International Journal of Integrated Engineering
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Optimizing Lean Manufacturing for Timely Product Completion in Project Manufacturing Company: A Case Study
Full text linkIn this modern era, companies are eager to provide quality products and services at affordable prices and pay attention to production timelines. This study aims to implement lean manufacturing principles to overcome challenges such as delays in product completion and improve production efficiency in a company that produces tanks. Using Lean principles, Value Stream Mapping (VSM) and Value Stream Tools (VALSAT) analysis, it was found that the most common types of waste were Waiting (20%), Defective Parts (18%), and Excess Processing (15%). Process Activity Mapping (PAM) identified areas for improvement, especially in reducing transportation time (3% NNVA). This research highlights the positive impact of lean manufacturing on production efficiency and customer satisfaction. Future research projections include exploring automation technologies, integrating Industry 4.0, environmental monitoring, and employee development
UAV Based Efficient Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in CRN: Time-Slot Optimization
Full text linkCooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks provides a strong way to increase the throughput, spectral efficiency, and energy efficiency. However, the increased number of secondary users increases the energy consumption, thereby reducing the energy efficiency. To overcome this, a novel technique called unmanned aerial vehicles based on cooperative spectrum sensing has been proposed to reduce energy consumption and enhance the throughput and energy efficiency in a cognitive radio network. In this paper, a UAV-based cognitive radio network is considered to improve the throughput. The performance of unmanned aerial vehicles is closely verified with parameters such as sensing time, path radius, and UAV velocity. Optimization of the number of time slots is considered to further enhance the throughput. Simulation results indicate that the maximum optimal N is 18 when the detection probability is 0.9, with a sensing time of 2 ms. However, as the sensing time increases to 10 ms, the optimal N decreases to 3. Thus, maximum throughput is achieved by either selecting a higher optimal N with a high detection probability and lower sensing time or a lower optimal N with a lower detection probability and higher sensing time. This optimization strategy improves the throughput of virtual cooperative spectrum sensing compared to conventional approaches
An Experimental Evaluation of The Effects of Relative Draft and Centre of Gravity Position on The Performance Wave Energy Converter
Full text linkPrior studies highlight that the Backward Bent Duct Buoy (BBDB) is one of the simplest and most robust wave energy converters (WECs). However, the impact of relative draft and the location of the center of gravity (COG) on the hydrodynamic performance of the BBDB remains inconsistent and underexplored in the field. Thus, this study investigates the optimal relative draft and center of gravity (COG) location for maximizing the hydrodynamic performance of the Backward Bent Duct Buoy (BBDB), a simple and robust wave energy converter. The research explores the influence of different drafts and COG locations across wave heights (0.03 m, 0.04 m, 0.05 m) and periods (1s to 2s) using the OMEY\u27s flume wave tank. A Froude scale of 1:13 was applied to the BBDB model. Verification and validation with previous studies yielded a percentage difference of 0.22%. Results show that a draft of T=0.3m (T/D=0.53) with an upright COG achieves the highest conversion efficiency of 56.7% at a wave height of 0.05 m, outperforming other configurations. Lower efficiency of 16.1% was noted for the Port COG at H=0.03m. The T=0.3m draft with the exact COG maximizes heave and pitch oscillations, enhancing internal air pressure variations and overall energy conversion. Appropriate COG positioning and draft are key to achieving resonance, reducing drag, and improving performance. This study emphasizes the significance of draft and COG location in optimizing BBDB design and operation, particularly in low wave height conditions
An Antilock Braking-Guided Steering Mathematical Modelling with Integrated Automatic Control in Vehicles and Its Evaluation
Full text linkIn the cars industry, to control slip rate from wheels and help drivers to avoid accidents on road, an integrated antilock braking and guided steering (AB-GS) system has been developed for vehicles especially cars. The brake and steering system are devices to slow down or stop the movement of the wheels on the vehicle and have ease of control and directional stability. Because the wheels are slowed down, the vehicle’s motion automatically slows down. The lost kinetic energy is con-verted into heat due to friction. The three purposes of the AB-GS brake controller are to reduce stopping time, limit slip ratio, and improve control system performance (by reducing time ratio and overshoot). For that, we build a model based on the equations of motion, which are affected by forces and moments for each axis. In the ABS system, there is an influence of force or moment towards the lateral (X), longitudinal (Y), and vertical (Z) axes. At the time of braking, there will be a change in directional force (X, Y, and Z) as well as moments that affect the direction of rolling motion, yaw and pitching. So, when you hit the brakes hard, it’s just as important to keep the vehicle stable and make sure you can steer it as it is to stop quickly. We don’t take into account changes in motion along the Z axis or moments that affect yawing and rolling. Then, from the system’s equations of motion, we can control it using PID control. By controlling the system, it is expected to prevent the vehicle from experiencing sudden locking, which can result in overturning. In this research, control performance was also tested using PID, which can improve vehicle driving ability, safety, and operating stability. To fully maintain vehicle direction stability, its integration with other control systems is needed. Simulation results validating the integrated antilock-braking and steering system not only obtain better optimal braking distances and excellent predictability but also show that the integrated control system outperforms the stand-alone braking and steering system
Corrosion Behaviours of Carbon Steels Coated by Graphene Epoxy in Different Solutions
Full text linkCorrosion of carbon steel pipelines is a significant challenge in industrial applications, particularly in acidic and saline environments. This study investigates the corrosion resistance of ASTM A53 Grade B carbon steel coated with a graphene-epoxy composite. A 2%-wt graphene-epoxy coating was applied to the substrates using the bath method. Corrosion performance was assessed through potentiodynamic polarization in CH₃COOH 0.1 M, H₂SO₄ 0.1 M, HCl 0.1 M, and NaCl 3.5% solutions at room temperature. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis provided insights into coating thickness and elemental distribution. Results indicate significant improvements in corrosion resistance, with inhibition efficiencies exceeding 97% in HCl and H₂SO₄ solutions. A notable reduction in corrosion rate and current density was observed across all coated samples, with the graphene-epoxy layer forming a robust barrier against aggressive ions. SEM analysis revealed uniform graphene dispersion within the epoxy matrix and a consistent coating thickness of ±149.9 µm, supporting the enhanced corrosion resistance. However, the coatings exhibited reduced efficacy in CH₃COOH, attributed to potential degradation of the epoxy matrix in organic acid conditions. These results demonstrate the potential of graphene-epoxy coatings as potent anticorrosion agents for a variety of industrial applications, especially those that are acidic and chloride-rich. Future research should focus on optimizing formulations for organic acids to expand the applicability of this technology
Improving Coffee Roast Yield Consistency with Self-Tuned Fuzzy-PID Controller
Full text linkPrecise temperature control is essential in industrial processes like coffee roasting, where consistent quality is crucial. While traditional Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers are widely used for temperature regulation due to their simplicity, they often struggle with dynamic process changes, leading to variability in product quality. This research investigates the Self-Tuning Fuzzy PID (STFPID) controller, which uses fuzzy logic to dynamically adjust its parameters, improving performance. The study aims to compare the effectiveness of conventional PID controllers and STFPID controllers in maintaining consistent roasting conditions and product quality. Experiments were conducted with both controllers to regulate the temperature during coffee roasting, focusing on indicators such as weight loss percentage, Agtron values (indicating roast level), and peak wavelength (reflecting color properties). Time-temperature profiles for multiple batches were analyzed to assess consistency and stability. Results show that the STFPID controller significantly outperforms the PID controller, achieving a 76.5% improvement in weight loss consistency, a 71.2% reduction in Agtron value variability, and a 64.4% enhancement in peak wavelength stability. These findings demonstrate the STFPID controller\u27s superior ability to adapt to process variations, maintaining uniform conditions and enhancing overall product quality in coffee roasting applications. The significance of this study lies in its potential to enhance the consistency and quality of coffee roasting, providing valuable insights for industrial applications and contributing to the advancement of process control technologies in this field
Seasonal Variation of Irrigation Water Quality in Bachok, Kelantan
Full text linkAgriculture is dependent on an adequate supply of suitable irrigation water quality. Physicochemical analysis of surface water for irrigation was conducted in Bachok, Kelantan during wet and dry period from July 2021 to December 2022. Surface water sampling points consist of primary, secondary and tertiary irrigation canals supplying water for paddy plantation. This study aimed to evaluate water quality trends in irrigation canals based on physicochemical parameters and discuss its pollution level and irrigation suitability using the Water Quality Index (WQI), National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) and irrigation suitability classification. It was observed that water quality was within NWQS Class IV except DO, Ammoniacal Nitrogen and TSS in locations with intensive aquaculture. ANOVA analysis showed a significant difference between water quality parameters and sampling locations (p<0.05). However seasonal variation in all irrigation canal’s water quality was statistically insignificant except for pH. WQI in all sampling points are between 55.86-93.71, which classified into the category of clean and adequate water. Irrigation water suitability index in Bachok are in the range of: SAR (0.31-1.75), MAR (22.75-57.3), SSP (25.9-68.78) and %Na (32.87-69.83). Results showed that half of the water sample in Bachok were slightly polluted and polluted according to WQI. Additionally, MAR and SSP classified 5% and 3% of water samples were unsuitable and unsafe for irrigation. Strategies must be developed to ensure pollution level remains below threshold
Optimizing Bonding Parameters for Glued Laminated Timber from Fast-Growing Laran Species Using Polyurethane Adhesive
Full text linkThis study investigates the optimization of bonding parameters for glued laminated timber (glulam) made from fast-growing Laran species using Polyurethane (PUR) adhesive, focusing on the adhesive spread rate and press pressure. The research aims to determine the shear strength, delamination properties, and wood failure percentage of Laran glulam, contributing to the sustainable use of fast-growing timber species in engineered wood products. The results showed a complex relationship between adhesive spread, press pressure, delamination, shear strength, and wood failure percentage. Higher press pressures generally reduced delamination but also decreased shear strength and increased wood failure. The optimal bonding parameters, determined through response surface methodology (RSM), were a adhesive spread of 400 g/m2 and a press pressure of 0.74 MPa, yielding a predicted shear strength of 7.68 N/mm2 and a wood failure percentage of 83.74%, although the predicted total delamination slightly exceeded the acceptable limit. The study successfully identified the optimal bonding parameters for Laran glulam using PUR adhesive, highlighting the trade-offs between delamination resistance and shear strength and underscoring the potential of Laran in glulam production
Study of Diesel Combustion Combined with Hydrogen using an Industrial Burner
Full text linkFacing the challenges of fossil fuel depletion and greenhouse gas emissions, there is an urgent need to study and find new energy sources that are both efficient and non-polluting. This research aims to investigate the effects of using hydrogen as a co-combustion fuel with diesel oil on the temperature and hot gas emissions using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. The model was designed to match the characteristics and dimensions of a real experimental combustion setup, consisting of a combustion chamber, an inlet for diesel fuel, an air inlet for both combustion air and hydrogen, and an outlet stack for the hot gases. To validate the model prior to its application, a pure diesel combustion case was experimentally tested and compared with the simulation. The results confirmed that the model is sufficiently accurate for use, as the experimental and simulation results showed similar trends and behaviors. The flow rates of diesel and hydrogen were determined based on the calorific ratio that yielded the same total heat energy input to a combustion chamber. The studied ratios were 77:23 of diesel to hygrogen based on heating value. For each case, the combustion air flow rate was adjusted to achieve equivalence ratios (ϕ) of 0.65, 0.8, 0.95, and 1.1. The findings show that using hydrogen as a co-fuel results in a higher combustion temperature and a reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions compared to pure diesel combustion. Specifically, as the hydrogen ratio increases, the resulting temperature increases and the amount of CO2 decreases. Notably, combustion at an equivalence ratio (ϕ) of 1.1 resulted in the highest temperature and CO2 emissions among the tested equivalence ratios.
 
Energy Profiling and Building Energy Index for Residential College of Government University
Full text linkBuilding energy profiling involves analyzing and understanding energy consumption across various systems within a building. The growing number of students residing in UTHM\u27s residential college has resulted in increased energy consumption, which leads to energy waste and higher operational expenses. For this study, Tun Dr. Ismail Residential College (KKTDI) was selected to examine its energy consumption patterns and the breakdown of energy usage and also determine the Building Energy Index (BEI). The energy profiling process at UTHM Residential College comprised several stages: selecting a suitable building for the audit, collecting both desktop and field data, analyzing energy consumption patterns, identifying the breakdown of energy usage within the building systems, and calculating the BEI for KKTDI Residential College. The results reveal that KKTDI displays a varied energy consumption pattern throughout 2023. Weekly energy profiling indicates that energy consumption on weekdays is slightly higher than on weekends. In contrast, daily energy consumption patterns show that energy usage remains stable during weekdays compared to weekends. The analysis of energy usage within the building systems reveals that general equipment is the largest contributor to energy consumption, followed by lighting and the Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation (ACMV) system. The BEI for KKTDI is lower than the MS1525:2019 BEI standard, indicating that the residential college uses less energy to meet its operational requirements. These findings emphasize the value of analyzing energy utilization in buildings to identify consumption patterns and assess building efficiency. This data can be leveraged in the future to locate inefficiencies and pinpoint potential energy savings throughout the building