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Search for Extended GeV Sources in the Inner Galactic Plane
No full textInternational audienceThe recent detection of extended -ray emission around middle-aged pulsars is interpreted as inverse-Compton scattering of ambient photons by electron-positron pairs escaping the pulsar wind nebula, which are confined near the system by unclear mechanisms. This emerging population of -ray sources was first discovered at TeV energies and remains underexplored in the GeV range. To address this, we conducted a systematic search for extended sources along the Galactic plane using 14 years of Fermi-LAT data above 10 GeV, aiming to identify a number of pulsar halo candidates and extend our view to lower energies. The search covered the inner Galactic plane ( 100, 1) and the positions of known TeV sources and bright pulsars, yielding broader astrophysical interest. We found 40 such sources, forming the Second Fermi Galactic Extended Sources Catalog (2FGES), most with 68% containment radii smaller than 1.0 and relatively hard spectra with photon indices below 2.5. We assessed detection robustness using field-specific alternative interstellar emission models and by inspecting significance maps. Noting 13 sources previously known as extended in the 4FGL-DR3 catalog and five dubious sources from complex regions, we report 22 newly detected extended sources above 10 GeV. Of these, 13 coincide with H.E.S.S., HAWC, or LHAASO sources; six coincide with bright pulsars (including four also coincident with TeV sources); six are associated with 4FGL point sources only; and one has no association in the scanned catalogs. Notably, six to eight sources may be related to pulsars as classical pulsar wind nebulae or pulsar halos
Corporate probability of default under an energy transition scenario with business model adaptation to the transition
No full textThe energy transition generates for the financial system the so-called 'transition risks', leading to the development of Climate Stress-Tests. We propose a firm-level corporate credit risk model that accounts for business model evolution in a transition scenario for Climate Stress-Tests. It is a structural and path-dependent model with stochastic total assets and debt and it integrates all the transition risks drivers as well as physical risks. Simulations show that reducing emissions intensity may improve leverage ratios despite the mitigation costs. However, often-used strategies such as aligning with sectoral averages, increase credit risk, with default probabilities up to 4 times higher in orderly transitions. Constant market share assumptions underestimate default risk for high polluters and overestimate it for low polluters. Tailored business model strategies are essential for managing credit risk effectively during the energy transition.</div
High-Statistics Measurement of the Cosmic-Ray Electron Spectrum with H.E.S.S
No full textInternational audienceOwing to their rapid cooling rate and hence loss-limited propagation distance, cosmic-ray electrons and positrons (CRe) at very high energies probe local cosmic-ray accelerators and provide constraints on exotic production mechanisms such as annihilation of dark matter particles. We present a high-statistics measurement of the spectrum of CRe candidate events from 0.3 to 40 TeV with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.), covering two orders of magnitude in energy and reaching a proton rejection power of better than . The measured spectrum is well described by a broken power law, with a break around 1 TeV, where the spectral index increases from 0.02 (stat) 0.2 (sys) to 0.04 (stat) 0.2 (sys). Apart from the break, the spectrum is featureless. The absence of distinct signatures at multi-TeV energies imposes constraints on the presence of nearby CRe accelerators and the local CRe propagation mechanisms
La réparation archéenne de l’ADN
No full textInternational audienceDans toute cellule, l’ADN est en permanence endommagé par des mutagènes endogènes et exogènes. C’est pourquoi des mécanismes de réparation complexes impliquant un grand nombre de protéines ont évolués afin de permettre la réparation de l’ADN essentielle au maintien de l’intégrité du génome et de la survie cellulaire. Ce chapitre présente les principales voies de réparation retrouvées chez les archées
Quantitative feasibility study of sequential neutron captures using intense lasers
No full textInternational audienceDeciphering the conditions under which neutron captures occur in the Universe to synthesize heavy elements is an endeavour pursued since the 1950s, but that has proven elusive up to now due to the experimental difficulty of generating the extreme neutron fluxes required. It has been evoked that laser-driven (pulsed) neutron sources could produce neutron beams with characteristics suitable to achieve nucleosynthesis in the laboratory. In this scheme, the laser first generates an ultra-high-current, high-energy proton beam, which is subsequently converted into a dense neutron beam. Here we model, in a self-consistent manner, the transport of laser-accelerated protons through the neutron converter, the subsequent neutron generation and propagation, and finally the neutron capture reactions in a gold ( 197 Au) chosen as an illustrative example. Using the parameters of present-day available lasers, as well as of those foreseeable in the near future, we find that the final yield of the isotopes containing two more neutrons than the seed nuclei is negligible. Our investigation highlights that the areal density of the laser-driven neutron source is a critical quantity and that it would have to be increased by several orders of magnitude over the current state of the art in order to offer realistic prospects for laser-based generation of neutron-rich isotopes.</div
Evolution between two competing macrophyte populations along a resource gradient leads to collapse in a bistable lake ecosystem
No full textInternational audienceWhile it is known that shallow lakes ecosystems may experience abrupt shifts (ie tippingpoints) from one state to a contrasting degraded alternative state as a result of gradual envi-ronmental changes, the role of evolutionary processes and the impact of trait variation in thiscontext remain largely unexplored. It is crucial to elucidate how eco-evolutionary feedbacksaffect abrupt ecological transitions in shallow lakes. These feedbacks can significantly alterthe dynamics of aquatic plants competition, community structure, and species diversity, po-tentially affecting the existence of alternative states or either delay or expedite the thresholdsat which these ecological shifts occur. In this paper, we explore the eco-evolutionary dyna-mics of submerged and floating macrophytes in a shallow lake ecosystem under asymmetriccompetition for nutrients and light. We use adaptive dynamics and a structured populationmodel to analyze the evolution of the growth depth of the submerged and floating macro-phytes population, which influences their competitive ability for the two resources. We showhow rapid trait evolution can result in complex dynamics including evolutionary oscillations,extensive diversification and evolutionary suicide. Furthermore, we find that the co-evolutionof the two competitive species can play a stabilizing role, while not significantly affectingthe overall evolutionary dynamics. Overall, this study shows that evolution can have strongeffects in the ecological dynamics of bistable ecosystems
Optimizing laser coupling, matter heating, and particle acceleration from solids using multiplexed ultraintense lasers
No full textInternational audienceRealizing the full potential of ultrahigh-intensity lasers for particle and radiation generation will require multi-beam arrangements due to technology limitations. Here, we investigate how to optimize their coupling with solid targets. Experimentally, we show that overlapping two intense lasers in a mirror-like configuration onto a solid with a large preplasma can greatly improve the generation of hot electrons at the target front and ion acceleration at the target backside. The underlying mechanisms are analyzed through multidimensional particle-in-cell simulations, revealing that the self-induced magnetic fields driven by the two laser beams at the target front are susceptible to reconnection, which is one possible mechanism to boost electron energization. In addition, the resistive magnetic field generated during the transport of the hot electrons in the target bulk tends to improve their collimation. Our simulations also indicate that such effects can be further enhanced by overlapping more than two laser beams
Towards Establishing a Long-Term Cloud Record from Space-Borne Lidar Observations
No full textInternational audienceClouds play a crucial role in the Earth’s energy budget, but their feedback is still uncertain. A thorough grasp of clouds, encompassing their cover, vertical arrangement, and optical characteristics, is vital for comprehending and predicting the Earth's energy balance and climate. Satellite observations have been providing a continuous monitoring of clouds, with active sounders being of particular importance because of their vertical and horizontal resolution and accuracy. But, comparing the clouds retrieved from different space-borne lidars is challenging because of differences in wavelength, pulse energy, detector type, local time of overpass, and so on. This study presents an approach to merge clouds measured by the space-borne lidar ALADIN/Aeolus (355 nm), with clouds retrieved from the CALIPSO lidar observations (532 nm). The method involves compensating for the instrumental differences to attain comparable cloud datasets. This sets a path for integrating future lidars, such as ATLID/EarthCare, into the global lidar cloud record
Aventures au Pays des Merveilles
No full textThe work we present in this thesis is structured around the concepts of field theories and geometry, which are applied to gravity and thermalisation.On the gravity side, our work aims at shedding new light on the asymptotic structure of the gravitational field in the context of asymptotically flat spacetimes, using information encoded on the conformal boundary. The latter is a null hypersurface on which Carrollian physics instead of relativistic physics is at work. A Carroll structure on a manifold is a degenerate metric and a vector field spanning the kernel of the latter. This vector selects a particular direction which can be the starting point for describing Carroll structures in a split frame. We first elaborate on the geometry one can construct on such a manifold in this frame, including a comprehensive study of connections and (conformal isometries). Effective actions can be defined on a Carrollian background. Canonical momenta conjugate to the geometry or the connection are introduced, and the variation of the action shall give their conservation equations, upon which isometric charges can be reached.Carrollian physics is also known to emerge as the vanishing speed of light of relativistic physics. This limit usually exhibits more Carrollian descendants than what might be expected from a naive intrinsic analysis, as shown in the explicit examples of Carrollian fluids, Carrollian scalar fields (for which two actions, electric and magnetic arise in the limit) and the Carrollian Chern-Simons action. The richness of the limiting procedure is due to this versatility in describing a palette of degrees of freedom. This turns out to be an awesome tool in studying the relationship between asymptotically anti de Sitter (AdS) and flat spacetimes.Metrics on asymptotically flat spacetimes can be expressed as an infinite expansion in a gauge, covariant with respect to their null boundaries. This slight extension of the Newman-Unti gauge is shown to be valid also in AdS, which allows to take the flat limit in the bulk i.e. the Carrollian limit on the boundary, while preserving this covariance feature. We demonstrate that the infinite solution space of Ricci-flat spacetimes actually arises from the Laurent expansion of the AdS boundary energy-momentum tensor. These replicas obey at each order Carrollian dynamics (flux/balance laws). Focusing our attention to Petrov algebraically special spacetimes (for which the infinite expansion resums), we use the Carrollian flux/balance laws together with the conservation of the energy-momentum and Cotton tensors to build two dual towers of bulk charges from a purely boundary perspective. Among them we recover the mass and angular momentum mutipolar moments for the Kerr-Taub-NUT family. The covariant gauge is also the appropriate framework to unveil the action of hidden symmetries of gravity on the null boundary. In this thesis we study exhaustively the case of Ehlers' L(2,mathbb{R}) symmetry.On the side of thermal field theory we see that while at infinite temperature a CFT is described by its spectrum and the OPE coefficients, additional data is needed in the thermal case. These are the average values of primary operators, completely determined up to a constant coefficient. Numerical simulations, duality with black-hole states in AdS or spectral analyses are the methods usually employed to uncover the latter. Our work features a new breadth. Starting from two coupled harmonic oscillators, we show that they are related to conformal ladder graphs of fishnet theories. This observation is the first step for setting a new correspondence between thermal partition functions and graphs.Le travail que nous présentons dans cette thèse est structuré autour de la notion de théorie des champs et de géométrie, qui sont appliquées à la gravité et la thermalisation.En gravité, notre travail donne un éclairage nouveau sur la structure asymptotique du champ gravitationnel dans le contexte des espace-temps asymptotiquement plats, ceci en utilisant l'information codée sur leur bord conforme. Ce dernier est une hypersurface de genre lumière sur laquelle émerge la physique carrollienne au lieu de la physique relativiste. Une structure carrollienne sur une variété est constituée une métrique dégénérée et un champ de vecteurs couvrant le noyau de cette dernière. Ce vecteur sélectionne une direction particulière qui peut être le point de départ de la description des structures carrolliennes dans un cadre séparé. Nous développons d'abord la géométrie carrollienne, y compris une étude complète des connexions et isométries (conformes). Des actions effectives peuvent vivre sur un arrière-plan carrollien. Les moments canoniques conjugués à la géométrie ou à la connexion peuvent être définis, et la variation de l'action donnera leurs équations de conservation, à partir desquelles les charges isométriques peuvent être bâties.La physique carrollienne émerge également lorsque la vitesse de la lumière tend vers zéro. Cette limite donne généralement plus de descendants carrolliens que ce qui est attendu après une analyse intrinsèque, comme le montrent les exemples explicites des fluides carrolliens, des champs scalaires carrolliens (pour lesquels deux actions, électrique et magnétique, apparaissent dans la limite) et du tenseur de Cotton carrollien. La richesse de la limite est due à sa possibilité de décrire plus de degrés de liberté, ce qui s'avère être un outil fondamental dans l'étude de la relation entre les espace-temps asymptotiquement anti de Sitter et plats.Les espace-temps asymptotiquement plats peuvent être écrits comme une expansion infinie dans une jauge covariante par rapport à leur bord nul. Cette légère extension de la jauge de Newman-Unti est également valable dans AdS, ce qui permet de prendre la limite plate dans le bulk, équivalente à la limite carrollienne sur le bord. Nous démontrons que l'espace des solutions infini des espace-temps Ricci-plat provient en fait du développement en série de Laurent du tenseur énergie-impulsion d'AdS. Ces répliques obéissent à chaque ordre une dynamique carrollienne (lois de flux). Dans le cadre des espaces algébriquement spéciaux de Petrov (pour lesquels le développement infinie se resomme), nous utilisons les lois de flux carrolliennes ainsi que la conservation des tenseurs énergie-impulsion et de Cotton pour construire, du point de vue du bord, deux tours duales de charges du bulk. Parmi elles, nous retrouvons l'expansion mutipolaire de la masse et du moment angulaire pour la famille Kerr-Taub-NUT. La jauge covariante est également le cadre approprié pour dévoiler l'action des symétries cachées de la gravité sur le bord nul. Dans ce travail, nous étudions le cas de la symétrie SL(2,R) d'Ehlers.Du côté de la théorie thermique des champs, nous travaillons sur l'ensemble minimal de données nécessaires pour les décrire à température finie. Alors qu'à température infinie toutes les valeurs moyennes des opérateurs primaires s’annulent, leurs valeurs non nulle dans le cas thermique constituent les données supplémentaires qu'il faut calculer pour caractériser la théorie. Les simulations numériques, la dualité avec un trou noir dans AdS ou une analyse spectrale sont généralement les méthodes employées pour trouver la valeur de ces coefficients. Notre travail propose une nouvelle approche à ce problème en montrant, à partir de deux oscillateurs harmoniques couplés, que ces coefficients sont en fait liés à des graphes conformes de théories de type fishnet. A partir de cette observation, nous avons établi une correspondance entre les fonctions de partition thermique et ces graphes