Institutional Repository of Institute for the History of Natural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences(IHNS OpenIR,中国科学院自然科学史研究所机构知识库)
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邮票中的“世界地球日”
No full text4月22日是"世界地球日",这是一个专为保护地球这一人类共同家园而设立的节日。"世界地球日"活动最早始于美国,至今已经持续超过50年,中国也于1990年正式参与到这项保护地球的活动当中。目前,以倡导保护地球、保护环境为使命的世界地球日活动已经在全球普及,围绕这项活动的文创产品也层出不穷,许多国家还发行了主题纪念邮票。通过这些邮票,我们可以梳理和窥探地球日的形成与发展历史
热气球的第一批乘客:公鸡、鸭子与绵羊
No full text人类一直都有一个"飞天梦"。敦煌壁画中的"飞天"便出自我国古代先民瑰丽的想象;明代万户坐在绑有原始火箭的椅子上,试图直冲云霄——遗憾的是,他因此悲壮献身……18世纪,法国的蒙戈菲尔兄弟将人类的"飞天梦"首次变成现实,而他们使用的工具就是热气球。1782年的冬天,蒙戈菲尔兄弟围坐在火炉旁,他们看到纸燃烧后冒出的浓烟(实际是受热后的空气上升)将纸灰冲到了屋顶。这一现象启发了两兄弟:"这浓烟能不能把人送到天上去呢?"于是,他们开始不断试验,收集"黑烟",希望能早日把人送上天…
欧美国家开放科学发展模式研究及启示
No full text在大数据时代,开放科学作为一种重要的科研创新方式而逐渐受到重视。我国出台了相关办法并取得了一定进展,但也面临着诸多挑战,包括法规政策保障不足、平台建设与基础设施开放不充分以及开放文化和激励机制欠缺等。欧美国家开放科学起步较早,优势在于立法政策与科研数据标准完整规范,平台建设灵活多样,科研基础设施开放成效突出,评估标准不断完善,教育培训具有针对性,对我国科技资源开放共享具有借鉴意义。本文研究探讨欧美国家的开放科学发展模式和实践经验,并结合我国国情,提出推动科技资源开放共享的建议:完善开放共享法规政策与数据标准、加强平台建设与科研基础设施开放、完善科技资源开放共享评估与教育培训,以期进一步地激发我国科技创新活力和促进科学成果的增值
原子弹知识在中国的传播及其影响(1945-1949)
No full text"二战"末期,美国于1945年8月对日本广岛和长崎投掷原子弹,造成的破坏和伤亡举世震惊。同时,也引起中国社会各界对原子弹这一划时代武器的极大关注。考察了1945-1949年《中央日报》《新华日报》和《申报》等主流报纸关于原子弹的报道,其内容主要涉及原子弹的威力、反应原理、研究和发明过程等。这些报纸的相关报道使原子弹知识在中国得到广泛传播,促进了国人对科学与国防的关系及科学重要性的认识,增强了政界和学界对研制原子弹、发展原子核物理的重视,也对中国发展核物理事业起到了启蒙的作用
“十三五”期间我国组织或共同发起的国际大科学计划和大科学工程发展状况与对策
No full text国际大科学计划/工程兼具科学属性与工程属性。组织实施该类计划或工程是一个国家的科技实力与国际竞争力的重要体现。我国曾大量参与国际大科学计划和大科学工程,不过发挥牵头和主导作用的却寥寥无几。国务院印发的《"十三五"国家科技创新规划》对组织实施国际大科学计划和大科学工程作出战略部署。本文在对"十三五"时期我国牵头组织国际大科学计划、大科学工程的成效与影响进行总体评估的基础上,分析实施过程中存在的问题与挑战,并对我国"十四五"时期如何加强国际大科学计划和工程提出政策建议,以期为提高我国的科技创新能力提供启示
《共产党宣言》的藏译——基于文本的历史考察
No full text《共产党宣言》藏译本是《共产党宣言》"中译本"的组成部分,《共产党宣言》的藏译倡始于20世纪40年代,几经波折于1971年完成翻译并出版。本文将《共产党宣言》的藏译置于社会性的政治历史背景下,结合文献和口述资料复原翻译、出版流程,认为藏文版《共产党宣言》的翻译出版在藏区起到了宣扬马克思主义和保存藏语文的双重效果。通过《共产党宣言》藏文译文和汉文原文的比对,指出该译本的若干优缺点,并以藏文版《共产党宣言》为例,梳理所谓"和平里藏语"的语言要素及特征,将其置于特定的历史语境下予以客观评价
The development of geophysics in the early period of the People's Republic of China based on the Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (1950-1966)
No full textFrom the perspective of the social history of science and transnational history, this paper reviewed the development of the Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IGCAS), rather than focusing on its scientific achievements. Before the 1950s, the discipline of geophysics in China, except for the branch of meteorology, had a very weak foundation, and few researchers were engaged in it. The systematic development of geophysics began with the establishment of IGCAS. In this paper, the early development of IGCAS was researched thoroughly. At first, we briefly reviewed the establishment process for IGCAS. After being promoted by the desire of scientists to develop big geophysics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) integrated scattered academic forces, which included geomagnetism and geophysical exploration, to establish the IGCAS. The IGCAS was based on the Institute of Meteorology of Academia Sinica in the Republic of China era. After that, we summarized work done by IGCAS in the development of geophysics from the 1950s to 1966, the year in which the Cultural Revolution began. We focused on policy support, adjustment of organizational structure, and scientific capacity building, when China was facing an isolated international diplomatic environment, continuous domestic political movements, and an austere social economy. Then, to bolster the development of geophysics in China, the slogan of "Missions Drive Disciplines", which was instilled and implemented by the Chinese scientific community, was introduced briefly. The scientific development of the IGCAS and typical examples in several branches of geophysics, which included atmospheric science, seismology, space physics, and other fields, were systematically summarized and benchmarked to the international academic level. We then summarized the basic research on geophysics carried out by the institute in economic construction and national defense. Finally, the experience and lessons in the development of this institute and its effect on geophysics in China were explored
The development of geophysics in the early period of the People's Republic of China based on the Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (1950-1966)
No full textFrom the perspective of the social history of science and transnational history, this paper reviewed the development of the Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IGCAS), rather than focusing on its scientific achievements. Before the 1950s, the discipline of geophysics in China, except for the branch of meteorology, had a very weak foundation, and few researchers were engaged in it. The systematic development of geophysics began with the establishment of IGCAS. In this paper, the early development of IGCAS was researched thoroughly. At first, we briefly reviewed the establishment process for IGCAS. After being promoted by the desire of scientists to develop big geophysics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) integrated scattered academic forces, which included geomagnetism and geophysical exploration, to establish the IGCAS. The IGCAS was based on the Institute of Meteorology of Academia Sinica in the Republic of China era. After that, we summarized work done by IGCAS in the development of geophysics from the 1950s to 1966, the year in which the Cultural Revolution began. We focused on policy support, adjustment of organizational structure, and scientific capacity building, when China was facing an isolated international diplomatic environment, continuous domestic political movements, and an austere social economy. Then, to bolster the development of geophysics in China, the slogan of "Missions Drive Disciplines", which was instilled and implemented by the Chinese scientific community, was introduced briefly. The scientific development of the IGCAS and typical examples in several branches of geophysics, which included atmospheric science, seismology, space physics, and other fields, were systematically summarized and benchmarked to the international academic level. We then summarized the basic research on geophysics carried out by the institute in economic construction and national defense. Finally, the experience and lessons in the development of this institute and its effect on geophysics in China were explored
THE QINGHAI-TIBET PLATEAU: PILOT SITE FOR INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION IN GEOSCIENCE DURING CHINA'S EARLY PERIOD OF REFORM AND OPENING-UP
No full textIn 1978, China ended a decade-long 'Cultural Revolution' and began its Reform and Opening-up process. At the same time, China's scientific community also ended its longterm closed state and began to seek ways to integrate into the world. In this study, we take the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as a pilot site to illustrate the international geoscience collaboration during this time. We first introduce the International Symposium on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the delegation from the United States and the collaboration between China and France on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Then we examine the successful cooperation between the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society of London by focusing on their interactions in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Project in detail, on the basis of the archives of these two organizations. Since national policies and systems lagged behind the pace of international cooperation then, there were contradictions between national policies and the needs of specific research projects. We attempt to understand the flexible manner in which Chinese scholars solved these contradictions. We will also explore some of the reasons and contextual factors that shaped such Sino-foreign scientific exchanges early in the Reform era. This study also reflects the opportunities and challenges faced by China's scientific community during the process of social transformation
Holocene fluctuations in vegetation and human population demonstrate social resilience in the prehistory of the Central Plains of China
No full textArchaeologists and palaeoclimatologists have focused on the impact of climate on the prehistoric civilizations around the world; however, social resilience in the face of the climate change remains unclear, especially during the Neolithic and Bronze Age in the Central Plains of China (CPC). In this paper, we present palynological results from the Dahecun Core, Henan Province, China. Our pollen data indicate a warm and wet climate condition from 9200 to 4000 cal BP, which then switches to a cool and dry climatic condition during the Neolithic-Bronze Age transition (similar to 4000-3600 cal BP). We analyze C-14 dates from archaeological sites to demonstrate four episodes of population increase and present vegetation dynamics, determined from available pollen data, to provide evidence for the synchronous shifts in vegetation and human population during the Neolithic. Our results indicate that the aridification in the early Bronze Age did not cause population collapse, highlighting the importance of social resilience to climate change. The pollen, radiocarbon dates and archaeobotanical records from the CPC provides new evidence that supports the claim that the development of agriculture and complex societies, under the stress of a dry climate, set the stage for the dramatic increase of human population around 3800-3400 cal BP