Institutional Repository of Institute for the History of Natural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences(IHNS OpenIR,中国科学院自然科学史研究所机构知识库)
Not a member yet
8733 research outputs found
Sort by
实践“计划科学”:1955～1956年中国科学院两个长期规划的制订与影响
No full text中华人民共和国成立后,中央以科学为国家工业、农业和国防建设服务为导向,推行"计划科学",并掀起向苏联学习的热潮。在此背景下,中国科学院于1955年制订其15年发展远景计划。此年12月,结合国家制订1956～1967年科学发展远景规划的安排,中国科学院转向制订其12年科学研究事业规划。本文对中国科学院这两个长期规划的制订与影响进行深入探讨。研究表明,这两个长期规划在规划方式上经历由按照学科门类规划到按照科研项目规划的转变;15年发展远景计划在内容上为12年科学研究事业规划奠定了基础;12年科学研究事业规划的制订属于国家制订1956～1967年科学技术发展远景规划的第一阶段工作,在内容上对后者产生了重要影响。这三个长期规划的相继制订构成20世纪50年代中国力图通过"计划科学",使科学为国家建设服务与使科技事业迎头赶上世界先进水平的三个紧密相扣的环节
日本抄本《崇祯历书·测夜时法》探赜
No full text《测夜时法》是徐光启《崇祯历书》进呈书目中的一种,可惜当时并未正式刊刻,长期不为人所知。该书经朱在康熙年间校订后,于十八世纪传入日本,目前存有多个抄本。本文阐述了《测夜时法》编撰目的及其成书过程,通过整理不同抄本,介绍其在日本的传入和使用。此外,本文还介绍了《测夜时法》中所载用图、用数、用表等几种测星求时之法,以及通过《治历缘起》《颐斋乱稿》等资料,探究《测夜时法》在崇祯改历期间的实际使用情况
周光召对理论物理和原子能事业的贡献
No full text2019年5月15日,周光召先生迎来90华诞。他是国际知名理论物理学家,在中国核武器理论设计和人才培养方面发挥了重要作用,同时也是中华人民共和国改革开放以后科技事业发展的领导者。本文旨在评述周光召在理论物理方面的贡献,重点介绍其在杜布纳联合原子核研究所工
原产还是外来:试论中国高粱的起源
No full text中国是不是高粱的起源中心之一,是学术界的一个长期争论不休的难题,也是研究中国高粱史不可回避的基础和重点。学界的主流观点认为高粱原产于非洲,经印度传入中国。然而,中国史前多处高粱遗存的发现及中国高粱在性状上明显异于非洲、印度高粱的现状,使部分学者坚信中国是高粱的起源中心之一。本文通过对野生高粱、考古发现及文献记载等多方面仔细分析后,最终得出结论,即中国高粱是外来的,高粱并不是中国的原产作物
1933年教育部天文数学物理讨论会初探 以数学学科为中心
No full text1933年教育部天文数学物理讨论会是首次由中国官方召集的将数学教育问题作为主要议题之一的学术集会,主要与1932年教育部化学讨论会富有成效和国防需要有关。会议围绕天文、数学、物理三学科存在的教育问题进行讨论。就数学来说,主要围绕课程标准、数学译名、教科书三方面。历经6天的讨论,大会一共通过14个有关数学学科的提案。尽管因当时大学教育发展不平衡等因素,这些提案未能在国内各大高校中全面落实,但仍对部分大学的数学教育产生积极影响
世界科技中心转移的钻石模型——基于经济繁荣、思想解放、教育兴盛、政府支持、科技革命的历史分析与前瞻
No full text近现代以来,意大利—英国—法国—德国—美国相继成为世界科学中心。经济繁荣、思想解放、教育兴盛、政府有力支持等社会因素以及科学成果涌现时机因素共同导致了世界科学中心的形成、演进与更替,五要素钻石模型可给予有效分析。科学与技术关系日益紧密,未来世界科技中心将不只一个,而是呈现出多中心并进、加速向亚太地区转移的趋势,并具有网络化、全球化等新特点。新一轮科技革命与产业变革加速演进,全球科技创新进入前所未有的密集活跃期,为我国成为世界科技中心提供了难得的"机会窗口",当务之急是解放思想,完善人才政策,营造创新友好的环境,加快世界教育中心建设,加大政府支持力度,破解发展面临的难题,抢占前沿研究与颠覆性技术创新的先机,实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦,为世界和平发展和永续繁荣作出更大贡献
Origin and evolution of modern loess science-1824 to 1964
No full textLoess is the most important aeolian deposit of the Quaternary and plays an important role in explorations of the evolution of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment. In recent years, historians of science have been working on how loess research originated, developed, and was promoted in Europe in the early 19th century. The Chinese community has a clear history of the loess research from the late 20th century. However, it remains unclear when and how modern loess studies were communicated between western and eastern academic societies and who contributed to the development and dissemination of modem loess knowledge, especially from the western to the eastern societies. Based on books, essays, memoirs, travel notes, published letters, and other types of records from geologists, such as K. Leonhard (1779-1862), C. Lyell (1797-1875), and R. Pumpelly (1837-1923), the present study clarifies the way and process by which loess research originated from the Rhine valley and spread to Britain onto the United States and, in particular, China. It was discovered that loess was formally defined in 1824 in the Rhine valley. In the 1830s, L. Homer (1785-1864) and Lyell introduced loess research from the Rhine valley to Britain. At the same time, Lyell put forward the theory of the fluvial origin of loess and verified his theory by expanding study areas to the United States. In 1866, Pumpelly, the first foreign geologist investigating Chinese loess, put forward lacustrine formation of loess. Pumpelly's hypothesis was soon argued against in 1870 by F. von Richthofen (1833-1905), who thought loess was formed via an aeolian mode based on a wide investigation in the Loess Plateau of China. Although the above main hypotheses originated based on investigations of Chinese loess, they were not disseminated to China and received by Chinese scholars in a timely manner, and the local loess research in China launched almost 130 years later by the stimulation from work by scholars of the Soviet Union
Origin and evolution of modern loess science-1824 to 1964
No full textLoess is the most important aeolian deposit of the Quaternary and plays an important role in explorations of the evolution of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment. In recent years, historians of science have been working on how loess research originated, developed, and was promoted in Europe in the early 19th century. The Chinese community has a clear history of the loess research from the late 20th century. However, it remains unclear when and how modern loess studies were communicated between western and eastern academic societies and who contributed to the development and dissemination of modem loess knowledge, especially from the western to the eastern societies. Based on books, essays, memoirs, travel notes, published letters, and other types of records from geologists, such as K. Leonhard (1779-1862), C. Lyell (1797-1875), and R. Pumpelly (1837-1923), the present study clarifies the way and process by which loess research originated from the Rhine valley and spread to Britain onto the United States and, in particular, China. It was discovered that loess was formally defined in 1824 in the Rhine valley. In the 1830s, L. Homer (1785-1864) and Lyell introduced loess research from the Rhine valley to Britain. At the same time, Lyell put forward the theory of the fluvial origin of loess and verified his theory by expanding study areas to the United States. In 1866, Pumpelly, the first foreign geologist investigating Chinese loess, put forward lacustrine formation of loess. Pumpelly's hypothesis was soon argued against in 1870 by F. von Richthofen (1833-1905), who thought loess was formed via an aeolian mode based on a wide investigation in the Loess Plateau of China. Although the above main hypotheses originated based on investigations of Chinese loess, they were not disseminated to China and received by Chinese scholars in a timely manner, and the local loess research in China launched almost 130 years later by the stimulation from work by scholars of the Soviet Union
20世纪50年代中国血吸虫病防治工作中的国际合作———日本防治血吸虫病医学代表团来华始末
No full text新中国建国初期,血吸虫病的防治工作曾经是在中共中央领导下进行的一项重大的政治任务。日本当时在血吸虫病防治方面有领先的成就。为了向日本医学界学习经验,借助20世纪50年代中日两国蓬勃开展民间外交的契机,并经国务院总理周恩来的亲自过问,1956年以小宫义孝为首的由5名专家组成的日本防治血吸虫病医学代表团应中华医学会的邀请来华访问。这次访问的影响在某些以英文文献为主的研究中得到极高评价,但中国国内的有关研究大多数完全忽略了这一段故实。本文根据档案、中外医学文献、小宫义孝本人著述以及其他相关材料,梳理了日本防治血吸虫病医学代表团访华的来龙去脉,重点关注了中日医学家在专业问题上的合作交流。本文认为:小宫义孝代表团的来访并未对中国防治血吸虫病的方针和目标产生决策性的影响,但是日本学者的确向中国医学界传授了无可取代的实践经验,帮助解决了防治工作中的难题,并体现出真诚的合作态度。日本学者建议的一些具体措施很快被中国随后的防治工作所采纳。在当时特殊的国际政治环境下,日本防治血吸虫病医学代表团对中国的访问是一次可贵且富有实效的国际医学交流合作
中国科学院与新中国科技事业的奠基(1949—1956)
No full text中国科学院由中国共产党领导创建,是新中国第一个国家科学院。1949年成立后,中国科学院先通过科学研究机构的调整与充实,为该院和新中国科研活动的展开奠定基础。在全面学习苏联的环境中,中国科学院借鉴苏联经验,结合中国国情于1955年建立学部和学部委员制度、学术奖励制度、研究生制度,有效地推进了该院学术体制建设与新中国科技事业的发展。1956年中国科学院对国家12年科技规划的制订发挥重要作用,并在其实施过程中扮演主要角色。研究表明,中国科学院在1949—1956年新中国科技事业奠基历程中举足轻重,做出了不可替代的贡献