ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY
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High Reflectivity Compounds of Cadmium Sulfide/Magnesium Fluoride Distribution Bragg Reflectors: Design, Simulation, and Comparative Analysis
Full text linkThis work investigates the optical performance of a distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) structure, designed with a Matlab program using inorganic compounds of cadmium sulfide (CdS) and magnesium fluoride (MgF2 ) with a central operational wavelength of 650 nm. Because CdS (high index) and MgF2 (low index) have very different refractive indices, the proposed DBR can reflect light effectively using fewer alternating layers. The Transfer Matrix Method simulation method indicates that the DBR structure reaches its maximum reflectivity with just six-layer pairs, emphasizing its optical efficiency and structural simplicity. A comparative analysis with other DBR structures demonstrates the superior performance of CdS/MgF2 DBR, which exhibits a broader usable stopband at around 181.82 nm, the highest bandwidth of 298.49 nm, and a relatively moderate Q-factor (2.18), indicative of an enhanced reflector response. These results establish CdS/MgF2 DBR as highly efficient reflectors that are well-suited for optical systems functioning in the visible spectrum
Chromosome Instability and Micronucleus Frequency on the Oral Mucosa of HIV-positive Patients
Full text linkExtranuclear structures known as micronuclei (MN) are composed of whole or fragmented chromosomes that were not incorporated into the nucleus following cell division. The genotoxic impact of HIV infection on oral cavity cancers remains uncertain. This study sought to determine the impact of HIV infection on MN in HIV+ patients’ oral mucosa and its correlation with early cytogenetic alterations in oral carcinogenesis. A total of forty-four non-HIV patients and thirty-eight HIV+ patients were assessed in this study. Smears were collected from the oral cavity and stained with 5% methylene blue. The smears were then examined at a ×100 magnification using a standard microscope. For each participant, 100 buccal cells were counted. Further observations of the viral load (VL), lymphocytes, and granulocytes were made to determine the pattern of MN presence in HIV+ patients. Significant differences were observed between HIV+ patients and healthy controls regarding alcohol consumption (p = 0.004 < 0.05) and smoking (p = 0.041 < 0.05). The relationship between micronucleus and VL is substantial. After calculating the linear regression model, it was discovered that the VL ratio of HIV-positive patients could predict the micronucleus cells (R-Sq = 55%, p < 0.000). In conclusion, HIV VL shows increased genomic instability. These findings are relevant to understanding the mechanisms of cellular damage and developing potential strategies to mitigate carcinogenesis in HIV+ patients
Intelligent Transportation Systems for Deep Learning-Driven Vehicular Ad hoc Network: A Review
Full text linkAbstract—Numerous studies demonstrate that the vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) depends on various characteristics and intermediate connections. It offers real-time automatic reaction and acute traffic analysis, but more studies are still needed to determine how best to use it in various situations. The primary goals of this VANET system are to distinguish between specific agents and identify collision remnants, which is still a research area in terms of scalability, optimization strategies, and efficient data aggregation. Due to problems with distance disintegration, temporal channel deterioration, and signal distortion, analysis was not feasible until recently. Therefore, this research will carry out a comparative review of available studies related to Intelligent Transportation Systems that use deep learning applications in VANETs, such as the recurrent neural network model, cybersecurity, decision-making, and collision avoidance, as well as future work, so it can have a more concise understanding of the topic
Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Indoor Dust in Erbil City
Full text linkIndoor dust is a significant source of heavy metal exposure, posing potential health risks to residents. This study investigates the concentration and possible health risks of heavy metals in household dust in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and assesses the associated health risks. 123 indoor dust samples were collected from various residential areas and analyzed using Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, an advanced technique that enables precise elemental detection. The metals assessed included aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb). The highest mean concentrations were observed for aluminum (Al), particularly in the Northwest region (29209 mg/kg), while lead (Pb) exhibited the lowest concentration in the same Northwest region (28 mg/kg). Notably, elevated levels of titanium (Ti) were detected in the northern area, and cadmium (Cd) was most pronounced in the Northeast, reflecting spatial variation potentially linked to traffic emissions, construction activity, and indoor smoking. To evaluate the potential health implications, hazard quotients and hazard indices (HI) are calculated for both children and adults, focusing on non-carcinogenic risks through inhalation exposure in accordance with the United States Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. Although localized HQ values were higher for certain elements, such as Ti and Cd, all calculated HI values remained below the threshold value of 1. This indicates that under current environmental conditions, indoor dust in Erbil City is unlikely to pose significant non-carcinogenic health risks through inhalation
Mitigating Dead Node Impact on Coverage and Connectivity in Wireless Sensor Networks Using a Hybrid Approach
Full text linkWireless sensor networks’ coverage and efficient connectivity are pivotal for reliable data collection and communication. However, dead nodes, resulting from hardware failure or power depletion, can affect coverage and connectivity, leading to information loss and degraded performance. Previous research in the same context indicates the need for further investigation to achieve optimal trade-offs in network resource allocation. This research introduces a hybrid Artificial Bee Colony-Sequential Re-connectivity and Coverage Algorithm (ABC-SRCA) approach, combining the ABC algorithm with a developed SRCA. The ABC algorithm adjusts sensor node placement to maximize the coverage and minimize holes, while the SRCA algorithm restores connectivity by reconnecting the network when nodes fail. The approach uses probabilistic selection to explore various solutions, making the approach adaptive to diverse scenarios. The simulation outcomes indicate that the ABC-SRCA method enhances coverage accuracy by up to 30% compared to ABC and SRCA when they are used separately. In addition, the rate of connectivity error detection decreases by about 25%, highlighting the method’s effectiveness in dynamic network conditions. The approach also surpasses existing methods, including Genetic Algorithms and Sensing Radius Adaptive Coverage Control (SRACC), by achieving coverage level up to 98% while conserving resources. The ABC-SRCA achieves better energy consumption than Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and PSO Voronoi Diagram and achieves competent energy when compared with SRACC. The hybrid approach provides an effective solution for ensuring efficient and reliable network operations, supporting the successful deployment of WSNs in diverse applications
Predictive Logistic Models for Off-Street Parking Policy: Controlling Traffic Volume and Movement
Full text linkThe land in city centers is typically used for commercial and industrial purposes, leading to increased traffic congestion. To promote more efficient, sustainable, and accessible land use in city centers, it is necessary to manage incoming traffic flow and travel demands effectively. This can be achieved by implementing appropriate parking policies, which should be predicted carefully to avoid adverse effects on human and economic activities. A case study is conducted in Duhok city, Iraq, aims to estimate the potential responses of city center travelers to reasonable off-street parking restriction policies. Real data were gathered through interviews with a quantitative sample of drivers to assess their reactions to two policies: increasing parking fees and reducing available parking spaces. The study examines central parkers’ socio-demographic and travel characteristics, including origin, trip purpose, timing, parking duration, search time, payment, income, age, and car occupancy. The study presents the results of two binary logistic models used to estimate the probability of implementing new parking policies to alleviate traffic congestion and improve movement. The findings suggest that travelers are more inclined to change their mode of transportation or travel time of day rather than altering their destination or canceling their trip. The findings contribute to the ongoing discourse on sustainable urban development and offer practical solutions for addressing the complex challenges associated with traffic volume and movement control in developing cities. This study aims to contribute to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable urban transportation planning and offer practical recommendations for transportation authorities
Epidemiological Trends and Molecular Characterization of Breast Carcinoma in Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Full text linkAccumulated evidence suggests a tangible increase in breast cancer (BC) patients in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, yet data on their histological and molecular subtypes remain limited. This study aims to assess the prevalence, histopathologic features, and molecular profiles of BC incidences in Erbil. For this purpose, 261 clinical records of histologically confirmed BC cases from Rizgary Teaching Hospital are analyzed. Results reveal that invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) emerged as the most frequent histological subtype. In terms of hormonal receptor status, mastectomy patients who tested positive for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) are 52.49%, 50.57%, and 18.01%, respectively, and the corresponding figures for Tru-Cut biopsy (TCB) patients are 24.90% for both ER and PR and 6.13% for HER2. Regarding tumor grading, mastectomy patients aged 51–60 have the highest grade II frequency, and TCB patients under 40 years and those between 41 and 50 years show the highest occurrence of the same grade. Moreover, tumor stages II and III made up nearly two-thirds of all cases across all age groups. For the molecular subtypes, luminal A is the most prevalent in both mastectomy and TCB patients. In conclusion, IDC is the predominant BC subtype in the region, with a higher prevalence of ER and PR positivity compared to HER2. Luminal A is the dominant molecular subtype. While stages II and III are common across all ages, tumors of grade II and stage II are frequently observed in older ages
Geochemical Insights into the Paleodepositional Environment of the Garagu Formation, Gara Anticline, Kurdistan, Northern Iraq
Full text linkThe Garagu Formation is mostly composed of carbonate layers with iron-rich horizons in the middle part. The geochemical evidence for the paleodepositional environment of the Garagu Formation in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq’s Gara anticline has been explored in this paper. A total of 9 samples from the Garagu Formation were analyzed by XRF for major elements and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometer for trace elements. From geochemical data of major and trace elements, including rare earth elements, a series of identification indexes, such as Sr/Ba, Rb/K2O, Th/U, U/Th, V/(V+Ni), δU, V/Sc, Sr/Cu, and C-Value ratios, are calculated, which can be used to indicate paleosalinity, ancient oxidizing environment, and paleoclimate conditions. As would be predicted in this limestone-dominated deposit, CaO has the greatest weight percentages of any sample. Several samples from the iron-rich mineralization in the middle part of the formation exhibit significant percentages of FeO. The elemental geochemical ratios indicate to saline shallow marine environment with lower salinity in the middle part of the formation. The paleoredox proxies revealed that the oxic to suboxic conditions prevailed during the deposition of the formation. 
Immunomodulatory Pathways of Some Biomarkers in Individuals with Renal Failure
Full text linkThis study investigates the correlation between renal failure and immunoinflammatory marker pathways. Specimens were obtained from the Hemodialysis Center located in the cities of Ranya and QaladezeSulaymaniyah, KRG, Iraq. The investigation included a well-defined cohort of 120 individuals (60 patients and 60 control participants), comprising both sexes, during the period from October to December 2024. Participants ranged in age from 40 to 60 years. The concentrations of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, and IgG) were measured using the Cobas 6000 analyzer, while IgE levels were assessed with the Cobas e 411 analyzer. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was utilized for detecting the variations of cytokines (Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10) and antinuclear antibody (ANA). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was determined using the automated ESR analyzer. Individuals diagnosed with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) exhibited significant immunological alterations, marked by a significant decrease in IgA, IgM, and IgG levels and accompanied by a substantial elevation in IgE levels. The current investigation revealed a markedly elevated ESR, tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-10 in reference to the healthy subjects. ANA titers exhibited a slight increase within the patient population. This immunological dysregulation is further associated with elevated levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10, indicating a persistent systemic inflammatory state. The synchronous augmentation of ESR and TNF-α and IL-6 confirms their potential utility as prognostic biomarkers for chronic inflammation in ESRD patients. Observation of elevated inflammatory markers in females indicates a potential gender-specific variation in immune response pathways within this clinical population
Novel Design of a Lowpass-Bandpass Diplexer with an Exceptional Performance Using Microstrip Meandrous Loaded Lines for Microwave Systems
Full text linkA new microstrip lowpass-bandpass diplexer with exceptional performance characteristics is designed and analyzed. It includes microstrip meandrous thin lines loaded by solid cells. The diplexer achieves 0.058 dB and 0.013 dB low insertion losses (ILs) and 26.4% wide fractional bandwidth (FBW). Operating frequencies are obtained using a perfect mathematical method, which are verified by the simulation results. Having two equations that accurately predict the operating frequencies allows us to optimize the diplexer's performance by adjusting key parameters such as line lengths and widths. This helps in achieving the desired operating frequencies with minimal trial and error. It has 0.01 λg2 very compact size and exhibits low group delays at both channels, which make it appropriate for a varied range of applications requiring high precision and efficiency. Overall, this microstrip diplexer design offers a versatile and reliable solution for demanding RF and microwave applications