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COVID-19’s National Security and Defence Lessons : Key Takeaways for Australia and India
Full text linkSince February 2020 hardly a day has gone by where a national security academic or policymaker has not used the word ‘unprecedented\u27 to describe global affairs in the age of COVID-19. The pandemic has created tectonic shifts in the globe\u27s economic, social, political, and International plates. With a vaccine yet to be found, there is increasing evidence that COVID-19\u27s second-order impacts have assured one thing: further uncertainty in International affairs. The crisis after the crisis of COVID-19 is yet to take shape, but it is coming. To prepare for what could well be a decade or more of strategic uncertainty, countries like Australia and India need to consider COVID-19s national security lessons and how these might impact on assumptions regarding preparation for what comes next. This paper explores some of the COVID-19s initial national security lessons for Australia and India
Environmental Security: The Challenge of Future
Full text linkTraditionally, the concept of national security was always associated with the protection of the territorial integrity of the country\u27s borders against any external aggression. Post the Cold War, Human Development Report (HDR) 1994, introduced a new concept of human security, which was a historic departure from the traditional concept of national security. In this concept, much greater stress has been laid on the security of the people through sustainable human development programmes. National security, therefore, has two broad dimensions: traditional and non-traditional. All threats and challenges that impact “human security” are a part of the nontraditional dimension of national security. Similarly, the Commission on Human Security (CHS), constituted in 2000, defines human security as protection of the vital core of all human lives in ways that enhance human freedoms and human fulfillment. It means protecting people from critical and pervasive threats and situations. Based on the threats that influence “human security,” HDR 1994 categorised seven main threats to human security: economic security; food security; health security; environmental security; personal security; community security; and political security
Future of Land Warfare: Beyond the Horizon: by Major General (Dr.) P K Chakravorty, VSM (Retd)
No full textPublisher: Pentagon Press (2019) Location: New Delhi, India. ISBN: 978-8194283744 pp. 1-292
 
Hybrid Warfare Challenges to the Armed Forces: Realities and the Way Ahead
Full text linkWith the recent landmark changes in the political landscape of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), a whole new era has been ushered in. A state which was, unfortunately, the test-bed of Pakistan\u27s nefarious agendas for decades has now been subjected to a bold, exigent, and logical step. The dissonance in decision-making has finally given way, laying the fresh ground for renewed endeavors. With “Hybrid Warfare Challenges to the Armed Forces: Realities and Way Ahead” being the subject of scrutiny, a certain degree of factual clarity needs to be brought in right away. Three fundamental queries need to be answered at the outset
Hybrid Tactics Come of Age: Implications of the Aramco Attack
Full text linkOn September 14, 2019, Saudi Arabia\u27s state-owned Aramco\u27s oil facilities were hit by a swarm of 18 drones and seven cruise missiles. Located in the eastern province in the capital city of Dammam, the Abqaiq oil facility and Khurais oil field are protected by a massive air defence system installed jointly by Saudi Arabia and the US. With a market value worth of US$2 trillion and reserves 10 times bigger than Exxon Mobil, Aramco is crucial not only to Saudi Arabia and the region but to the entire world! Therefore, naturally, the attack on the sites at once shut down 5 percent of the world\u27s oil supply, and oil prices rose up by 20 percent. Even though the functioning of the sites and oil production was reportedly resumed in two weeks\u27 time, the attack had serious implications in terms of the security apparatus as well as vulnerability
Contextualising and Understanding Hybrid Warfare by Pakistan
Full text linkPost abrogation of Article 370 and deterioration in Indo-Pak relations, Pakistan is running out of options and, therefore, would again attempt to activate, exploit, and consolidate its hybrid resources. This is likely to manifest in activation of sleeper cells, the surge in infiltration, fresh recruitment, recycling of some apprehended/surrendered terrorists, and triggering violent agitations in the hinterland of Jammu & Kashmir (J&K). To predict and prepare for likely threats in the future, it is essential to understand and contextualise the hybrid warfare capabilities of Pakistan
Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) and the Road to Self- Reliance in Defence: A Perspective
Full text linkThe Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, under Schedule A, reserved 17 industries including arms and ammunition for the public sector. Accordingly, the defence sector remained solely the domain of defence Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs), Ordnance Factory Board (OFB), and Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) till 2001. However, the country had to resort to the import of ammunition for the Bofors artillery guns during the Kargil War from South Africa, amongst others, even though the country already had a large industrial base consisting of nine defence PSUs, 39 Ordnance Factories (OFs) and 52 laboratories of DRDO. The armed forces stared at the perils of dependence on imports during the war. On a positive note, post the Kargil War, the government decided to open the doors to the defence sector to the private industry. Thus, in May 2001, the government permitted 100 per cent participation by the Indian private sector, subject to licensing, with the aim to galvanise the country\u27s defence industrial base for achieving self-reliance and indigenisation
Chinese Defence Reforms and Lessons for India
Full text linkSince the formation of the People\u27s Republic of China (PRC), China\u27s defence forces have evolved through various stages of modernisation with a focus on doctrinal changes, structural reforms, as well as reduction of forces. Post Mao era, the first sincere attempt to infuse professionalism in the outdated People\u27s Liberation Army (PLA) commenced in the true sense when ‘national defence\u27 was made one of the ‘Four Modernisations,\u27 as announced by Deng Xiaoping in 1978. This boost towards military modernisation was catalysed by the reduced threat perception post disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 and greater allocation in the defence budget for upgradation post 1995, as boosted by an improved Chinese economy
Has Pakistan\u27s Military Doctrine Transformed?
Full text linkThe importance of military power will remain as long as the nation-state exists. Some prominent military strategists and thinkers like Chanakya, Clausewitz, and Sun Tzu believed that no nation could be secure unless it had a powerful military, which could deter a potential adversary. Military power is the power that not only determines a country\u27s power ranking but, for many states, the development and growth of their military power becomes a catalyst for their rise to great power status. For any military of the world, it is perhaps necessary to have a basic rule/principle or a set of beliefs to serve as its foundation. This is best encapsulated in the form of a doctrine. But the question arises: should the doctrine also reflect the modernisation and transformation which is required to keep the military upgraded and up to date? This would involve a change in the mindset/thought process, review of doctrine, strategy, war-fighting, concept, organisational structures, human resource optimisation, training methodology, and logistics concepts in order to meet the operational challenges of the future. In other words, the transformation would require a profound change in the overall military affairs. In view of this, the article will examine if any changes have taken place in Pakistan\u27s military doctrine. In doing so, the article is divided into three parts: part one traces the etymology of the word doctrine and defines military doctrine; part two, covers the typology of doctrine; and part three, studies the fundamentals of Pakistan\u27s military doctrine in a two-fold perspective: (a) functions of a fundamental military doctrine; (b) roots of a fundamental military doctrine, and analyses the changes in the doctrine
How Hybrid is Hybrid Warfare? India\u27s Conundrum and Response
Full text linkWhere does India stand in this muddle of hybrid warfare? Clearly, the next decade for India will not be like the last one. The challenges we face today will endure well into the future, but they will be overshadowed by emerging hybrid threats. It seems likely that these threats will grow Faster, be deadlier, and more ambiguous while expanding into new physical and virtual domains. Conceptually, India has its own share of challenges emanating from this paradox. But, what actually are these threats? And who actually are the perpetrators? This requires pondering over