International Journal of Integrated Engineering
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The Suitability of Smartphone LiDAR for 3D Building Information Modelling (BIM) Applications
Get PDFAn entirely new realm of possibilities for three-dimensional (3D) indoor/outdoor mapping has recently emerged with the incorporation of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) into smartphones. Although these new devices provide unprecedented potential for 3D scanning applications, their data quality is inferior to that of high-end LiDAR sensors. The aim of this study is to determine the capability of smartphone LiDAR in 3D building information modelling (BIM) applications. In this study, the result obtained was compared with the measurements taken using a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) and distometer. Data acquisition was conducted using a FARO Focus laser scanner, an iPhone 13 Pro, and a distometer. The 3D BIM model was made using Autodesk Revit software. The study found that there was some distortion or drifting in the point cloud data obtained from the iPhone LiDAR. Despite the fact that some parts of the data were distorted, there are some parts of the data that were able to be used for accurate modelling. From the measurements made for BIM (windows, doors, columns, and walls) using the iPhone LiDAR, 27.27% were in the millimetre-level range, whereas 72.73% were in the centimetre-level range. In conclusion, iPhone LiDAR can be applied to 3D BIM applications
An Overview of The Below Knee Prosthesis Socket Fabrication Made from Natural Fiber Composite
Get PDFThe prevalence of disability in Indonesia is considerable, necessitating a significant demand for prosthetic limbs in the country. In addition, the global demand for prosthetics continues to increase due to several factors such as wars, disasters, and the prevalence of chronic diseases. This article presents an overview of the manufacturing processes involved in the production of socket prostheses using natural fiber composite materials. Prosthetic sockets play an important role in meeting the needs of individuals who have undergone limb amputation. The findings from this study indicate that the manufacturing of prosthetic sockets requires consideration of characteristics such as comfort, functionality, biocompatibility, and flexibility. The utilization of natural fiber composites in the production of prosthetic sockets has several benefits, including cost-effectiveness, weight reduction, and biodegradation, making it a sustainable alternative for prosthetic socket fabrication. The utilization of natural fiber composites in the fabrication of socket prostheses has been the subject of much discussion, with particular emphasis on the influence of various matrices, reinforcing materials, and manufacturing methods on the characteristics and attributes of socket prostheses made from natural fiber composites
A Study on Milling Parameters for Enhanced Surface Quality of FDM-Printed PLA Parts
Get PDFFused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a mostly used additive manufacturing method known for its cost-effectiveness and ease of use in producing parts with complex geometries. However, there are also several challenges such as surface roughness which limit its applications where surface quality is a critical factor. Post-processing methods - including milling, have been analyzed to improve the surface quality of FDM-printed parts. This paper focused on optimizing milling parameters for PLA thermoplastic parts manufactured via FDM. A series of systematic experiments changing spindle speed, feed rate, and tool radius were investigated to determine the ideal combination for getting optimal milling results. The gathered results showed that a spindle speed of 1500 RPM and a feed rate of 500 mm/min with a 4 mm radius milling tool represented the best surface quality and dimensional accuracy. Practical applications include streamlined manufacturing processes and improved part quality, improving the usability of FDM-based manufacturing. Further research works are recommended to investigate advanced processing techniques and parameter optimization methods to unlock the full potential of this technology
Development of Efficient Frequency and Sensitivity of Transducer on Flaw Measurement by Using Ultrasonic Testing Method on Thin Carbon Steel Plate
Get PDFThroughout several decades, welded pipes are some of the critical areas that required scheduled inspection. The Ultrasonic Testing Flaw Detector (UTFD) method of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) is one of the reliable technologies for early detection of any internal flaw that would present an impressive danger. The objective of the research is to determine the selection of transducer in detecting defect at Carbon Steel sample with single Vee butt joint. The experimental work in this study is using two different frequencies of transducer, which are 2MHz and 4Mhz. Each of the transducer represent by three different angles, which are 45°, 60° and 70°. The sample with thickness, t = 12mm is inspected with several types of scanning movement including depth, swivel, orbital and lateral scanning. Other parameter involves is different sensitivity of the transducer by controlling the gain of the machine. From the observation of the results, the sensitivity is directly proportional with the angle of the transducer, where for 4MHz, the readings for gain at 45°, 60° and 70° angles are 43.30 dB, 47.50 dB and 48.30 dB, respectively. At the end, it can be concluded that 4MHz transducer of 60° angle provide the most accurate measurement of flaw detector compared with other angles. Furthermore, this research also shows that when the frequency is increase, it produces shorter wavelength and better resolution with shorter beam spread compared to low frequency transducer
Hydroxyapatite Powders from Chicken Bone Waste: Effect of Low and High-Temperature Calcination
Get PDFHydroxyapatite (HA) is a calcium phosphate-based substance that closely mimics the structure and chemical composition of natural bone. Its properties can vary depending on the preparation method and the origin of the precursors. This study aims to thoroughly investigate the properties of HA powders derived from chicken bone waste, obtained at different calcination temperatures. To achieve this, the chicken bones underwent a meticulous cleaning process followed by air drying. Subsequently, the dried bones were finely crushed into smaller pieces and subjected to calcination at 600°C (HA-600) and 1000°C (HA-1000) for comparison. The resulting HA powders were then characterised using a range of analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The XRD analysis uncovered that HA-600 exhibited a low crystalline HA component, whereas HA-1000 displayed a highly crystalline structure that consists of two distinct phases: HA and beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). Nonetheless, functional groups such as hydroxyl, phosphate, and carbonate were detected in the FTIR spectra, confirming the formation of HA as the dominant phase in both samples. Additionally, BET analysis disclosed that the average total surface area of the samples was measured as 26.933 cm3/g and 6.896 cm3/g for HA-600 and HA-1000, respectively, implying that the powder particles are relatively larger in size for sample calcinated at higher temperature.Top of Form These findings indicate that subjecting chicken bone-derived HA to high-temperature calcination plays a pivotal role in shaping its properties. This process can be fine-tuned for optimal results, yielding bio-ceramic materials tailored to meet specific requirements in various biomedical applications
Fractional-Order Based Control Strategies for Essential Oil Extraction Process
Get PDFEssential oil extraction through steam distillation is widely recognized as a preferred technique in the industry due to its practicality and cost-effectiveness. Despite its advantages, the high process temperatures associated with distillation can lead to the formation of unwanted chemical compositions in the essential oils. To address this challenge, significant research has been directed towards developing advanced control techniques to enhance the extraction process by means of regulating the operational temperature. Traditional PID controllers are often used, but it has limitations, prompting to the exploration of more sophisticated methods such as advanced PID, Fuzzy-based controller, and Model Predictive Control (MPC). This paper delves into the potential of various fractional-order based controllers, including fractional-order PID (FOPID), Internal Model PID Controller with Fractional-order filter (IMC-PID FOF), and CRONE towards improving the control performance. Evaluations based on output response, control signal behaviours in response to step inputs, setpoint changes, and disturbance tests indicate that IMC-PID-FOF achieves the best control performance across all test conditions, followed by CRONE-2 and FOPID. The yield from C. nardus extracted under controlled steam temperature at 85°C had shown some alterations from the uncontrolled condition in terms of colour, refractive index and major chemical compounds. However, the composition is greater than the range stipulated by the standard ISO 3849:2003
LoRa-Based Ground Sensor Terminal for L-Band Satellite IoT Applications
Get PDFThis paper discusses the need for Internet of Things (IoT) solutions in remote places and the development of a LoRa-based Ground Sensor Terminal (GST) for L-Band Satellite IoT Applications. With a transmission range of 450 m, LoRa technology hinders connectivity in remote areas. GST adaptive frequency band designs are few. This project aims to modularly integrate numerous satellite modems into the GST and evaluate LoRa\u27s maximum distance coverage. This research proposes an innovative and flexible ground sensor terminal design and evaluates LoRa performance in indoor, outdoor, and maximum range scenarios, including near-real-time satellite transmission results. This study shows that LoRa antennas can be upgraded to 5 dbi to improve connectivity and IoT applications in remote places. This investigation addresses the need for remote IoT solutions and advances in IoT technology
Landfill Liners Properties Using Pressmud and Modified Marine Clay
Get PDFRapid population growth and changes in lifestyle have resulted in increased solid waste generation, leading to a pressing concern for effective waste disposal. Landfill leachate, containing harmful pollutants, poses a significant environmental risk to landfills. To address this issue, studied was conducted to assess the effectiveness of using pressmud as an absorbent material in landfill liners. The study involved mixing different proportions of pressmud with marine clay and evaluate the physical properties. Results showed that the addition of pressmud significantly increased the compressive strength of the samples. After 7 days of curing, results of the initial Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of the marine clay after curing for 7 days stood at 121.5 kPa. With the additional of 10% pressmud, it rose up to 176.7 kPa and increased to 233.3 kPa with 20% pressmud. The highest was observed in marine clay samples with a pressmud concentration of 20%, where the values rose from 154 kPa at 0 days to 233.3 kPa after 7 days of curing. X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) test analysis revealed that higher concentrations of Calcium oxide, CaO (64.3155%), Magnesium oxide, MgO (2.9759%) and Aluminium oxide, Al2O3 (1.0318%) in pressmud, indicating its potential for adsorbing contaminants due to adsorption properties. In conclusion, the pressmud is a potential substance that can be used as a filter the prevent leaches from landfill to contaminated the soil
State Feedback via Judicious Pole Placement and Linear Quadratic Regulator – Application to Rotary Inverted Pendulum
Get PDFIn control system regulatory concept, placing a closed loop poles too far from the origin in the stability region produces fast regulation time but require huge forcing energy as tradeoff. As such, stabilizing unstable system with minimum energy is needed though give challenge to designer. At the design phase, designer may ponder the optimized energy while compromising the possible catastrophic stabilization phenomena due to minimal forcing thrust towards the poles. In this manuscript, a simple Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) is proposed as an alternative to full state feedback (FSF) with judicious pole placement. The efficacy of both approaches was observed by exploiting a Rotary Inverted Pendulum (RIP) as testbed. Beforehand, the RIP system dynamics are developed in time domain. RIP is an under-actuated mechanical system that inherently nonlinear and unstable. The main control objectives of RIP are; swing-up control, stabilization control, switching control and trajectory control. The methodology involved the appearance of weighted matrices that necessity to the minimum cost function. The Riccati and Lyapunov criterion are also exploited to facilitate design. The result shows the comparative transient performances of the two
An Artificial Neural Network-based Approach for Inverse Kinematics of PUMA 260 Robot
No full textThis study addressed the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques to solve the Inverse Kinematics (IK) and analysis issues for robotic manipulators, particularly PUMA 260 models with 6-Degrees of Freedom (6-DOF). A Robotics Vision Control (RVC) toolbox simulation in MATLAB was utilised to evaluate the Denavit Hartenberg (DH) and Forward Kinematics (FK) of the robot. Furthermore, the relationship between the joint angles of rotation and the end-effector Cartesian positions of the robotic manipulator was investigated. In reducing the complexity of the IK analysis, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was applied to estimate the IK of the robot using the Neural Network (NNtool) toolbox in MATLAB. This study successfully demonstrated the efficiency and applicability of the proposed ANN method for controlling robot motion by predicting IK parameters with high precision and minimal error. In determining the values of some IK joints, the results of the proposed technique significantly decreased to 1.579%. Thus, integrating the RVC and NNtool programmes considerably improved the accuracy in estimating ANN joint angles as a response to the input end effector positions. Consequently, the suggested ANN controller design was simpler, inexpensive, and more accurate in estimating the joint angles of the robot than standard regulating approaches. Based on the results, this study effectively and practically addressed the IK issues in robotic manipulators.