International Journal of Integrated Engineering
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Investigation on Chips Morphology of Machining AISI 4340 under Cryogenic and Cryogenic MQL Conditions
Get PDFAISI 4340 is a medium carbon low alloy steel that is widely used in heavy industries due to its exceptional material properties such as high hardness and high wear resistance. However, these feature presents significant challenges to the manufacturer thus, necessitating further exploration to improve its machinability. To address this issue, this study aims to analyse the chip morphology, namely chip serration, chip saw-tooth distance, and chip thickness collected during end milling of AISI 4340 under two cutting conditions of cryogenic LN2 cooling and the combination of cryogenic LN2 and Minimum Quantity Lubrication (cryoMQL). By varying the cutting parameter of cutting speeds (Vc), feed rates (fz), axial depths of cut (ap), and radial depths of cut (ae) in these two conditions, the results indicate that the combination between cryogenic and MQL yield better results interm of less chip serration, decrease saw-tooth distance and thinner chips when compared to the standalone coolant technique of cryogenic LN2. The results can be contributed by both cooling and lubricating effect from LN2 and oil from MQL technique that effectively reduce the cutting temperature and limit the temperature built-up at the tooltip. These combinations reduce tool wear, lower friction, and decrease heat generation during cutting thus improving the machinability of AISI4340 especially in critical application
Performance Evaluation of RF Terminators in Butler Matrix System at 28 GHz
Get PDFIn wireless network systems, Radio Frequency (RF) terminators play a crucial part in preventing signal reflections and minimizing losses. In general, systems designed with 50 Ω or 75 Ω terminators experience lower signal losses and improved stability. As wireless technology advances, high-frequency systems and beamforming have become important. However, these systems are often susceptible to external interference from nearby devices, leading to unwanted signals that interrupt measurement precision and contribute to additional signal losses. Such interference is inevitable due to the sensitivity of the signals. To mitigate the effect, researchers have used metamaterial absorbers, beamforming enhancement, interference cancellation, and cognitive radio techniques. Despite advance technique presented, metamaterials suffer with resonance induced reflection. Additionally, problems arise when managing multiple signal path, matching technique and signal distortion often appear. Terminator passively absorb reflection signal, minimize crosstalk and ensuring stable system, which makes it the best choice to overcome the problem. This paper studies the effect of RF terminators on the performance of a beamforming Butler Matrix, focusing on key elements of current distribution, S-parameters, and output phase. The simulation and measurement results show stable and consistent outputs, with no ripple or distortion when the terminator is applied. The measurement of branch-line coupler indicates a return loss, S₁₁ of -17.9 dB, implying minimal signal reflection while the insertion loss, S₂₁ and coupling, S₃₁ of -3 ± 1 dB, indicates that half of the power is transmitted and equally coupled to the output and the isolation. In addition, S₄₁ is -18 dB, confirming good isolation between output ports. The measured return loss of the Butler Matrix is below -10 dB, showing minimal signal reflection, while the transmission amplitude is 6 ± 3.1 dB, reflecting stable signal transmission with small variation. Isolation between ports ranges from -14 dB to -32.2 dB, providing excellent isolation. The output phase has an average deviation of ±10°, ensuring consistent phase performance, highlighting the importance of RF terminators for future research in wireless communication
Development of an IoE Framework and Dashboard for a Low Energy House Using Python
Get PDFThe field of Internet of Everything (IoE) represents a significant evolution in technology, building upon the foundation of the Internet of Things (IoT) by integrating not just devices, but people and processes as well. This paper addresses the challenge of enhancing a Smart Home environment by transitioning from a mere IoT setup to a comprehensive IoE framework. The research aimed to extend an existing IoT system to IoE by integrating additional components such as actuators, enhanced data analytics, and remote access, thereby connecting the unconnected in smart home setups. Key findings include a framework that recommends potential integration of sensors and actuators for automated home management, and the creation of a user-friendly dashboard for real-time monitoring and control. The study contributes to the field by demonstrating how an IoT system can be extended to IoE and in so doing improve energy efficiency and user experience in Smart Homes. It also highlights potential security and privacy challenges inherent in such interconnected systems
Effect Of Annealing Time On The Properties Of Interstacked Magnesium-Doped Cu₂O/Cuo Thin Films
Get PDFCuprous oxide (Cu₂O) is an attractive candidate for cost-effective and sustainable solar cells due to its direct bandgap and natural p-type conductivity. We report on the investigation of the effect of annealing time on the morphological, optical, structural and electrical properties of interstacked Mg:Cu₂O/CuO thin films. The thin films were synthesized using the electrodeposition method of Cu₂O layers on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate followed by annealing at 300°C for different durations (60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes). As a result, we found that by increasing annealing time up to 180 minutes, the formation of CuO thin film increases, surpassing the Cu₂O as revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The band gaps remain constant at 2.5 eV, irrespective of annealing time. Carrier concentration increased upon the annealing time, reaching a value of 2.255 x 10²¹ (/cm³), which demonstrates the complementary effects of magnesium (Mg) doping and annealing time
Parametric Analysis of Blade Number Influence on the Aerodynamic Performance of a Savonius Rotor
Get PDFThis study investigates the performance of two-blade and three-blade Savonius rotor wind turbines using computational techniques. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are employed using Ansys Fluent as the flow solver while using the hybrid two-equation shear stress transport (SST) as the turbulence model. The performance investigation was based on torque, power and their conversion efficiencies at a ranging tip-speed ratio (TSR) between 0.2 to 1.2. The results of the simulation have been validated with existing work prior to presenting the present results in order to ensure their credibility and accuracy. The results have shown that both models with two-blade and three-blade have shown similar trends for all performance parameters tested. However, the analysis reveals substantial performance disparities between the two configurations. The three-blade design demonstrates superior characteristics, including higher torque values of 0.1077 Nm at TSR 0.8 and 0.434 for the power coefficient, Cp at the same TSR compared to the 2 blades, increased power generation, and improved power coefficients with 0.365 value at the highest TSR compared to the two-blade configuration. The examination of flow distributions has provided valuable insights into flow behavior, highlighting regions of acceleration, deceleration, and stagnation. This study contributes to the existing knowledge by illuminating the performance characteristics of two-blade and three-blade Savonius rotor turbines. The findings serve as a valuable resource for optimizing the design of efficient wind turbine systems, promoting the advancement of renewable energy generation
Techno-Economic Analysis of a Hybrid PV/Wind-Diesel Grid-Connected System for the Great Man-Made River Project’s Wellfields, Libya
Get PDFThe Great Man-Made River (GMMR) wellfields in southern Libya are critical to national water security but rely heavily on fossil-fuel electricity, resulting in high operational costs, grid instability, and elevated greenhouse-gas emissions. This paper presents a comprehensive techno-economic and environmental feasibility of integrating large-scale hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) across five major GMMR wellfields, Sarir, Tazerbo, Al‑Hasouna, Al‑Kufra, and Ghadames, using HOMER Pro. Site-specific configurations were optimized and evaluated using key performance indicators, including Net Present Cost (NPC), and Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE). Environmental performance was estimated using HOMER’s emissions model. Sensitivity analyses examined the influence of solar and wind variability on economic outcomes. Optimized HRES configurations resulted in significant cost savings, reducing NPC by over 0.095/kWh, while Tazerbo had the highest at $0.139/kWh. CO₂ emissions were reduced by up to 69%, and payback periods ranged from 2.0 years (Al-Kufra) to 5.2 years (Sarir). These findings highlight the viability of large-scale HRES for sustainable water-pumping operations, offering a robust model for energy-water infrastructure in resource-scarce regions. Beyond technical and economic benefits, HRES adoption would reduce fossil fuel dependence, mitigate environmental impacts, and enhance operational resilience, supporting energy security and sustainable development in Libya and similar regions worldwide.
Synthesis and Characterization of Cinnamon Bar Soap from Waste and New Cooking Oils: A Comparative Study
Get PDFImproper disposal of waste cooking oil led to environmental risks. Converting waste cooking oil into handmade soap, especially by adding cinnamon, offers a sustainable reuse method. This study investigates cinnamon’s impact on soap’s cleaning ability by using cold process method. The fundamental materials used in this process such cooking oil, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), distilled water, and cinnamon. Cinnamon was added with variation concentration from 0g, 3g, 6g, 9g, and 12g for both using new cooking oil (NCO) and waste cooking oil (WCO). Soaps were evaluated for colour, pH value, FTIR analysis, moisture content, swelling test, and stain removal test. The results indicate that the soap sample from new and waste oil without cinnamon appeared nearly white, while soap samples with highest concentration of cinnamon were dark brown. Both soap from new and waste oil had a pH level of 8 and a moisture content of 11.11%. Cinnamon bar soap using new oil and 6 grams of cinnamon has the highest degradation rate at 12.31%, and cinnamon bar soap using waste oil and 3 grams of cinnamon has the lowest at 6.46%. The soap in vinegar solution showed the most chemical reaction with a pH level of 2, while the soap observed remain stable in the salt solution due to its pH value of 9. Both bar soaps from NCO and WCO are equally effective at removing stains. Specifically, both soap from new and waste oil removed 94% of soy sauce stains. For chili sauce stains, the soap using new oil removed 87%, while the soap using waste oil removed 88%. However, for lipstick stains, both soaps only managed to remove 80% of the stain. This study suggested that bar soaps made from WCO with cinnamon additives can be used as raw material in production of high-quality soap which promotes environmental responsibility and contributes to sustainable waste management
Statistical Analysis of High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering Parameters on the Growth and Composition of AlN Thin Films
Get PDFThis study presents an experimental investigation of Aluminium Nitride (AlN) thin film deposition using High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS). The main goal is to investigate the significant effect of HiPIMS sputtering parameters on the growth and chemical composition of the AlN thin film. A Design of Experiments (DoE) approach is used to conduct interaction studies among the common sputtering parameters, such as sputtering power, working pressure, and the Argon (Ar) to Nitrogen (N2) ratio. The 2k factorial design is specifically used in this case. The main plot effect demonstrates that the sputtering power was the most significant factor in AlN thin film growth, whereas the growth was inversely proportional to working pressure. The working pressure had a significant impact on the oxygen concentration of the AlN thin films. It was discovered that lower working pressure and higher HiPIMS power were chosen to obtain a balanced stoichiometry with less oxygen concentration. The strong preferred (002) plane orientation of AlN on Silicon, Si (111) substrate produced a with the lowest oxygen content of 5.4% by weight. The results of this work will aid in understanding HiPIMS capabilities and in streamlining the deposition procedure to produce AlN thin films of better quality for usage in piezoelectric and optoelectronic applications
Design of RoF-VLC Based DWDM Communication System
Get PDFRadio over Fiber with Visible Light Communication system (RoF-VLC) is a promising technology that integrates the benefits of optical fiber communication and wireless transmission. This abstract presents a novel approach to enhance the RoF system by integrating VLC with millimeter-wave (mm Wave) technology, leveraging the advantages of both systems. The proposed system utilizes mmWave signals over a single optical fiber link through a Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology to enable the simultaneous transmission of multiple VLC system. On the other hand, mm Wave technology leverages the abundant bandwidth available in the millimeter-wave frequency range, enabling high-capacity wireless communication. By combining these technologies, the proposed system achieves high-speed data transmission and increased network capacity. WDM technology plays a crucial role in the proposed system by enabling the simultaneous transmission of VLC and mm Wave signals over a single optical fiber. The RoF-VLC system based on WDM technology is built and simulated using OptiSystem software, with four WDM channels at 450 nm, 450.8 nm, 451.6 nm, and 452.4 nm as an optical source of VLC system and a photodetector as a receiver. Each channel with a 40 GHz radio signal is transmitted over a 40 km of fiber link and a 3 m of VLC channel. This proposed design of RoF-VLC system based on WDM has been analyzed based on the effect of propagation distance (km), modulation format, data rate, and input power. The performance analysis show that this system is achieved by using the values of BER at 2.6355e-009 for channel 1, 7.54389e-010 for channel 2, 5.39904e-010 for channel 3, and 2.45532e-010 for channel 4
Fitting Distribution Modeling and Traffic Policing on Real Live Metro-E Network Data
Get PDFThis paper presents a traffic characterization and statistical analysis of WAN Metro-E campus network internet traffic, addressing network congestion and delay issues. The increase in internet usage on campus can lead to various challenges, including traffic bursts that can impact the quality of service (QoS) experienced by users. The method involves traffic characterization and traffic policing on the Metro-E 50Mbps campus network using Python. The analysis will define the distribution model and policing the network of real-time internet traffic data where real live data at 50Mbps/6.5MB present burst traffic. The best-fitted model is the log-normal distribution model, which has the highest MLE score of -2726. Policing on inbound bytes before and after with a threshold of 50Mbps/6.5MB was done and a total of 3422404.81MB buckets were created and a total of 219273.88MB buckets after policing with a reduced percentage at 99.36%. Comparing actual traffic under three different policing scenarios compared to P1 and P2, policing on P3 has the highest traffic filtering at 3197986.21MB and the largest number of bytes filled in the bucket with a reduced percentage to 90.66%. This research is significant for Wan Metro-E Network\u27s future QoS bandwidth management control mechanisms and optimization of network traffic performance