International Journal of Integrated Engineering
Not a member yet
2309 research outputs found
Sort by
Development of Carbon Fiber Composite Material Blades for Vertical Axis Wind Turbines as an Alternative Energy Source for Street Lights for a Speed Range of 2-8 m/s
Get PDFGlobal warming causes weather anomalies in urban areas in Indonesia, causing wind speeds of 6-7 m/s, far above the normal average speed of 2-4 m/s, causing damage to the vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) blades made from duralumin material, which is used to drive street lights in rural Bandung, West Java- Indonesia. So, it is necessary to use stronger blade material to anticipate the forces generated due to wind speed anomalies, besides that it must also be able to function at low wind speeds: and the composite material used in this research is carbon fiber material. This paper discusses the development of vertical axis wind turbine blades with blades made from carbon fiber composite materials and compares their durability duralumin blades. The research began with making carbon fiber composite material specimens to then be tested for impact strength and bending strength respectively according to ASTM D790-03 and ASTM D6110-08 standards. The VAWT models for both blade material variants were made at a scale of 1:3 and the durability performance was tested in the wind tunnel. The result is that the VAWT with carbon fiber blade material is able to withstand vibrations up to 50% compared to the duralumin blade VAWT at a wind speed of 8 m/s. The tensile strength of carbon fiber is 8.86% greater than the tensile strength of duralumin, and the impact strength of carbon fiber is 13.36% greater than duralumin, so that the use of carbon fiber composite material as a VAWT blade can be used for wind speed anomalies up to 8 m/s
A Sustainable Practices of Utilizing Ceramic Tile Waste to Replace Coarse Aggregate in Normal Concrete
Get PDFDue to poor construction waste manegement and disposal problem, construction waste is an emerging issue in the Malaysian Construction Industry (MCI). Massive construction projects affect the environment and produce huge amount of construction waste, including ceramic tile waste. The research aim is to figure out the mechanical characteristics of normal concrete under compressive strength and four-point bending tests with different percentages of ceramic tile waste replacement. Ceramic tile waste is recycled to replace coarse aggregate in developing a designed strength of 30 N/mm2 at 28 days. 10% of the cement is substituted with fly ash. Maximum particle for fine and coarse aggregates are 5 mm and 10 mm in sizes. A uniform ratio of 0.545 water-to-cement (w/c) and a concrete mix ratio of 1:2.61:2.71 (Cement: Fine aggregate: Coarse aggregate) are applied in the Department of Environment (DOE) technique. Thirty-six-cylinder specimens (150 mm X 300 mm) and eighteen prism specimens (400 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm) are casted, cured and tested to examine their properties. 20% crushed gravel is replaced with ceramic tile waste to obtain higher compressive and flexural strengths, measured 39.21 N/mm2 and 3.51 N/mm2 respectively. By turning waste into wealth, this research can reduce the dependency on natural raw materials, recycling recyclable resources, reduce the disposal of ceramic tile waste and minimize negative impacts on the environment
Quantifying Rock Slope Stability with Kinematic and Limit Equilibrium Methods for KM29 of Karak Highway, Malaysia
Get PDFThe stability of rock slopes has been of great interest to engineering geology studies in ensuring a safe and functional cut slope along highways. Kinematic analysis is widely used as an assessment tool for rock slope stability in Malaysia. This method uses a stereograph plot to identify potential failure modes based on geological discontinuities. However, it does not quantify any forces that could influence the potential failure. To address this limitation, the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) is employed to calculate the slope’s factor of safety, providing a more comprehensive stability assessment. In this study, both kinematic analysis and LEM were applied to evaluate the stability of a rock slope located at KM29 near the Gombak Toll Plaza, along the Karak Highway, Malaysia. Parameters such as discontinuities and mechanical properties were used to analyse the slope. The Schmidt rebound hammer was employed to evaluate the surface hardness of the rock. The average rebound values for slope sections G1, G2, and G3 were 62, 60, and 54, respectively. These values were then correlated with uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), yielding estimated strengths of 163.97 MPa for G1, 150.65 MPa for G2, and 113.98 MPa for G3. The shear strength test indicated an average cohesion value of 20.56 kPa and a friction angle of 56.79°, derived from four rock samples. Kinematic analysis, conducted using Rocscience Dips software, revealed that slope sections G1, G2, and G3 were susceptible to wedge and planar failures. In contrast, the factor of safety (FOS) determined by LEM, simulated using Slope/W, confirmed that all slope sections are stable, with FOS values exceeding 1.5. The integration of kinematic analysis and LEM should be considered essential for evaluating rock slope stability and reinforcing the final decision-making process
Simulation and Parametric Study of a Multiple Effect Distillation with Thermal Vapour Compression
Get PDFDesalination plants are widely used in industrial applications, such as oil and gas, food and beverage, and power generation industries, to produce clean water for internal use. This gives industries greater control over their water security. The project aims to simulate the mathematical model for a Multiple Effect Distillation with Thermal Vapour Compression (MED-TVC) with constraints, incorporating mass and energy balances and the seawater’s thermodynamic properties. The model was simulated using MATLAB to compare the production rate of clean water and gain output ratio (GOR) with different configurations of the desalination system. Input factors considered in the simulation include seawater to evaporator feed flow rate, seawater intake flow rate, seawater salinity, and seawater temperature. The simulation was validated by comparing it with available data of MED-TVC plants from SIDEM with 98.85% accuracy. Results show that the variation in temperature of each evaporator (increment and reduction from -30% to +50% of initial temperature) influences clean water production. Based on the simulation, the vapour output increases as the evaporator\u27s temperature rises, thus increasing the GOR and total distillate production. These findings highlight the critical role of evaporator temperature in optimizing MED-TVC system performance, providing valuable insights for improving industrial desalination processes
The Effect of Mass Fraction of Rice Straw Fiber on The Mechanical Properties and Water Absorption of Cassava Starch Biocomposite
Get PDFThe massive use of plastic packaging has a detrimental impact on theenvironment. Alternative solutions are needed, such as replacing plasticwith biocomposites. In this study, biocomposites were made from ricestraw fiber and cassava starch using the solution casting method. Themass fraction of rice straw fiber was varied at 74%, 78%, 82%, 86%, and90%. To determine the characteristics of the biocomposites, tensiletesting, bending testing, water absorption testing, macro observation, andScanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observation were conducted. Theresults showed that as the mass fraction of rice straw fiber increased, themechanical properties of the biocomposites decreased and waterabsorption increased. The ultimate tensile strength, tensile modulus, andelongation at break in the tensile test decreased by 79.95%, 66.65%, and40.45%, respectively. The bending test results showed a decrease inflexural strength and flexural modulus by 78.53% and 70.37%,respectively. The water absorption test results showed an increase inwater absorption by 49.1%. Macro and SEM fracture morphologyobservations revealed the presence of voids, agglomeration, and fiberspulled out of the matrix due to weak interfacial bonding, which caused thelow mechanical properties and high water absorption. This study alsocompared rice straw fiber/cassava starch biocomposites with commercialegg tray samples. The results indicated that rice straw fiber/cassavastarch biocomposites have superior mechanical properties and lowerwater absorption, suggesting their potential use as biocompositepackaging products
Sediment Deposition Analysis using InfoWorks ICM for Segamat River, Muar River Basin
Get PDFVarious environment-related issues within a river system associated with urbanization will lead to urban channel and river bank erosion and sedimentation problems such as floods, water quality degradation and disruption to the ecosystem. Apart from the development, river dredging activities and sand mining will also cause instability problems to the river morphology. In view of its negative impacts to the river system, an assessment on the river morphology for Segamat River, Johor has been conducted. The study aimed to examine the processes of erosion and deposition of river morphology and propose strategic measures to minimize the effects of erosion and sedimentation along the river. Sediment transport modelling has been carried out for 10-, 50-, 100- and 1000-year Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) storm events based on the runoff hydrograph using InfoWorks Integrated Catchment Modelling (ICM) coupled with a sediment-transport module. The Ackers-White sediment transport equation was selected in the model due to its applicability across a wide range of particle sizes and flow conditions, offering reliable predictions for the study reach. The simulation results highlight the large variability in channel morphology along river reach, where the sediment transport model predicts more sediment deposition at the middle reach of Segamat River. The findings underpin an Erosion and Sedimentation Control Plan (ESCP) that spatially targets dredging moratoria, buffer-zone restoration, and adaptive sand-extraction scheduling to restore morphodynamic equilibrium and reduce flood risk.
Synthesis and Characterization of Electrode with Pd-Ni/C Catalyst and Performance Test of MEA for Applications in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)
Get PDFThe implementation of Pd-Ni/C catalysts in PEMFCs is still quite limited, even though Pd and Ni alloys hold considerable promise as an alternative to decrease reliance on Pt/C. The PdNi/C metal alloy functions as a catalyst on the anode side for the hydrogen oxidation process in PEMFCs. The catalyst was synthesized by incorporating NiCl₂·6H₂O into Pd/C with a catalyst loading of 0.5 mg/cm². Electrodes were prepared with varying Pd to Ni weight ratios in carbon (3:1, 1:1, and 1:3), and were compared against Pd/C and Ni/C electrodes, while a Pt/C catalyst was used on the cathode side. The Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) was constructed by combining the anode containing the Pd-Ni/C catalyst, and the cathode containing the Pt/C catalyst using a Nafion 212 membrane. XRD characterization showed a carbon peak at 2θ = 26.4° and a palladium peak at 2θ = 41°, both with low intensity. XRD spectrum of Pd-Ni/C electrode showing amorphous crystal peaks. The highest catalytic activity of the electrode was achieved by the electrode with Pd:Ni = 3:1 with an ECSA value of 1.539 m²/g and conductivity value of 3.98 × 10-2 S/cm. The highest OCV value was obtained with the MEA using a Pd/C catalyst at ambient temperature, reaching 0.88 V, which was not significantly different from the 0.8 V value of the Pd:Ni= 3:1 catalyst. The maximum power density of MEA with Pd:Ni= 3:1 catalyst at the anode was 4.88 mW/cm² at a current density of 10 mA/cm². This research indicates that the MEA with the Pd:Ni = 3:1 catalyst at anode achieves optimal performance at an operating temperature of 25°C, contributing to high efficiency in PEMFC applications
Application of a Mathematical Model in Creating a Hard Alloy Tool That Combines Strength and Plasticity
Get PDFThe article discusses the use of a mathematical model in creating a hard alloy tool that combines strength and plasticity, the development of a multi-component alloy composition using methods of planning experiments and processing test results in materials science, the preparation of a multi-component metalloceramic material from local raw materials, and their physical and mechanical properties and their role in materials science. The results of research on the use of a mathematical model in creating a hard alloy tool that combines strength and plasticity are presented. Using the steep ascent method to optimize the composition, a powder composition was determined that provided a level of stability and served as the basis for further research. An alloy with a polydisperse composition is able to embody the required properties. It is assumed that large grains of the phase provide plasticity, and small grains provide high wear resistance of the alloy
Finite Element Model for Pull-Out Test of Reinforcement Embedded in Confined Concrete
Get PDFA finite element (FE) model was developed to simulate the pull-out test of steel rebar embedded in concrete confined with pre-tensioned steel straps. The model treated both the concrete and steel rebars as refined solid elements, enabling explicit representation of their deformations. A surface-to-surface contact model was employed at the concrete-rebar interface to ensure accurate load transfer. The importance of using a confined concrete model capable of accurately simulating nonlinear behavior under high confining pressures was emphasized in the modelling process. For this purpose, the concrete damaged-plasticity (CDP) model was adopted. Multiple pull-out tests were simulated using this approach, and comparisons with experimental data demonstrated that the proposed FE model accurately reproduced bond stress-slip responses. Additionally, the model successfully captured different failure modes, including splitting failure in specimens without confinement and pull-out failure in confined specimens
Co-Pyrolysis of EFB and UPCO over Nickel Oxide Loaded HZSM-5: A Comparative Co-Pyrolysis Study via Thermogravimetric Analyser and Fixed-Bed Reactor
Get PDFThe abundance of empty fruit bunches (EFB) in Malaysia, which were once discarded as waste, has recently been recognized as a potential source for biofuel production. The main objective of the present work is to evaluate the impact of nickel oxide-loaded HZSM-5 (NiO/HZSM-5) on the co-pyrolysis of EFB and Used Palm Cooking Oil (UPCO) via thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) and fixed-bed reactor separately. The NiO/HZSM-5 was prepared via incipient wetness impregnation method and characterized for physicochemical properties. First, for co-pyrolysis via TGA, the pyrolysis temperature for all samples was fixed from 30 to 700°C. The mass loading was fixed for EFB, EFB-UPCO, EFB-HZSM-5, EFB-UPCO-HZSM-5, EFB-UPCO-(1%)NiO/HZSM-5. Second, for co-pyrolysis via fixed-bed reactor, the temperature was fixed at 600°C. From TGA results, the usage of UPCO for pyrolysis with EFB has generated higher mass loss (99.73%) compared to pyrolysis of EFB and EFB over HZSM-5 at 90.54% and 73.33% respectively. From the fixed-bed reactor, pyrolysis of EFB has generated no hydrocarbons in biofuel. The loading of UPCO has increased the hydrocarbon yield by 64.90%. Catalytic co-pyrolysis over Ni/HZSM-5 had proved to increase oil yield and enhance hydrocarbons. The pyrolysis of EFB with UPCO provides an approach in which UPCO can serve as a hydrogen source to enhance the biofuel quality, and NiO enhances the cracking of the oxygenated vapours into hydrocarbons