International Journal of Integrated Engineering
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Modelling Driver-Pedestrian Interaction At Raised Crosswalks
Full text linkThe concept of traffic calming emerged in the 1960s as a response to road safety concerns and the need to improve pedestrian environments. Raised crosswalks became a popular measure in the late 20th century, providing a physical restraint to counter potentially dangerous conflicts between fast moving vehicles and pedestrians at crosswalks, and to enhance environments that promote walking as a mode of transport. Understanding the dynamics of driver-pedestrian interaction at raised crosswalks is crucial for promoting road safety and efficient urban mobility. This research was conducted in Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) campus to investigate driver yielding behavior and pedestrian attitudes towards drivers to forecast driver yielding probabilities at raised crosswalks using logit modelling. Data collection was conducted at a raised crosswalk in front of the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment. Five contributory variables that were historically found to have affected driver yielding behaviour at pedestrian crossing facilities, i.e., gap size, vehicle speed, position of pedestrians, position of vehicles and number of pedestrians waiting, were chosen to develop the logit model. Two equations were developed as part of the analytical process. The first being a yielding function that was developed to describe the driver yielding behavior with the selected variables, and the second, a logit function that was developed to predict the probability of drivers yielding to pedestrians at the crosswalk. Results showed that all five variables had significantly influenced drivers’ yielding decision, with p values less than 0.05. The model shows strong validity, with an average accuracy rate of 90.83%. It was found that yielding behavior among drivers increases with larger gap sizes, higher vehicle speed and vehicles located on the near lane or on both lanes. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that conflicts between vehicles and pedestrians at raised crosswalks can be reduced, hence promoting harmonious and safe road user interactions
Effect of Particle Property on Coagulation and Degradation of Residual Rubber in Natural Rubber Wastewater
Full text linkIn natural rubber (NR) wastewater treatment, removal of residual rubber is necessary to apply closed anaerobic system for reduction of greenhouse gases emission. In this study, a combined system of an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) and a down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor with a pretreatment canal (PTC) for NR wastewater treatment were applied to evaluate the effect of particle property on residual rubber removal. In NR wastewater, major particle sizes of residual rubber were more than 1.0 µm, 0.45–0.1 µm and less than 0.1 µm. At an early stage of the PTC, smaller particle sizes of residual rubber were reduced, while middle particle sizes were increased. In contrast, at a later stage of the PTC with increasing biodegradability, larger particle sizes of residual rubber were reduced, while smaller particle sizes of residual rubber were increased. As residual rubber removers, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas are detected for biological coagulation and degradation of residual rubber in the PTC, respectively. In contrast, predominant rubber-degrading bacteria in the DHS reactor is Gordonia. The early and later stages of the PTC function as rubber coagulation and rubber degradation stages, respectively. Furthermore, Pseudomonas and Gordonia are considered degradation bacteria for liquid rubber and solid rubber, respectively
Forensic Analysis of Damage in Malaysia Government Structural Assets: Case Studies from JKR Reports
Full text linkThe Public Works Department (PWD)\u27s primary roles include conducting forensic investigations into structural failures and recommending detailed corrective and preventive measures. It also serves as an expert advisory body, providing expert advice and assessments on structural forensics issues to other government departments and agencies. The department ensures the safety and integrity of government assets through expert forensic analysis and guidance. The research objective is to identify the causes of damage to government-owned structures using forensic reports from the PWD Forensic Division. The scope is focused on forensic reports issued specifically by the PWD building\u27s forensic team. Published forensic reports from the PWD Forensic Division were assessed. The research involved identifying and analysing the findings from these reports to determine the variables associated with damage to different building structures. The data was compiled, conceptualised, and statistically analysed to explore correlations between damage factors. There is a notable increase in the number of forensic reports produced each year. Based on the research results, several variables contribute to the structural damage of government buildings. The most frequently observed factor is material deterioration. An in-depth analysis indicates that cracks in the building structure are a primary cause of material deterioration. These cracks often occur alongside other forms of damage such as delamination, spalling, and corrosion. The conclusion drawn from this research is that the number of forensic examination applications for government buildings is likely to increase. The prevalence of cracks found in the majority of forensic reports indicates significant structural changes that are often only visible through detailed examination. This highlights the need for meticulous attention from all technical stakeholders involved in design, project monitoring, and maintenance. Addressing these issues proactively is essential to ensure the structural integrity and longevity of government buildings
A Lightweight CNN Model Using Depthwise Separable Convolutions for Brain Tumour Classification
Full text linkEvery year, the number of patients with brain cancers (BCs) or brain tumours (BTs) increases. This trend emphasises the necessity of a computerised system for rapid and accurate detection during the diagnosis of BTs. This paper presents a lightweight deep learning (DL) model based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) for a fast and accurate BC detector. The core component of the BC detector is a depthwise separable convolution (DSConv) on top of the 24-layer CNN architectures. The usage of DSConv with Adam’s optimiser achieves comparable effectiveness to conventional convolutional layers, although using fewer parameters. Additionally, L2 regularisation, dropout, and data augmentation were implemented to mitigate the issues of overfitting. The proposed model was trained and tested using the publicly available dataset consisting of MRI images collected from 233 patients in Nanfang Hospital and General Hospital, with 3063 images in total. In summary, the DSConv-based CNN model demonstrates an average accuracy of 97.50% and has an average inference time of 2.1 milliseconds per classification. It consistently surpasses 96.50% accuracy in the classification of the three types of BTs. These findings indicate that the model is well-suited for accurate BTs classification, particularly for glioma, meningioma, and pituitary tumours from MRI images
Influence of Dosage, pH, and Settling Time on the Performance of Pre-Hydrolysed Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC) in Treating Ageing Matured Leachate
Full text linkThe treatment of mature leachate remains lacking due to its unique composition and characteristics, which change as the landfill ages over time. This study investigates the efficiency of the coagulation-flocculation process using Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) to remove colour and ammoniacal nitrogen (AN) from raw matured leachate. Also, it compares the optimum removal efficiency with previous studies conducted on the same landfill leachate using PAC but in a different year. Several key parameters were evaluated, including PAC dosage (500–3000 mg/L), pH (4–9), and settling time (10–60 minutes). At the optimised designed condition of PAC dosage of 2500 mg/L, pH 6, and a 30-minute settling time, colour and AN were removed remarkably at 82% and 18% AN, respectively. These findings demonstrate significant changes in colour removal compared to previous studies, which only achieved 50–70%. While AN removal was slightly lower at 18%, the superior colour removal performance highlights the potential and relevance of this approach for treating the raw matured leachate as landfills continue to age. Thus, this study emphasised the relevance of this method for continued use in mature leachate treatment
Embedding the Real-Time AES-128 Encryption into Programmable Logic Controllers for Secure Modbus TCP/IP Communications in Industrial Control Systems
Full text linkThis study presents a practical implementation of AES-128 encryption for Modbus TCP/IP communications in industrial control systems. The proposed method advances beyond theoretical approaches by providing a deployable, hardware-independent structured control programming solution embbed on Siemens S7-1200 and Rockwell CompactLogix PLCs. Experimental evaluation shows an average encryption latency of 41.08 μs, with end-to-end communication delays maintained between 5–35 ms. An optimized key management mechanism reduces expansion overhead by 63% compared with conventional designs. Robustness is demonstrated through more than 12,000 test cycles with consistent timing performance (σ < 3 μs) and full interoperability with unmodified Modbus TCP devices. Wireshark analysis further confirms effective prevention of man-in-the-middle attacks without hardware modifications. The results indicate that the proposed scheme provides a certifiable and efficient security layer, thereby offering a feasible migration pathway for securing legacy infrastructures in Industry 4.0, SCADA, and industrial IoT environments
A Novel Study of Orifice Dimension and Hemodynamic Parameter Changes in Healthy and Stenotic Aortic Valve During Peak Systole
Full text linkThis study examined the hemodynamics characteristic of normal and stenotic aortic valves through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using ANSYS software. Two models were developed, a fully opened healthy valve (100% orifice) and a partially opened stenotic valve (50% orifice) that evaluated at peak systolic flow. The aim was to visualize blood flow patterns on the velocity, pressure, and statistical parameters including kurtosis, mean, standard deviation, and skewness along the aortic vessel near the valve region. Results show that the stenotic model exhibited a significant increase in peak velocity, reaching 6.09 m/s, compared to 1.50 m/s in the healthy model. It consistent with clinically observed values in severe aortic stenosis. A notable pressure drop was also observed across the stenotic valve that indicating increased flow resistance. This finding highlight how stenosis severity alters local hemodynamics and are relevant for identifying regions at risk of vascular damage. This study contributes to improved diagnostic strategies for aortic stenosis by linking valve orifice size to key hemodynamic risk indicators such as time-average wall shear stress (TAWSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI), and relative residence time (RRT)
Design and Analysis of Static Composite Fuel Storage Tanks Alignment with ASME Section X
Full text linkThe increasing demand for lightweight, corrosion-resistant fuel storage solutions has increased the interest in composite pressure vessels; however, their industrial adoption remains limited due to the lack of standardized design frameworks under international codes. This study presents a structured approach for designing and validating an ASME Section-X, compliant composite fuel storage tank using E-glass fibers and vinyl ester resin. The research addresses the absence of scalable methodologies by integrating analytical modeling, hybrid manufacturing strategies, and finite element analysis (FEA) for structural validation. A vertical fuel storage tank was developed with detailed calculations, and design requirements are achieved according to Class II structural requirements under the ASME Section X safety factor guidelines (2.5× burst pressure). The hybrid fabrication method combined ±55° filament winding for hoop stress optimization with hand lay-up for localized reinforcement at nozzle connections and stiffener zones. Structural performance was evaluated using FEA in ANSYS Workbench, focusing on stress distribution, deformation behavior, and buckling sensitivity under operational loading. Simulation results confirmed a safe mechanical response, with effective stress transfer and reduced local concentration through bonded contact and layered material definition. Reinforcement strategies significantly improved joint efficiency and load redistribution.
 
Characterization of Bottom Ash from the Combustion of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB)
Full text linkThe palm oil industry generates large volumes of biomass waste, particularly Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB), which pose environmental disposal challenges but offer potential as a renewable energy source. This study focuses on the characterization and combustion analysis of bottom ash derived from pelletized EFB, with special attention to how combustion temperature affects ash quality at a fixed time duration. Pelletized EFB offers improved energy density and uniform combustion behavior compared to loose EFB. Combustion was conducted for 30 minutes at three different temperatures: 400°C, 600°C, and 800°C. The results showed that combustion temperature significantly influences ash yield and composition. Lower temperatures produced darker ash with higher residual carbon, while higher temperatures generated lighter ash with more fused and mineral-rich phases containing silicon, potassium, and calcium. XRD analysis confirmed a transition from simple crystalline phases at low temperatures to more complex silicate and glassy phases at higher temperatures, suggesting potential for construction-related applications. TGA revealed that major mass loss occurred between 200-375 °C due to decomposition of hemicellulose and cellulose, leaving about 33% inorganic residue forming the ash. Overall, this study highlights the critical role of combustion temperature in determining the physicochemical and mineralogical characteristics of EFB bottom ash and supports its potential for sustainable utilization within the palm oil industry.
An Optimization Approach and Environmental Evaluation of Aluminium AA7075 Alloy in Metal Forming Process by Solid State Recycling Hot Press Forging
Full text linkThis study presents the optimization of Direct Recycling Hot Press Forging (DR-HPF) parameters for AA7075 aluminium alloy to enhance mechanical properties and minimize environmental impact. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to investigate the effects of forging temperature and soaking time on ultimate tensile strength (UTS), elongation to failure (ETF), and global warming potential (GWP). The optimized DR-HPF process, conducted at 480°C and 86 minutes soaking time, achieved a maximum UTS of approximately 251.33 MPa and an ETF of 6.9%, marking significant improvements over conventional recycling methods. Life Cycle Assessment showed a reduction of global warming potential by more than 85% and energy consumption by approximately 69% compared to remelting processes. This work uniquely integrates process optimization and detailed environmental evaluation, advancing sustainable recycling practices for high-performance aluminium alloys.