International Journal of Integrated Engineering
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Hybrid Sliding Mode Control with Gain Scheduling PID Controller for Water Tank System
No full textWater storage tank is important in many industries. A tank\u27s water level must be kept at a particular desired level in order for the process to run as designed in manufacturing industry, efficient farming management in agriculture sector and many other reasons. An important issue of water level management in storage tanks is the control issue in closed-loop. The proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers are popularly applied for controlling liquid level. The limitation of PID controllers is that they are feedback-type controllers, where control action is only taken when the output is affected by error. However, conventional PID controllers are unable to effectively maintain liquid level, so the need for performance improvement in the current liquid level regulators is crucial. This research implement hybrid Sliding Mode Controller with PID tuning Gain Scheduling (SMC-GSPID) controller to improves the robustness of the system. In addition, the conventional PID has been tested using three control methods of tuning which is Ziegler Nichols, Tyreus Luyben and Cohen Coon for comparison with the proposed method. All the results are validated using Matlab Simulink. The performance is evaluated using overshoot and steady state error for each controller. Based on the simulations, the suggested approach offers superior level position tracking performance with high precision compared to other PID control method with minimum overshoot of 2.9%, zero steady state error and shortest rise time which is 1.9 sec
Enhance the Quality of Medical Liquid Waste via Agitation Utilizing Hydrochloric Acid Activator in conjunction with Bamboo Activated Carbon
Get PDFThe proper treatment of medical waste, which originates from various medical procedures, plays a vital role in protecting the environment and promoting human health. One potential strategy for improving the quality of medical waste is the utilization of the adsorption process for the goal of purification. The implementation of a biomass-derived activated carbon medium can enhance the execution of this technique. The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in the morphological and chemical properties of activated carbon derived from Gigantochloa apus (GA) and Bambusa vulgaris (BV) after being exposed to medical waste. The chemical activation technique is performed using a hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution with a concentration of 0.1 M. The length of the drying procedure has an impact on the surface properties and pore development of activated carbon, which has the potential to enhance its capacity for adsorbing chemicals in liquid medical waste. There exists a positive association between the length of agitation and the pH value, resulting in an augmentation of ion absorption. The activated carbon known as BV exhibits a greater carbon content in comparison to GA activated carbon, resulting in a reduction in Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) within treated wastewater. The phenomenon of agitation serves to promote the contact between the adsorbent and adsorbate, hence leading to the reinforcement of Van der Waals forces. BV exhibits a greater absorption capacity in comparison to G
Durability of Slag Based Geopolymer Stabilized Clay with High Moisture Condition
Get PDFClay soils, characterized by their cohesiveness and water retention capacity, exhibit low aeration and tend to swell when water is absorbed, leading to subsequent contraction. The moisture content significantly affects the properties of marine clay, resulting in low strength and high compressibility. Traditional stabilizers like lime, cement, gypsum, fly ash, GGBS, and zeolite have been extensively studied for their ability to enhance the compressive strength, reduce swelling potential, and improve the overall durability of the soil. These stabilizers offer numerous benefits in terms of soil properties and have been extensively researched. A total of 27 GGBS-treated specimens and 7 cement-treated specimens were cast and tested for the strength and durability characteristic. In the study, the variables are binder content of 10%, 20%, and 30%, activator/binder ratio of 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0, and initial moisture content of 0.75wL, wL, and 1.25wL. Several kinds of experiments were carried out in order to investigate the qualities of stabilized clays, such as their unconfined compressive strength and their resistance to the effects of wetting and drying cycles. As the initial moisture content of the soil increased, the strength of the treated specimens decreased under unconfined compression and flexure. As a result, increasing the binder dose was necessary in order to achieve the strength requirements for high water content soils. Thus, it showed the use of a slag-geopolymer binder for the purpose of stabilizing soft soil is an alternative that is both effective and environmentally friendly
Formulating Growth Guidelines in the Innovation Process: The Case of Mechanical Engineering SMEs
Get PDFIn Japan and Germany, the mechanical engineering industry is a significant industrial sector, and the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which constitute a large proportion of the number of firms and employees, has a considerable impact on a country\u27s growth. Innovation is an effective approach for firms to achieve growth. In this study, we propose that the phase of formulating growth guidelines, which include three factors: growth objectives, scope, and directions for growth, should be establish before the phase of implementing the innovation process. A new scope framework is constructed and a method for evaluating the consistency of the growth guidelines is presented. The method is applied to Japanese mechanical engineering SMEs that have achieved growth through innovation, and the applicability of the framework and the consistency of the growth guidelines are confirmed. This study provides an idea of growth guidelines that can be used to guide decision making in implementing the innovation proces
Detection and Measurement System for Button Mushrooms using Convolutional Neural Network
Get PDFIn Malaysia, the button mushroom is recognized as a vegetable with high nutritional value and is easy to grow. To observe the mushrooms\u27 growth, farmers are frequently required to check the crops, which are time-consuming and waste of human resources. Therefore, a detection and measurement system for button mushrooms has been developed based on image processing techniques using the convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm model known as YOLOv4. Based on the results obtained from the preliminary experiments, the detection and measurement system demonstrate high accuracy in locating position of each button mushroom with only 5% deviation error in predicting the size of each button mushroom
Performance Evaluation of RISC-V Microcontroller System on FPGA: A Study of the NEORV32 Core
Get PDFThis paper evaluates a RISC-V microcontroller system on an FPGA platform using the NEORV32 core. This research aims to identify performance gaps in the NEORV32 system on an FPGA. The evaluation was carried out using the CoreMark benchmark programs. The hardware utilisation of the NEORV32 core is examined using Quartus Prime software with a particular focus on slice look-up tables (LUTs), total registers, memory bits, RAM blocks, and DSP blocks. In this work, two NEORV32 implementations are evaluated, which are RV32I and RV32I with M and Zfinx extension (RV32I_MC_zfinx). The effect of dedicated hardware and special operations on the performance of the processors is also evaluated on an FPGA board. The experiment results show that RV32I_MC_zfinx consumes 55% and 65% more LUT and registers resources, respectively, compared to the RV32I. Implementing hardware accelerators to RV32I_MC_zfinx results in a 48% increase in CoreMark score. Compared with other existing RISC-V cores, NEORV32 is a good option for embedded system development since it balances performance and resource efficiency for low-power applications
Nonlinear Quadratic Programming Algorithm Modelling for Operation of The Off-Grid Energy Resources System with Backup Storage System
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This study aims to investigate and optimize the energy usage of multiple electrical systems operating off-grid. The focus is on maximizing the utilization of storage systems to ensure a reliable power supply. This is achieved by harnessing renewable energy sources such as backup storage systems, wind turbines, solar cells, and diesel generators. To meet the energy demand, both DC and AC loads on the consumer side are considered. The research employs a mathematical approach known as nonlinear quadratic programming to ascertain the most efficient energy generation for both producers and consumers. The primary aim is to minimize expenses the system. The study also evaluates the impact of battery storage systems on achieving the operational level. By analyzing the performance of these storage systems, the researchers can assess their contribution to the overall energy optimization. To validate the proposed optimization algorithm, the study implements it in Matlab software. This enables numerical simulations in various case studies of energy systems demonstrates the optimal energy generation and offers valuable insights into the performance of the proposed algorithm. Overall, this study contributes to the field of energy optimization in off-grid systems by considering multiple electrical systems, energy sources, and storage systems. The findings can help in designing and operating off-grid systems more efficiently, ensuring a reliable and cost-effective power supply
Effectiveness of Porous Durian Shell-based Activated Carbon for Methylene Blue Adsorption
Get PDFIn this study, durian shell-based activated carbon (DAC) was produced via chemical activation method by utilising durian shell and sulphuric acid (H2SO4) as the starting material and activating agent, respectively. The incorporation of H2SO4 in the DAC production process resulted an improvement in the surface properties and adsorption capacity of the produced DAC adsorbent. Field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis further showed that the produced DAC possessed a porous structure which was beneficial for dye adsorption application. Under operating conditions of 500°C and 3 hours carbonisation temperature and time, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, total pore volume and BET average pore diameter were measured to be 242.03 m2/g, 0.028 cm3/g and 2.28 nm, respectively. The adsorption performance of the produced DAC was then investigated using methylene blue (MB) as the model adsorbate. The optimum MB dye removal and adsorption capacity were found to be 92.05% and 0.767 mg/g, respectively, with 0.6 g of DAC dosage, 10 ppm of initial MB dye concentration and 15 min of contact time.
Flexural and Bond Behavior of Concrete Beams Strengthened with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Sheets
No full textConcerns have been expressed regarding the issue of using conventional steel rebar in civil engineering structures. One contributing factor is the corrosion that occurred on the steel rebar. The corrosion process was not promptly detected due to the gradual reaction time exhibited by the steel, concrete, and environmental conditions. Corrosion problems often manifest when corrosion has progressed to a critical point and damaged the concrete structure. Consequently, to address this issue, this research proposed the application of carbon-fiber reinforced polymer sheet (CFRP). The aim is to measure the flexural load of conventional and FRP-reinforced concrete beams, to test the effects of cracking and deflection on concrete beams strengthened with FRP sheet, and to determine the degree to which these loads damaged these beams. A repair method was implemented by applying two distinct diameters of CFRP: 50 mm × 100 mm and 100 mm × 200 mm. The finding shows that the concrete beam\u27s significantly higher flexural strength resistance was observed for CFRP of greater dimensions. This is mostly because the CFRP can disperse the applied stress more effectively. Alternative applications of fibre-reinforced polymer should be explored for further research to facilitate the development of substitutes for CFRP
Solar Energy Challenges for Rural Electrification: Case Study of Lower-Shabelle Region of Somalia
Get PDFRenewable energy is a promising energy source for sustainability to meet the demands of clean energy in the future and the alternative way of fusil fuels. Somalia has great potential for alternative energy sources, particularly solar and wind power. Apart from that, there are challenges related to the implementation of this alternative energy source especially solar energy for rural electrification in Lower-Shabelle region in Somalia which can be categorized as social awareness, financial difficulties, and technical obstacles. So, the aim of this research is to identify and evaluate the challenges of solar energy for rural electrification in Lower-Shabelle region in Somalia, the current energy sources that have been utilized and the possible future strategies that should be in Somalia. This research project is conducted through a survey using an online questionnaire that has been distributed in Afgooye district in Lower-Shabelle region in Somalia. The statistical model of IBM SPSS version 25 was used to study the descriptive analysis of the collected data, reliability analysis and distribution test analysis. Based on the statistical analysis, the results indicated the significance impact of scattered settlement pattern of rural people in this area, traditional way of living of rural people and dependence on conventional energy source, the high cost of import for the off-grid products, low-rate of return from solar projects in rural areas, shortage or lack of technical knowledge of solar technologies in this region and other technical challenges related to solar technologies efficiency like battery overcharge and poor layout of solar panels where most of the respondents agreed about these challenges