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    Modelling the impact of initiation delay, duration and prior PrEP on the efficacy of post-exposure prophylaxis containing a tenofovir/emtricitabine backbone

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    Introduction Pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP and PEP) are important pillars of the HIV prevention portfolio to reduce the risk of acquisition just before or after HIV exposure. While PrEP efficacy has been elucidated in many randomized clinical trials, corresponding data for PEP is extremely difficult to obtain in a controlled setting. Consequently, it is almost impossible to study the impact of PEP initiation delay and duration on HIV risk reduction clinically, which would inform recommendations on PEP use. Methods We employ pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and viral dynamics models, along with individual factors, such as drug adherence to investigate the impact of initiation delay and PEP duration on HIV risk reduction. We evaluated PEP using two- and three-drug regimens with a TDF/FTC backbone. Moreover, we study PEP efficacy in the context of PrEP-to-PEP transitions. Results In our simulations, early initiation of PEP emerged as a pivotal factor for HIV risk reduction. We found that 2-drug (TDF/FTC) PEP may insufficiently protect when initiated > 1 hour post-exposure. When adding a third drug, early initiation was still a critical factor; however, over 90% efficacy could be achieved when PEP was initiated 48 hours post-exposure and taken for at least 14–28 days, depending on the efficacy of the third-drug component. When investigating PrEP-PEP transitions, we observed that preceding PrEP can (1) contribute directly to prophylactic efficacy, and (2) boost subsequent PEP efficacy by delaying initial viral dynamics and building-up drug concentrations, overall facilitating self-managed transitioning between PrEP and PEP. Conclusions Our study confirms the critical role of early (< 48 hours) PEP initiation, preferably with three drugs taken for 28 days. Self-start with TDF/FTC and later addition of a third drug is better than not self-starting. Furthermore, our study highlights the synergy between recent PrEP intake and PEP and may help to inform recommendations on PEP use

    Polyglycerol Based Supramolecular Systems for Therapeutic Purposes

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    This work aims to develop PEG-free supramolecular nanosystems with excellent stability, rapid stimuli-responsiveness, and precise targeting for therapeutic purposes. The linear polyglycerol (lPG) was used as the hydrophilic segment and the lPG-based amphiphilic copolymers varying the hydrophobic portion, linkage chemistry and pendant functional groups were synthesized. Consequently, diverse supramolecular systems exhibiting different morphology, degradation mechanism and biosensitivity were tailored for on-demand scenarios

    Untersuchungen über die Verwendbarkeit des Scharlachrot in der Veterinärchirurgie

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    Digitalisat der Ausgabe von 1913, erschienen 202

    Untersuchungen über die Verwertbarkeit der Präzipitation zur Feststellung des Stäbchenrotlaufs der Schweine

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    Digitalisat der Ausgabe von 1913, erschienen 202

    Untersuchungen über Dreiaform

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    Digitalisat der Ausgabe von 1913, erschienen 202

    Effects of Carbon–to–Nitrogen Ratio and Temperature on the Survival of Antibiotic-Resistant and Non-Resistant Escherichia coli During Chicken Manure Anaerobic Digestion

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    Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a suitable process to use manure for biogas production. During this process, antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria are reduced. In this study, we investigated the reduction of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, fluoroquinolone-resistant, and total Escherichia (E.) coli concentrations in chicken manure during AD. AD was performed at 30 °C and 37 °C (mesophilic temperature range), with and without sawdust addition as a lignocellulosic biomass. The initial concentrations of total E. coli were 6.43 log10CFU/g to 7.84 log10CFU/g. The concentration of Fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli was approx. 6.05 log10CFU/g (6.70%), and of ESBL-producing E. coli approx. 5.48 log10CFU/g (0.99%). During AD, we observed that temperature had the main influence on the bacterial reduction, as E. coli abundance was below the detection limit after day 7 at 37 °C and after day 14 at 30 °C. At 37 °C we observed higher amounts of free ammonia, which is an inhibitor of the AD process. The carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio has an important impact on the AD process because a higher C/N ratio decreases the amount of generated total ammonia nitrogen. However, we did not observe a significant difference in AMR and total E. coli reduction between chicken manure with a natural C/N ratio (10:1) and an increased C/N ratio (25:1)

    Physical activity and food intake during weight restoration of patients with anorexia nervosa

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    Anorexia nervosa (AN) entsteht zumeist im Kindes- und Jugendalter und die Langzeit-Outcomes für Menschen mit AN sind derzeit bestenfalls als moderat zu bezeichnen. Aktuelle Behandlungsleitlinien in Deutschland, den USA und England stellen die Gewichtsrehabilitation als zentrales Therapieziel in den Vordergrund. Eine schnelle, frühe Gewichtszunahme gilt dabei als positiver Prädiktor für das längerfristige Outcome. Die ausreichende Nahrungszufuhr ist für eine angemessene Gewichtszunahme entscheidend, dennoch wird aus Furcht vor dem Refeeding-Syndrom initial oft niedrigkalorisch (z.B. < 1400 kcal/d) ernährt. In Tiermodellen wird das sogenannte Activity-Based Anorexia (ABA)-Modell untersucht: niedrige Leptinspiegel durch eine niedrige Fettmasse im Hungerzustand führen zu erhöhter, körperlicher Aktivität, welche möglicherweise die Futtersuche und das Überleben sichern könnten. Die gesteigerte, körperliche Aktivität gilt bei Patient:innen mit AN als krankheitsaufrechterhaltend. Inwiefern sich jedoch das ABA-Modell auf an AN erkrankte Personen übertragen lässt, ist ungewiss. Um die Behandlungsoutcomes für Menschen mit AN zu verbessern, ist ein tieferes Verständnis derjenigen Faktoren erforderlich, welche die Gewichtszunahme bei Patient:innen mit AN limitieren bzw. fördern. Diese Habilitationsschrift basiert auf 5 Originalarbeiten, die an 3 unterschiedlichen Patient:innen-Kohorten während der stationären Behandlung und in 2 Arbeiten im Vergleich mit altersgleichen, gesunden Kontrollproband:innen durchgeführt wurden: 2 im Kindes- und Jugendalter und eine im Erwachsenenalter. Vier Publikationen basieren auf prospektivem Studiendesign, eine auf retrospektiven Aktenanalysen. Im Fokus der Arbeit stehen mit der körperlichen Aktivität, der Körperfettmasse und der Nahrungsaufnahme ernährungsphysiologische Parameter. Zur Erfassung der körperlichen Aktivität wurde die Akzelerometrie eingesetzt, um spezifische Bewegungsmuster objektiv zu charakterisieren. Die Körperfettmasse wurde mit der Bioelektrischen Impedanzanalyse gemessen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass bei Patientinnen mit AN im Vergleich zu gesunden Personen vor allem die körperliche Aktivität im niedrigschwelligen Bereich erhöht ist, dass jedoch dieses Bewegungsmuster nicht auf alle Patient:innen mit AN zutrifft. Dennoch wurde ein Zusammenhang zwischen der erhöhten, körperlichen Aktivität und der niedrigeren Gewichtszunahme während der Hospitalisierung sichtbar. Zudem zeigte sich ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Nahrungszusammensetzung und der körperlichen Aktivität bei Patient:innen mit AN. Diese Zusammenhänge sind jedoch in den vorliegenden Artikeln nicht im Sinne einer Kausalität belegt. Ein klarer Effekt der Hypoleptinämie auf eine erhöhte Schrittzahl war nicht ersichtlich. Um die gemäß S3-Leitlinien geforderte, wöchentliche Gewichtszunahme von 0.5-1.0 kg/Woche im stationären Setting zu erreichen, war eine initiale Energiezufuhr von 2000 kcal erforderlich. Diese Energiezufuhr war bei engem, medizinischem Monitoring und Korrektur der Phosphat- und Thiaminspiegel durch Supplemente bei Bedarf, nicht mit dem Auftreten eines Refeeding-Syndroms, sondern mit einer Normalisierung der zu Beginn pathologischen Blutwerte verbunden. Eine Studie, die im ambulanten Setting kausale Beziehungen zwischen niedrigem Fettverzehr, niedrigem Leptinspiegel, gesteigerter PA und daraus resultierend mangelnder Gewichtszunahme untersucht, stellt den nächsten, wichtigen Schritt dar - auch um daraus neue, therapeutische Ansätze zu entwickeln. Um weiteren Bezug zur klinischen Relevanz der untersuchten Fragestellungen aufzuzeigen, werden im Ausblick drei neue Therapieansätze vorgestellt: eine manualisierte Intervention zur Reduktion des zwanghaften Bewegungsverhaltens, die Gabe von Metreleptin sowie die ambulante, familienbasierte Therapie für Kinder und Jugendliche mit Essstörungen (FBT). Die FBT ist ein ambulanter, intensiver und störungsspezifischer Therapieansatz, der auf eine rasche Gewichtsnormalisierung, eine Regulation des gestörten Ess- und Bewegungsverhalten sowie damit auf die Reduktion der Anorexie-spezifischen Psychopathologie abzielt. Diese Therapieansätze könnten das Potenzial aufweisen, die Outcomes für einen signifikanten Teil der Betroffenen zu verbessern

    Employing Advanced In Vitro Models and Patient Data to Uncover Mucin Expression Patterns and Barrier Function in the Human Intestine

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    The intestinal epithelium plays a crucial role in regulating the immune response and maintaining homeostasis. It serves as a barrier that restricts the passage of water and macromolecules, and this barrier function is integral to its role. The barrier function is provided by a single layer of diverse epithelial cells, connected by cell junctions, supported by the extracellular matrix, and covered by a mucus layer. The study of epithelium has been limited for a long time to standard cell lines and synthetic substrates under conditions that do not mimic the physiological state. Thankfully, the next generation of intestinal models was developed with the advancement of organoids, small intestinal submucosa substrates, and microfluidic systems. In our study, we utilized these newly developed approaches in cell culture to investigate the barrier function in a better in vivo-mimicking state. Firstly, given the key role of mucus in the barrier function, we aimed to gain insights into mucin expression in human intestines, both in health and inflammatory bowel disease, by leveraging large-scale omic datasets generated from RNA-sequenced samples from ileum and colon tissues. In this thesis, we analyzed the mucin expression profiles within the dataset and provided an atlas of mucin expression for Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, and the healthy state. We also identified a subgroup of Crohn's patients who exhibited de novo expression of secreted mucins and explored this further. Additionally, we implemented a new method for cell culture, in which we seeded intestinal stem cell-derived monolayers generated from human organoids onto hydrogels developed from porcine small intestinal submucosa enriched with native extracellular matrix proteins. We compared the cellular behavior of cells cultured on hydrogels to that of cells cultured on tissue culture plastic coated with Matrigel at early and late time points, and we employed bulk RNA sequencing to obtain a comprehensive overview of gene expression under these conditions. We found that the hydrogels supported the long-term survival of culture and resulted in the consistent upregulation of key survival, proliferation, and differentiation pathways. In contrast, these pathways were downregulated when the cells were cultured on tissue culture plastic, resulting in a short-lived culture. Furthermore, we utilized a custom-designed dynamic chamber within a millifluidic system to expose cells cultured on the hydrogels to physiological shear stress. Similarly, we applied bulk RNA sequencing at early and late time points. Our findings demonstrated that shear stress induced the differentiation of intestinal stem cells without the need for exogenous differentiation factors and increased the metabolic activity of these cells. Shear stress also induced the upregulation of pathways involved in the innate immune response, as well as an early downregulation of mechanotransduction pathways that had been previously upregulated on hydrogels. Interestingly, we observed an upregulation of stem cell markers at early exposure to shear stress, suggesting a potential role for short-term shear stress in stimulating cell stemness. In summary, our study represents a significant step forward in developing advanced in vitro models that yield more transferable results, thereby enhancing our understanding of intestinal barrier function and facilitating their application in disease research and drug discovery

    With an introduction by Olli O. Silvennoinen

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    Synopsis: Otto Jespersen's landmark study of negation provides a wide-ranging analysis of how languages express negative meaning. Drawing on an impressive array of historical texts and comparative examples, primarily from Germanic and Romance languages, Jespersen examines the forms, functions, and historical development of negative expressions. The work traces the evolution of negative markers, analyzes how negative prefixes modify word meanings, and reveals coherent patterns in how languages structure negative expressions. Through meticulous analysis of authentic examples, Jespersen documents both common patterns and language-specific variations in negative expressions. His treatment of topics such as double negation, the distinction between special and nexal negation, and the various forms of negative particles provides a methodical account of negation's complexity. The work's enduring importance stems not only from its analysis of the cyclical renewal of negative markers (later termed “Jespersen's Cycle”) but from its comprehensive scope and detailed examination of negative expressions across multiple languages and historical periods. This new critical edition makes this classic work accessible to modern readers while preserving its scholarly depth. The text has been completely re-typeset, with examples presented in contemporary numbered format and non-English examples given Leipzig-style glosses. A new introduction contextualizes Jespersen's achievement and demonstrates its continued significance for current linguistic research

    Zur Behandlung local-eitriger Prozesse des Pferdes mit Antifermentserum (Leukofermantin-Merck)

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    Digitalisat der Ausgabe von 1912, erschienen 202

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