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SnOx as Bottom Hole Extraction Layer and Top In Situ Protection Layer Yields over 14% Efficiency in Sn-Based Perovskite Solar Cells
No full textSn-based perovskite solar cells (S-PSCs) are a promising candidate to replace toxic Pb-based PSCs. For promoting their industrial application, developing inorganic substitutions of unstable poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is also an important part due to its intrinsic stability and low cost. Here, we in situ prepared ambipolar SnOx by a simple and fast plasma-assistant strategy (P-SnOx). The as-prepared P-SnOx works as a hole transport layer directly, yielding a 10.89 +/- 0.51% power conversion efficiency (PCE) comparable to a PEDOT:PSS-based device (10.39 +/- 0.72%). The top SnOx (T-SnOx), composed of SnO2 and Sn metal, as a modifier and a protection layer of the perovskite by reducing Sn4+ to Sn2+, gives a 13.08 +/- 0.33% device performance. This in situ top protective strategy combined with P-SnOx as a hole transport layer further boosts the champion PCE of S-PSCs to 14.09% (13.5 +/- 0.32%)
Energy-saving reactive pressure-swing distillation process for separation of methanol - dimethyl carbonate azeotrope via reacting with propylene oxide
No full textPressure-swing distillation (PSD) is a widely used in the chemical industry to separate azeotropes without the introduction of a any third component; however, the process involves high energy consumption and operating costs are required owing to the change in pressure. For the separation of methanol-dimethyl carbonate azeotropes, an intensified reactive pressure-swing distillation (R-PSD) process has been proposed, wherein a reactive distillation column is used, instead of a high-pressure column, and the propylene oxide (PO) is introduced into the system as a reactant to reacts with methonal. To compare the feasibility of the proposed R-PSD process with the conventional heat-integrated PSD process, three indicators-total energy requirements, total annual cost, and CO2 emissions-were used. The results show that the R-PSD process performs better than the conventional heat-integrated PSD process in terms of energy, economics and environmental owing to the partial consumption of methanol and the simultaneous co-production of high-value propylene glycol methyl ether (PGME). Moreover, at 50% methanol consumption, the total energy consumption, total annual cost, and the CO2 emissions were reduced by 46.0%, 34.3%, and 45.0%, respectively, compared with the conventional heat-integrated PSD process. This implies the improved R-PSD process has significant energy-saving potential
Energy-saving reactive pressure-swing distillation process for separation of methanol - dimethyl carbonate azeotrope via reacting with propylene oxide
No full textPressure-swing distillation (PSD) is a widely used in the chemical industry to separate azeotropes without the introduction of a any third component; however, the process involves high energy consumption and operating costs are required owing to the change in pressure. For the separation of methanol-dimethyl carbonate azeotropes, an intensified reactive pressure-swing distillation (R-PSD) process has been proposed, wherein a reactive distillation column is used, instead of a high-pressure column, and the propylene oxide (PO) is introduced into the system as a reactant to reacts with methonal. To compare the feasibility of the proposed R-PSD process with the conventional heat-integrated PSD process, three indicators-total energy requirements, total annual cost, and CO2 emissions-were used. The results show that the R-PSD process performs better than the conventional heat-integrated PSD process in terms of energy, economics and environmental owing to the partial consumption of methanol and the simultaneous co-production of high-value propylene glycol methyl ether (PGME). Moreover, at 50% methanol consumption, the total energy consumption, total annual cost, and the CO2 emissions were reduced by 46.0%, 34.3%, and 45.0%, respectively, compared with the conventional heat-integrated PSD process. This implies the improved R-PSD process has significant energy-saving potential
Off-gas detection and treatment for green air-plasma process
No full textThermal plasma is a promising technology widely used in materials processing and waste treatment due to its unique properties including high temperature, high energy density, high chemical activity, and high quench rate. Air-plasma is preferentially used because air is of low price as plasma gas. The content of NO x in off-gas from air-plasma was determined using a gas analyzer, and a treatment unit was designed for the green air-plasma process. Results show that the concentration of NO x in off-gas from air-plasma was 2,489 and 9,112 ppm when the plasma input power was 50 and 150 kW, respectively. O-2 in the off-gas would act as an oxidant to promote NO x absorption; thus, alkali absorption method was directly used for the treatment of the present off-gas from air-plasma. The absorption efficiency could be increased to 62.2% when additional O-2 was provided into the off-gas to change its O-2 content from 20% to 50%. The absorption rate was estimated based on the experimental data and a multistage absorption unit design, which could be reduced below 100 ppm and meet the emission standard. This article presents the feasibility of thermal plasma off-gas purification, so as to truly realize the green plasma process
Methods to convert lignocellulosic waste into biohydrogen, biogas, bioethanol, biodiesel and value-added chemicals: a review
No full textIn the context of climate change and the circular economy, there is an urgent need to develop biofuels and value-added chemicals from lignocellulosic waste such as agricultural waste that amounts to about 1 million tons annually. Here, we review lignocellulosic feedstocks for the generation of biofuels, biogas, and biohydrogen. Pretreatment technologies include chemical treatments such as acidic and alkaline, organosolv and ionic liquid-based treatments, deep eutectic solvents-based treatments, physical treatments such as steam explosion and supercritical fluid, and biological pretreatment. We present feasible ways to dissolve complex organic materials into monomeric units using advanced methods for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment. Techno-economic aspects of biomass valorization are discussed. Moreover, this review aims at using biorefinery technologies in order to develop economically viable lignocellulosic chemicals and products
Preparation and properties of Sr(CrMnFeCoNi)(3)O-4 and Sr (MgAlTiCrFe)(12)O-19 high entropy strontium ferrite systems and valance state analysis
No full textTwo high-entropy ferrite ceramic systems, Sr(CrMnFeCoNi)(12)O-19 and Sr(MgAlTiCrFe)(12)O-19, were designed according to AB(12)O(19) composition and synthesised using elevated-temperature solid phase reaction. The B-site was loaded with five atoms in equal proportions. We focused on preparing high-entropy hexagonal magnetoplumbite strontium ferrites. However, spinel structure significantly formed in the Sr(CrMnFeCoNi)(12)O-19 system. The extruded strontium outside the lattice pulled out a part of chromium, causing phase separation and element segregation. The strontium extrusion outside the lattice and non-formation of hexagonal ferrite, which was reported for the first time, could be attributed to the electrovalence change in the elements. First-principles calculation of the (CrMnFeCoNi)(3)O-4 spinel system was used to analyse the band structure and density state. After entropy engineering design, it was mutated into a wide direct band gap (2.3 eV at 0 K). Although the nonmagnetic elements reduced the magnetic performance, they significantly improved the mechanical performance with a flexural strength of 208.7 +/- 0.9 MPa. These results may contribute to the element selection and preparation of high-entropy strontium ferrites