chirality-sensitive light–matter interactions are governed by chiral electron dynamics. Therefore, the development of advanced technologies making use of chiral phenomena would critically benefit from measuring and controlling chiral electron dynamics on their natural attosecond timescales. Such endeavours have so far been hampered by the lack of characterized circularly polarized attosecond pulses, an obstacle that has recently been overcome1,2. Here we introduce chiroptical spectroscopy with attosecond pulses and demonstrate attosecond coherent control over photoelectron circular dichroism (PECD)3,4, as well as the measurement of chiral asymmetries in the forward–backward and angle-resolved photoionization delays of chiral molecules. We show that co-rotating attosecond and near-infrared (IR) pulses can nearly double the PECD and even change its sign compared with single-photon ionization. We demonstrate that chiral photoionization delays depend on both polar and azimuthal angles of photoemission in the light-propagation frame, requiring 3D momentum resolution. We measure forward–backward chiral-sensitive delays of up to 60 as and polar-angle-resolved photoionization delays of up to 240 as, which include an asymmetry of about 60 as originating from chirality in the continuum–continuum transitions. Attosecond chiroptical spectroscopy opens the door to quantitatively understanding and controlling the dynamics of chiral molecules on the electronic timescale