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Urban proximity, conflict, and agricultural development: Evidence from Myanmar
No full textUrbanization and violent conflict have been two global trends gaining more and more momentum in recent years. This has important implications for agricultural development, which unfortunately are still not well understood. Urban proximity is generally associated with agricultural intensification and improved market participation, while farming systems in remote areas are characterized by larger shares of subsistence production. Such differences along the remoteness gradient likely also play a role in how conflict exposure affects agricultural production. That is, we must assume that the effect of conflict on agricultural development is location-dependent—a fact that is generally neglected in empirical analysis. We address this gap by drawing from a unique nationally representative data set of 2,292 paddy farmers in Myanmar and estimating the effect of conflict exposure and travel times on agricultural production during the monsoon season of 2021. By applying multivariate additive models, we allow for nonlinear and interacted effects of conflict exposure and urban proximity, thereby explicitly exploring spatial variation in the effect of conflict exposure. We find strong positive effects of urban proximity on paddy rice intensification and sales, while conflict exposure has disproportionately negative effects in direct proximity to urban centers and very remote areas. For agricultural development—and smallholder incomes in general—this means that productive areas, on the one hand, and the poorest areas of the country, on the other hand, are especially affected by conflict.Non-PRIFPRI1; MyanmarSSP; CRP2; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies; MAPSADevelopment Strategies and Governance (DSG); Transformation Strategies; PIMCGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM
Risk-Contingent Credit (RCC): Assessing smallholders' agricultural credit needs and the feasibility of implementing RCC in Ethiopia
No full textAgricultural credit is an important instrument for improving farm productivity, the welfare of farm households, and their resilience to weather-related shocks. However, small-scale farmers’ access to credit is limited by demand- and supply-side constraints. Risk-contingent credit, which bundles credit with insurance against climate risks, is one promising solution. This study, conducted in three woredas in Ethiopia, implemented a game designed to increased farmers’ understanding of the product and finds that farmers recognize the potential of RCC.PRIFPRI1; DCA; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies; Capacity Strengthening; CRP2Foresight and Policy Modeling (FPM); Transformation Strategies; PIMCGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM
Expert consultation on data needs for food and agricultural analysis and planning in developing countries
No full textNon-PRIFPRI2; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economie
Comprehensive approach for improving adherence to prenatal Iron and folic acid supplements based on intervention studies in Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, and India
No full textPRIFPRI3; ISI; DCA; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for allNutrition, Diets, and Health (NDH); Food and Nutrition Polic
Ethnicity, information and cooperation: Evidence from a group-based nutrition intervention
No full textDevelopment programs often rely on locally hired agents for service delivery, especially for interventions promoting agricultural practices, health, and nutrition. These agents are key to reaching underserved communities, especially women, with information and services around recommended practices. However, where societies are socially stratified, differences in ethnic identities between agents and beneficiaries may impact the effectiveness of information and service delivery and the uptake of recommended behaviors. We explore the salience of shared ethnic identity between agents and beneficiaries in promoting collective action using a field experiment with women’s self-help groups (SHGs) in India. We cross-randomize an information treatment and a group-agent shared ethnicity treatment at the SHG level. We measure impacts on individual group member information retention and willingness to contribute to a group-owned kitchen garden that could improve access to a diverse and nutritious diet. We find information retention is better when the group is matched with an agent lower in the ethnic hierarchy, but that agents higher in the hierarchy elicit greater individual contributions to the group-owned kitchen garden. We suggest some hypotheses for these seemingly contradictory results. Other characteristics like education, group cohesion and perceived agent ability also matter in changing knowledge and contribution. Our findings have important implications for effective program design and implementation, suggesting that implementers need to consider factors beyond the information content, target group and pedagogical mode of delivery for their strategies to be transformative.PRIFPRI3; G Cross-cutting gender theme; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies; 5 Strengthening Institutions and Governance; ISI; CRP4; Women Improving Nutrition through Group-based Strategies (WINGS)Natural Resources and Resilience (NRR); Transformation Strategies; Poverty, Gender, and Inclusion (PGI); A4NHCGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH
Impact of global value chains on tariffs and non-tariff measures in agriculture and food
No full textWe analyse whether global value chains (GVCs) reduce trade barriers in the agricultural and food sectors as they affect lobbying and government incentives. Political economy theory predicts that tariffs will be lower in countries integrated in GVCs and that the effect will be stronger outside regional trade agreements (RTAs). We use data from 1995 to 2015 from 160 countries on tariffs and non-tariff measures (NTMs) in the agri-food sector. Our evidence indicates that GVC integration, measured as domestic (foreign) value added in foreign (domestic) final goods, does affect trade policy. Stronger GVC integration is associated with lower tariffs, but mainly outside RTAs, and lower NTMs, both inside and outside RTAs.PRIFPRI1; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; ISIDG
The role of behavioural factors and opportunity costs in farmers' participation in voluntary agri-environmental schemes: A systematic review
No full textAgri-environmental schemes (AESs) are increasingly implemented to promote the adoption of environmentally friendly practices by farmers. We use a systematic review to explore the role of behavioural factors and opportunity costs in farmers' decisions to participate in AESs in Australia, Europe and North America. Behavioural factors influence how farmers value and perceive options, while opportunity costs relate to farmers' forgone utility when choosing to participate in schemes. We synthesise insights from 79 articles and over 700 factors explaining the participation in AESs. We find that a set of behavioural factors seem consistently connected to participation, including agricultural training, advice and having positive attitudes towards AESs. Moreover, several factors related to opportunity costs also have a rather consistent relationship with AES participation, including market conditions, implementation efforts, profitability, and management and contract flexibility. However, many relationships of behavioural factors and opportunity costs with AES participation are not as consistent and generalizable as sometimes portrayed and require context-specific interpretation. Those factors with mixed results can still provide insights into farmers' participation decisions as several of them are either ‘positively and insignificantly’ or ‘negatively and insignificantly’ related to participation, such as environmental attitude, trust and farm size. These results suggest that their relationship with AES participation depends on other factors or the setting, highlighting interactions and raising important new research questions. Overall, our results provide several entry points for both researchers and policy-makers, highlighting uncertainties in relationships between factors and participation that should be considered when designing policies.PR4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; ISI; IFPRI3Natural Resources and Resilience (NRR); Transformation Strategie
Agricultural diversification and intra-household dietary diversity: Panel data analysis of farm households in Bangladesh
No full textThis paper investigates the associations between agricultural diversification and dietary diversity among men, women and children of farm households in Bangladesh. Using three waves of nationally representative Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey (BIHS- 2011–12, 2015 and 2018) data and a panel data model, the study found that agricultural production diversification can emphasize the dietary diversification across the life cycle of farm household members. The balanced panel data reveals that agricultural production diversification has a statistically significant and positive impact on dietary diversity of individual members (men, women and children) of farm households. Moreover, other important factors that impact on agricultural diversification and improve dietary diversity like women’s education and employment, commercialization of farm households, access to non-farm income sources, and access to information facilities also have a strong association in improving dietary status, food and nutritional security as well. Although there is currently limited diversity in the diets of adult men, women and children of rural farm households, the situation can be improved over time with proper and consistent support. The findings suggest policy interventions should target not only agricultural diversification but also improve women’s education and on and off farm employment opportunities and facilitate better access to information for rural households. These recommendations can support improved dietary diversity for all household members under different settings.PR2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; IFPRI3; DCA; ISI; CRP4Development Strategies and Governance (DSG); Transformation StrategiesCGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH
Financial imperatives to food system transformation
No full textPRIFPRI3; ISI; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural EconomiesDGO; Markets, Trade, and Institutions (MTI); Food and Nutrition Polic
Intra-household inequality and average household well-being: evidence on calorie intakes and energy expenditures from the Philippines
No full textPRIFPRI4; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for al