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Advances in encapsulating gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists for controlled release: a review
No full textGonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists are peptides consisting of nine or ten amino acid residues. GnRH agonists have been applied in the therapy of sexual hormone disorders like prostate cancer, endometriosis, uterine myoma, central precious puberty, and in-vitro fertility. Treatment is achieved by continuous hormone intake and long-term agonists administration, which is usually associated with poor patient compliance. Because GnRH agonists that are administered with the parenteral route are broken down by peptidase, their half-life is short. As a result, developing sustained release for the drug delivery system is significant. Even though some drugs have been successfully delivered with long-acting release microspheres and approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), some challenges remain. This review highlighted current approaches to encapsulate GnRH agonists into delivery systems and strategies encountered during the loading process. Moreover, the following sections provide strategies to improve the release profile, and animal and human studies were summarised
CO2 separation performance for PIM based mixed matrix membranes embedded by superbase ionic liquids
No full textMixed matrix membranes (MMMs) have drawn much interest in CO2 separation due to their excellent separation performance, mechanical property, and desirable processability. However, obtaining highly compatible MMMs is a great challenge and is vital to avoid the loss of the separation selectivity of the MMMs. In this work, superbase ionic liquid (1,8-diazabicyclo[5,4,0]undec-7-ene imidazole ([FIDBU] [Im])) was used as a wetting agent to increase the interfacial compatibility between ZIF-67 and PIM-1, hence improving the membrane gas separation. [HDBU][Im] embeding into the MMMs could efficiently enhance the compatibility and diminish the interfacial voids. Furthermore, incorporating 5 wt% [HOBO] [Im]@ZIF-67 nanocomposite into the PIM-1 matrix improves the gas permeability and CO2 selectivity. The separation performances under the different temperatures were also conducted and showed that reducing temperature slightly decreases the gas permeability but significantly increases the CO2/CH4 selectivity via enhancing the CO2 solubility. The permeation active energies, diffusivities and solubilities were obtained to explain the gas permeate mechanism. (C) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
CO2 separation performance for PIM based mixed matrix membranes embedded by superbase ionic liquids
No full textMixed matrix membranes (MMMs) have drawn much interest in CO2 separation due to their excellent separation performance, mechanical property, and desirable processability. However, obtaining highly compatible MMMs is a great challenge and is vital to avoid the loss of the separation selectivity of the MMMs. In this work, superbase ionic liquid (1,8-diazabicyclo[5,4,0]undec-7-ene imidazole ([FIDBU] [Im])) was used as a wetting agent to increase the interfacial compatibility between ZIF-67 and PIM-1, hence improving the membrane gas separation. [HDBU][Im] embeding into the MMMs could efficiently enhance the compatibility and diminish the interfacial voids. Furthermore, incorporating 5 wt% [HOBO] [Im]@ZIF-67 nanocomposite into the PIM-1 matrix improves the gas permeability and CO2 selectivity. The separation performances under the different temperatures were also conducted and showed that reducing temperature slightly decreases the gas permeability but significantly increases the CO2/CH4 selectivity via enhancing the CO2 solubility. The permeation active energies, diffusivities and solubilities were obtained to explain the gas permeate mechanism. (C) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Green separation and recovery of cobalt and nickel from sulphuric acid achieved by complexation-assisted solvent extraction
No full textTernary cathodes account for more than half of the Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) cathode market share and their recycling draws the most attention. Solvent extraction is the most efficient and common method to separate and recover Co and Ni from spent ternary cathode leachates. However, the traditional extraction process produces a large amount of saline wastewater, thus will seriously pollute the environment. In this work, an environmental approach is proposed by adding a water-soluble complexing agent into the aqueous phase, the separation factor is 2 times higher and the consumption of NaOH is 90% reduced compared to the Na-saponified counterpart, which was attributed to the differences of the complexation between metal ions and complexing agent in aqueous phase. The differences in the complexing ability are enhanced with an increased local nucleophilicity index of the active sites along with a reduced molecular volume in complexing agent, thus leading to superior cobalt extraction efficiency (similar to 98.9%) and separation factor (similar to 345). In addition, because of the fact that the whole-process pollution control is needed for cleaner chemical production, a green process is developed by recovering additives through Tri-n-butyphosphate. This excellent separation performance suggests that adding complexing agent in solvometallurgical recovery process may aid in the future development of high-purity raw metals for advanced fields
A novel and versatile precursor for the synthesis of highly preorganized tetradentate ligands based on phenanthroline and their binding properties towards lanthanides(III) ions
No full textRare earth elements (REEs) are vitally important for both high-tech industry and homeland security. Current industrial production and purification of REEs rely mostly on solvent extraction, for which, the overall extraction efficiency is largely determined by the organic ligands used as extractants. Ligands based on 1,10-phenantroline-2,9-diamides (PhenDA) are promising candidates and have been intensively investigated for both lanthanides (Lns) and/or lanthanides/actinides (Lns/Ans) separations. The synthetic drawback for current PhenDA derivatives lies in the equivalent usage of acyl chloride for the key precursors, thus limiting functional group tolerance and large-scale production of the extractants. Herein, we have demonstrated a new synthetic approach for mild reaction condition, high-yield synthesis of various types of PhenDA derivatives ranging from alkyl, aromatic to amino acid substituents. The synthetic procedures are relatively green for the absence of corrosive, volatile reagents and easy of product purification. The in-group Lns discrimination of one ligand is investigated in detail to demonstrate the separation potential. Considering the broad functional group tolerance of the current method and ease of large-scale production, we believe the methodology will broaden the ligands scope based on PhenDA and inspire new functionalities of Lns complexes
Highly permeable and acid-resistant nanofiltration membrane fabricated by in-situ interlaced stacking of COF and polysulfonamide films
No full textThe fabrication of nanofiltration (NF) membranes with excellent acid resistance and high separation performance remains a tremendous challenge due to the lack of precise membrane structure manipulation. Herein, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), due to their abundant porosity and highly ordered structures, are employed to synthesize high-permeation nanofiltration membranes. An acid-stable COF layer and a polysulfonamide (PSA) layer were fabricated by in-situ interfacial polymerization (IP) upon the polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration substrate in turns. The acquired COF-based composite membrane exhibited sub-nanometer pore size and excellent rare-earth ions separation performance due to the interlaced stacking between the COF and PSA layers, as well as the COF interlayer regulated IP process. Additionally, the composite membrane showed high rejection of > 92.2% for trivalent rare-earth ions (RE3+) and high water permeance of > 43.3 L h-1 m(- 2) bar(-1) at both pH = 6.8 and pH = 1, the superior separation performance can be ascribed to the high porosity and abundant transportation pathway provided by the COF layer and the interlaced stacking structure between the COF layer and the PSA layer. The facile membrane fabrication procedure, along with the excellent water permeation performance and acid resistance, render the composite membrane in this study applicable for a broad range of critical industrial and environmental processes
Self-deployed Projects of Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences[E055A001]
No full textStudy on the Influence of Defects on Fracture Mechanical Behavior of Cu/SAC305/Cu Solder Joint
No full textThe fracture behavior of the Cu/Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Sn (SAC305)/Cu solder joint was investigated by conducting tensile tests with in situ X-ray micro-computed tomography (mu-CT) observation, and finite element (FE) simulation. The tensile fracture process of solder joints with a real internal defect structure was simulated and compared with the experimental results in terms of defect distribution and fracture path. Additionally, the stress distribution around the defects during the tensile process was calculated. The experimental results reveal that the pores near the intermetallic compound (IMC) layers and the flaky cracks inside the solder significantly affected the crack path. The aggregation degree of the spherical pores and the angle between the crack surface and the loading direction controlled the initiation position and propagation path of the cracks. The fracture morphology indicates that the fracture of the IMC layer was brittle, while the solder fracture exhibited ductile tearing. There are significant differences in the fracture morphology under tensile and shear loading