Hungarian Veterinary Archive
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Insects as animal feed - Literature review
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Insects as a sustainable protein source have a growing importance as protein requirement of the word is increasing. Insects and their derived products – excluding live insects – that are intended to be used in animal feed are considered asanimal by-products and allowed for use only in the feed of aquatic- and pet animals. For other farm animals – with the exception of ruminants – only the hydrolysed form can be given. According to the recommendation of the European Food Safety Authorities the following species are eligible for farming purposes (EU Regulation No 2017/893): black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), common housefly (Musca domestica), yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus), house cricket (Acheta domesticus), banded cricket (Gryllodes sigillatus) and field cricket (Gryllus assimilis). It should be noted that the fed bandoes not apply towhole live insects nor to insect derived fats. According to the recently conducted studies insect meal can replace fishmeal, but in most of the species not completely. As a negative effect, the omega-3fatty acid content of the fish meat decreases with the use of insect meals. In broiler chickens insect meal may replace other plant or animal origin proteins completely while in laying hens such high level of application reduces the pro-duction. Most of the studies suggest 50% instead of complete replacement in order to keep the high level of egg production and desired egg size. Insects seem to have several positive health effects, such as the antibacterial proteins which have an enhancing effect on the immune system. The chitin and lauric acid content – which is very high in black solder fly larvae – have positive effects on the gut microbes by reducing the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria and increasing the beneficial ones.Whole insects, their preparations and other derived products are qualified as ‘novel food’ under EU Regulation 2015/2283, which is applicable from 1 January 2018
Heat stress in dairy cows Part 2. – A review on nutritional strategies to alleviate losses
No full textSUMMARYThe present review describes the possible nutritional strategies to alleviate the heat stress related decrease in the milk yield of dairy cows. Heat stress affects the energy metabolism both directly and indirectly. Loss of appetite and reduced feed intake lowers the energy sources available for production, while the increase in basal insulin concentration – as an indirect effect – is determi-nant in glucose and fatty acid utilization. Nutritional strategies that can lead to improved energy status and moderate increase in production are reviewed in detail. Altering the schedule of feed distribution, supplementing dairy rations with fat or feeding NDF (neutral detergent fibre) components with improved digestibility are effectively increasing energy intake. Yeast supplementation that is widely used in periods of negative energy balance can enhance ruminal fermentation, and it is also effective in heat stress. Niacin supports adaptation to heat stress through several different metabolic pathways, however, studies have come to contradictory conclusions. The enhanced insulin action characteristic to heat stress can be promoted by dietary chromium supplementation and an adjusted ratio of rumen degradable and undegradable protein in the ration. Supply of major cationic and anionic macro elements supports the acid base status and compensates the heat-related electrolyte-deficiency. Other, less investigated supplements, such as betaine, flavonoids and selenium act through mechanisms that are not fully known. The primary goal of feeding solutions is the improvement of the general health status and adaptive capacity of animals which often results in increased production, though understandably to a limited extent. The role of nutritional interventions can thus only be secondary to cooling efforts in preventing heat stress. Increasing knowledge on heat stress physiology can promote the development of nutritional strategies
Changes in serum leptin concentrations in relation to the oestrous cycle and body fat content in female dogs - Literature review and own data
Get PDFSUMMARY Background:Leptin is primarily produced by adipocytes and its serum levels reflect the amount of body fat reserves. Besides adiposity, serum leptin concen-trations are influenced by other factors, such as the levels of sexual hormones during the ovarian cycle. Objectives:We aimed to determine if serum leptin levels are influenced by sex hormone level fluctuations during the reproductive cycle in female Beagle dogs. We also investigated the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and alternative assessments of body fat percentage using morphometric calcula-tions (BF%) or bioimpedance measurements (BMI) and serum leptin levels. Materials and Methods: Seventeen non-pregnant, healthy female dogs were included in the study. For determination of leptin, progesterone, triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations, blood samples were collected after an over-night fast three times with two-week intervals, starting in late anoestrus or in proestrus. Dogs were divided into two groups according to their body condition. Body fat percentage was determined using bioelectrical impedance analysis and morphometric measurements. Results and Discussion: Serum leptin concentrations remained unchan-ged during the reproductive cycle and were not related to serum progesterone levels. In contrast to other species, changes in serum oestrogen or progesterone concentrations during the cycle have no influence on adipose tissue leptin pro-duction, our results should be interpreted with caution due to our low sample size and frequency of blood collection. Furthermore, differences in leptin assays used between studies may also have contributed to the different results.Similarly to previous reports in dogs, we found significant differences in serum lep-tin levels between overweight animals and dogs with normal condition. We detec-ted a close positive correlation between serum leptin, BCS and BF%, which sug-gests that the latter could also be used in clinical practice to assess adiposity. BMI showed only low to moderate correlation with other measures of body condition
Sarcoptes scabiei var. canismite infestation: differential diagnosis, treatment using fluralaner
Get PDFSUMMARY Sarcoptic mange is a less commonly diagnosed pruritic disease in Hungary. Diagnosing mange mite infestations can be challenging in clinical practice and treatment requires complex therapy and patience. Fluralaner is a member of the isoxazoline group of antiparasitics, which is highly effective in the treatment of Sarcoptic mange. The authors thoroughly worked up the differential diagnoses of the pruritic diseases and tested the efficacy of fluralaner in a canine case of Sarcoptes scabiei var canis.Background: In everyday practice the overwhelming caseload of atopic and allergic diseases makes Sarcoptes mange easy to miss during routine diagnos-tics. In these work-ups care must be taken to recognise the pathognomic symp-toms, the typical localisations and skin lesions. All other pruritic dermatoses and secondary infections must be excluded.Objectives: During this case study a dog infected with Sarcoptes scabiei var canis was examined, differential diagnostics were determined, the importance of the laboratory examinations were discussed in detail and response to therapy was observed.Materials and Methods: Recent pharmaceutical developments provide better and, more effective long-term treatment options for infestation with sarcoptic mange. In our case study the efficacy of fluralaner (Bravecto chewable tablets®) was examined after a single-dose treatment with 6 months follow-up. Results and Discussion: This case study demonstrates that despite negative skin scraping results treatment was effective and the patient clinically improved. Sarcoptes scpecific IgG ELISA positivity was a truly positive result and not a result of cross reaction with house dust mite. Single-dose fluralaner treatment was effective in treating of infestation with sarcoptic mange
Viral enteritis in certain galliformes - Literature review and own investigations in pheasants
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Background: The efficient utilization of nutrients depends on a healthy GI tract, therefore in food animals, the integrity of the GI tract is of paramount importance. This is especially true for the young of the species. Damage to the GI tract early in life could result in irreversible damage to the flock.Objectives: The authors overview the viral enteritis of young chickens and turkeys and they report macroscopic, microscopic, bacteriological and PCR results in nine cases of acute enteritis in Hungarian pheasant farms.Materials and Methods: The pheasants were necropsied for post-mortem examinations. Appropriate tissue samples from the affected organs were fixed in 8% neutral-buffered formalin for 24 hours at room temperature, embedded in paraffin wax; and 3-4μm tissue sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin for light microscopy examinations. Further samples were collected from the intestines for PCR assays to detect nucleic acid of enteral viruses. These samples were stored at -80 °C until completion of the assays. Samples were tested for rotavirus, reovirus, parvovirus, turkey astrovirus, and avian nephritis virus. For routine bacteriological examinations, small intestine content samples were aseptically collected and incubated for 24 hours at 37 °C under aerobic con-ditions on Columbia blood agar and Drigalski lactose agar.Results and Discussion:Of the nine pheasant flocks tested, four were nega-tive for PCR. Presumably, the overgrowth of Escherichia coli has caused disease and death in these flocks, due to poor hygiene conditions. Three of the other five flocks were detected with turkey astrovirus (TAstV), one with rotavirus, and one with avian nephritis virus. The macroscopic and microscopic findings were similar to those found in young galliform poultry species. Based on the results, the authors think that in addition to farm hygiene, various viruses play an important role in the enteritis of young pheasants. For uncomplicated viral enteritis, vitamins and probiotics may be recommended instead of antibiotic therapy
