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Turkana County Budget Estimates 2025 - 2026
Full text linkThis budget was consultatively prepared in line with Section 125 of the Public Finance Management Act, 2012. It integrates the Government’s plans, objectives and the available estimated resources provided by the Annual Development Plans (ADPs) for 2025/26 generated by the various Sector Working Groups (SWGs). The concept or model of Programme Based Budgeting is used to translate this budget into programmes that provides stakeholders with a basis of tracking and interrogating budgetary allocations for the various County Government Entities. This budget proposal has channelled resources on Governor’s Nine Point Agenda which focuses on water; food security; health services & sanitation; revitalizing education & child protection; land, minerals and natural resource management; trade industries & enterprise development; peace building & conflict resolution; wealth creation/county revenue enhancement; collaboration and strategic partnership. The projected total revenue envelope for FY2025/26 is expected to be KES. 17,560,471,160 consisting of KES. 13,805,000,000 as Equitable Share, Own Source Revenue (OSR) of KES. 380,000,000, Conditional Grants of KES. 3,089,873,656 and KES. 285,597,504 balance at Special Purpose Account. The county government will endeavour to apply these resources to critical and priority areas. The county government will continue to enhance Own Source Revenue streams to improve the revenue basket. The county government acknowledges and appreciates the continued support from our development partners. We will still call upon the development partners to supplement the efforts of the county government in the implementation of programmes prioritized in this FY 2025/26 Budget Proposals. The projected revenue is appropriated for recurrent and development purposes in these proportions: KES. 11,122,992,507.64 (63.34%) for recurrent and KES. 6,437,478,652.36 (36.66%) for development expenditure. The total personnel emolument is budgeted at KES. 5,808,017,277 (KES. 5,388,561,546 for Executive and KES. 419,455,731 for County Assembly) and a total wage bill of 33.07%
Trans Nzoia County Investment Plan 2025/2026
Full text linkThis Investment Plan for the financial year 2025 marks a significant milestone in the journey of Trans Nzoia County to realise its vision of becoming an “agro-industrialised county with high quality of life for residents”. Grounded in the County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP 2023-2027), the document aligns with national priorities such as the Bottom‑Up Economic Transformation Agenda (BETA), and the broader Vision 2030 framework. In preparing this plan, the County Government has drawn on both the lessons from previous planning cycles and the many voices of our communities, stakeholders and partners. The focus is on translating the strengths of this region – varied soils, strategic location, agricultural heritage – into durable economic growth, investment opportunities and social welfare improvements. Key priorities include:
Leveraging agricultural value-addition and agro-industrial growth as a foundation for the county’s economy; Mobilising resources, both internal and external, and ensuring prudent allocation of public funds towards infrastructure, human capital, and innovation; Enhancing service delivery, inclusive participation, and outcomes that raise living standards for all residents; Responding to emerging challenges in the economy, environment and society by integrating resilience and sustainability into investment decisions. It is our firm conviction that this Plan is more than a budgeting or programming document. It is a commitment to realising potential, to bridging today’s gaps and to preparing Trans Nzoia for the opportunities of tomorrow. We call on the public, private sector, civil society, development partners and every resident to join hands in its roll-out. The success of this plan relies on shared responsibility, accountability and ongoing engagement
Pathways to green hydrogen production as a sustainable energy solution in Kenya by 2040
Full text linkGiven the Kenyan challenges in energy availability, accessibility, and affordability, exploring green hydrogen as a sustainable energy solution is supreme. This study aimed to assess the potential of green hydrogen production, a transformative
clean energy technology, and its implications for Kenya's future energy. The specific objectives were to identify the drivers of change that could accelerate green hydrogen adoption and policy recommendations. The study employed a scenario planning approach, focusing on four key steps: defining the scenario and time horizon, identifying drivers of change, and developing and applying scenarios.
The diffusion of innovation theory guided the study. Twelve key critical drivers of change were identified, with societal and industry acceptance of green hydrogen and compatibility with existing energy infrastructure being the strongest drivers of change from cross-impact analysis results. The study outlined four plausible future scenarios for adoption: Successful Production (best scenario), Low Production, Chaotic Transition, and Rejection of Green Hydrogen Production (worst scenario). Major opportunities include advancements in hydrogen production, export potential, and job creation. Cost competitiveness analysis is essential, comparing Kenya's hydrogen with traditional fuels and African peers. Economic models suggest that Kenya's renewable energy can lower costs, enhancing its position in clean energy innovation. However, critical challenges involve regulatory uncertainty, ethical concerns, public misconceptions about green hydrogen safety, and financial barriers due to high initial investment costs. The study recommended that the Kenyan government invest in renewable energy infrastructure, formulate a comprehensive national hydrogen policy, and establish an enabling environment to attract private investment. In conclusion, green hydrogen production stands as a strategic pillar for Kenya’s sustainable energy transition, and further research should focus on strengthening regulatory frameworks and enhancing public engagement to unlock its full potential
Turkana County Budget Review and Outlook Paper 2025
Full text linkThe County Budget Review and Outlook Paper 2025 reviews the county's actual financial performance for the fiscal year FY 2024/2025 against the approved projections in the revised budget estimates. The paper highlights the performance of revenue and entity spending for the period under review. It further provides the recent economic and financial forecast that will inform the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) projections for FY 2026/27 - FY 2028/29. The revised projected revenue for the period under review stood at KES. 17,224,588,939.37 comprising: Equitable Share KES. 13,213,283,320.00; Conditional Grants KES. 1,398,507,937.50; the unspent balance of funds at the County Revenue Fund brought forward from the previous year amounted to KES. 1,147,432,038.00; unspent balances at
various Special Purpose Accounts amounted to KES. 1,065,365,643.87 and Own Source Revenue (OSR) generated from internal local sources was projected at KES. 400,000,000.00. The county realized a total revenue of KES. 16,228,689,332, including balances carried forward from the county revenue fund and the special purpose accounts, from which 100% of the Equitable share was received, 28% of conditional grants was received and notably, the target for the OSR was surpassed, achieving KES. 400.8 M against a target of KES. 400 M. The consistent performance in OSR resulted from enhanced collection mechanisms and continued compliance from local enterprises. Generally, the county realized 94% of its revenue (equitable share, conditional grants, and own-source revenue). The delayed disbursement of the final equitable share tranche and underperformance in conditional grants primarily contributed to the revenue underperformance. The total spending for the year under review for the entire county government, including
the County Assembly, was attained at KES. 13,535,662,141, representing an average absorption rate of 79 per cent of the total budget estimates. The recurrent expenditure for the year under review was KES. 9,255,646,357 or 88 per cent of the total recurrent budget. The development spending for the year was KES. 4,280,015,784 or 63 per cent of the development budget estimates. The actual total spending for personnel emoluments was KES. 6,126,161,212.99, or 35.6% of the total projected revenue
Machakos County Internship and Attachment Policy for the County Public Service
Full text linkThe Internship and Attachment Policy is designed to provide students and graduates with opportunities to gain practical work experience within the Machakos County Public Service. Recognizing the importance of bridging the gap between academic knowledge and practical skills, the policy outlines the eligibility criteria, selection process, and duration of internships and industrial attachments. It defines the roles and responsibilities of both interns and county departments in ensuring a structured and beneficial experience. The policy also highlights mentorship and supervision expectations, stipulating that interns should be exposed to meaningful tasks that align with their academic background. Additionally, it provides guidance on stipends, allowances, and the evaluation process to assess the impact of the internship program. Through this initiative, the county aims to empower youth, enhance their employability, and contribute to national capacity-building efforts by equipping young professionals with the necessary skills to enter the job market
Probing the magnetic origin of the pseudogap using a Fermi-Hubbard quantum simulator
No full textInternational audienceIn strongly correlated materials, interacting electrons are entangled and form collective quantum states, resulting in rich low-temperature phase diagrams. Notable examples include cuprate superconductors, in which superconductivity emerges at low doping out of an unusual ``pseudogap'' metallic state above the critical temperature. The Fermi-Hubbard model, describing a wide range of phenomena associated with strong electron correlations, still offers major computational challenges despite its simple formulation. In this context, ultracold atoms quantum simulators have provided invaluable insights into the microscopic nature of correlated quantum states. Here, we use a quantum gas microscope Fermi-Hubbard simulator to explore a wide range of doping levels and temperatures in a regime where a pseudogap is known to develop. By measuring multi-point correlation functions up to fifth order, we uncover a novel universal behaviour in magnetic and higher-order spin-charge correlations. This behaviour is characterized by a doping-dependent energy scale that governs the exponential growth of the magnetic correlation length upon cooling. Accurate comparisons with determinant Quantum Monte Carlo and Minimally Entangled Typical Thermal States simulations confirm that this energy scale agrees well with the pseudogap temperature . Our findings establish a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the magnetic origin and physical nature of the pseudogap and pave the way towards the exploration of pairing and collective phenomena among charge carriers expected to emerge at lower temperatures
Brochette first-passage percolation
No full textWe investigate a novel first-passage percolation model, referred to as the Brochette first-passage percolation model, where the passage times associated with edges lying on the same line are equal. First, we establish a point-to-point convergence theorem, identifying the time constant. In particular, we explore the case where the time constant vanishes and demonstrate the existence of a wide range of possible behaviours. Next, we prove a shape theorem, showing that the limiting shape is the diamond. Finally, we extend the analysis by proving a point-to-point convergence theorem in the setting where passage times are allowed to be infinite
The geometry of intersecting codes and applications to additive combinatorics and factorization theory
No full textInternational audienceIntersecting codes are linear codes where every two nonzero codewords have nontrivially intersecting support. In this article we expand on the theory of this family of codes, by showing that nondegenerate intersecting codes correspond to sets of points (with multiplicities) in a projective space that are not contained in two hyperplanes. This correspondence allows the use of geometric arguments to demonstrate properties and provide constructions of intersecting codes. We improve on existing bounds on their length and provide explicit constructions of short intersecting codes. Finally, generalizing a link between coding theory and the theory of the Davenport constant (a combinatorial invariant of finite abelian groups), we provide new asymptotic bounds on the weighted 2-wise Davenport constant. These bounds then yield results on factorizations in rings of algebraic integers and related structures
On the structure of the Schur squares of Twisted Generalized Reed-Solomon codes and application to cryptanalysis
No full textInternational audienceTwisted generalized Reed-Solomon (TGRS) codes constitute an interesting family of evaluation codes, containing a large class of maximum distance separable codes non-equivalent to generalized Reed-Solomon (GRS) ones. Moreover, the Schur squares of TGRS codes may be much larger than those of GRS codes with same dimension. Exploiting these structural differences, in 2018, Beelen, Bossert, Puchinger and Rosenkilde proposed a subfamily of Maximum Distance Separable (MDS) Twisted Reed-Solomon (TRS) codes over with twists for McEliece encryption, claiming their resistance to both Sidelnikov Shestakov attack and Schur products--based attacks. In short, they claimed these codes to resist to classical key recovery attacks on McEliece encryption scheme instantiated with Reed-Solomon (RS) or GRS codes. In 2020, Lavauzelle and Renner presented an original attack on this system based on the computation of the subfield subcode of the public TRS code. In this paper, we show that the original claim on the resistance of TRS and TGRS codes to Schur products based--attacks is wrong. We identify a broad class of codes including TRS and TGRS ones that is distinguishable from random by computing the Schur square of some shortening of the code. Then, we focus on the case of single twist (i.e., ), which is the most efficient one in terms of decryption complexity, to derive an attack. The technique is similar to the distinguisher-based attacks of RS code-based systems given by Couvreur, Gaborit, Gauthier-Uma\~na, Otmani, Tillich in 2014
Contactless defects detection using modulated photoluminescence technique: model for a single Shockley-Read-Hall trap in a semiconductor thin layer
No full textInternational audienceStudying defects in semiconductors is, in practice, a very important topic for opto-electronic applications. It involves advanced characterization tools able to quantify and qualify the defect densities present in the materials. In the present article we focus on the use of a contactless frequency domain technique: modulated photoluminescence (MPL), and show its potential to detect defects. MPL has been used for the measurement of differential lifetime for several decades in silicon wafers. By extending it to low lifetime/highly defective materials we discovered its potential to become a defect spectroscopy method, measuring time constants close to the ones governing impedance spectroscopy measurements. Proofs of concept and an analytical model for doped materials have been presented already. Here, we reformulate the analytical model more explicitly and check its applicability by extensive numerical simulations for the case of a low illumination for a thin layer with a single defect. We present a parametric numerical study simulating the response of a single Shockley-Read-Hall center, showing the appearance of so-called V-Shapes in the MPL phase patterns as predicted by the analytical model, and valid beyond small-signal approximation. We discuss the difference between these two approaches and extend the analytical model and numerical investigations to intrinsic materials