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A novel bioelectrochemical strategy for efficient treatment of saline-alkaline and oligotrophic sulfate wastewater mediated by bacterial electron shuttling
No full textSulfate-rich wastewater from industrial processes with the characteristics of high salinity, high pH and oligonutrition is difficult to be treated by traditional anaerobic process. In this study, a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) coupled with electroactive haloalkaliphilic sulfate reducing bacteria was applied to sulfate removal for the first time in an extreme environment (0.83 M Na+ and pH 9.7). In the anode, bacteria as electron shuttles and sulfide-driven continuous electron donors as exogenous electrons provided to cathodic sulfate removal. After several months of electrical acclimation and adaptation, the electroactive microorganisms in the bipolar showed more electrical activity than expected. When the potential was controlled at 0.3 V (vs Ag/AgCl), the maximum current density reached 3753 mA/m2, and the maximum sulfate removal rate and electron utilization efficiency reached to 85.9 % and 88 %, respectively, which were higher than the traditional bioelectrochemical methods. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequence alignment showed that the Desulfurivibrio AMeS2 was dominant on the anode electrode, and a large number of similar conductive flagella were observed, which indicated that it was likely to have the function of transferring electrons to the outside of the cell. The dominance of the genus, Desulfonatronovibrio, in the biofilm on the cathode electrode implied that it might realize the reduction of sulfate by accepting external electrons under malnutrition condition, and might be a candidate bacterium for sulfate removal in extreme industrial wastewater. This bioelectrochemical technology combined with extremophile electroactive microorganisms provides a new strategy to make up for the deficiencies of traditional treatments
Nucleic acid drug vectors for diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases
No full textNucleic acid drugs have the advantages of rich target selection, simple in design, good and enduring effect. They have been demonstrated to have irreplaceable superiority in brain disease treatment, while vectors are a decisive factor in therapeutic efficacy. Strict physiological barriers, such as degradation and clearance in circulation, blood-brain barrier, cellular uptake, endosome/lysosome barriers, release, obstruct the delivery of nucleic acid drugs to the brain by the vectors. Nucleic acid drugs against a single target are inefficient in treating brain diseases of complex pathogenesis. Differences between individual patients lead to severe uncertainties in brain disease treatment with nucleic acid drugs. In this Review, we briefly summarize the classification of nucleic acid drugs. Next, we discuss physiological barriers during drug delivery and universal coping strategies and introduce the application methods of these universal strategies to nucleic acid drug vectors. Subsequently, we explore nucleic acid drug-based multidrug regimens for the combination treatment of brain diseases and the construction of the corresponding vectors. In the following, we address the feasibility of patient stratification and personalized therapy through diagnostic information from medical imaging and the manner of introducing contrast agents into vectors. Finally, we take a perspective on the future feasibility and remaining challenges of vector-based integrated diagnosis and gene therapy for brain diseases
Electropumping of water in nanochannels using non-uniform electric fields
No full textPumping fluids at the nanoscale is of fundamental importance to nanofluidic systems. We perform molecular dynamics simulations and provide the extended Navier-Stokes (ENS) equation to prove the electropumping possibility of using non-uniform electric fields to induce the continuous and unidirec-tional net flow of water confined in nanochannels. The net flow can be seen as a result of the combined effects of the unidirectional orientation of water molecules and the net force induced by the electric field intensity difference between O and H atoms in a water molecule. Higher net flow rates can be achieved by enhancing the electric field intensity gradients through the characteristics parameter adjustment of external electric fields. Importantly, the electropumping is more effective than the pressure-driven flow due to the ordered arrangements of water molecules in electric fields. The ENS equation proposed is more applicable at the flow field with high order degree of water molecules.(c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Electropumping of water in nanochannels using non-uniform electric fields
No full textPumping fluids at the nanoscale is of fundamental importance to nanofluidic systems. We perform molecular dynamics simulations and provide the extended Navier-Stokes (ENS) equation to prove the electropumping possibility of using non-uniform electric fields to induce the continuous and unidirec-tional net flow of water confined in nanochannels. The net flow can be seen as a result of the combined effects of the unidirectional orientation of water molecules and the net force induced by the electric field intensity difference between O and H atoms in a water molecule. Higher net flow rates can be achieved by enhancing the electric field intensity gradients through the characteristics parameter adjustment of external electric fields. Importantly, the electropumping is more effective than the pressure-driven flow due to the ordered arrangements of water molecules in electric fields. The ENS equation proposed is more applicable at the flow field with high order degree of water molecules.(c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Fc effector of anti-A beta antibody induces synapse loss and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease-like mouse model
No full textPassive immunotherapy is one of the most promising interventions for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, almost all immune-modulating strategies fail in clinical trials with unclear causes although they attenuate neuropathology and cognitive deficits in AD animal models. Here, we showed that A beta-targeting antibodies including their lgG1 and lgG4 subtypes induced microglial engulfment of neuronal synapses by activating CR3 or Fc gamma RIIb via the complex of A beta, antibody, and complement. Notably, anti-A beta antibodies without Fc fragment, or with blockage of CR3 or Fc gamma RIIb, did not exert these adverse effects. Consistently, A beta-targeting antibodies, but not their Fab fragments, significantly induced acute microglial synapse removal and rapidly exacerbated cognitive deficits and neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 mice post-treatment, whereas the memory impairments in mice were gradually rescued thereafter. Since the recovery rate of synapses in humans is much lower than that in mice, our findings may clarify the variances in the preclinical and clinical studies assessing AD immunotherapies. Therefore, A beta-targeting antibodies lack of Fc fragment, or with reduced Fc effector function, may not induce microglial synaptic pruning, providing a safer and more efficient therapeutic alternative for passive immunotherapy for AD
CFD simulation for reduction of pyrolusite in fluidized beds
No full textIn this study, a CFD model coupled with heterogeneous flow structure, mass transfer equations, and chemical reaction kinetics is established to forecast the pyrolusite reduction reaction behavior. Compared with the previous studies which ignore the volume change of solids phase, the influence of volume shrinkage on reaction and flow behavior is explored in this research. Volume shrinkage of pyrolusite is proved to be non-negligible in predicting the conversion rate. The negligence of volume shrinkage leads to the overestimation of conversion rate for its inaccurate estimation of surface area for reaction. Besides, the influence of volume shrinkage on the reaction is found smaller in the scaled-up reactor. (c) 2022 Chinese Society of Particuology and Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved