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How Do Teacher Workloads Affect Student Development?
Get PDFBased on data from the China Education Panel Survey 2013-2015, the study examines the effects of teacher workloads on student development, with the view to providing evidence for the implementation of China’s “teacher burden reduction” policy and Double Reduction policy
Evolution of Class Management: Advancing with the Times
Get PDFClass management, an important component of the education system, evolves with the changes in social needs and educational paradigms in various historical phases. Before the wide adoption of class-based teaching, individual-specific instruction predominated in education in the long history of small-scale farming- and crafts-dominated social production (Tian, 2009). Still, there were certain preliminary experiments with class-based instruction in the early times. For instance, ancient Romans had tried it in the first century AD, which was praised by the educationist Quintilian, who strongly argued for the advantages of this teaching form (Wang et al, 1993). In the twelfth century, boarding became popular in the U.K.’s schools such as Oxford and Cambridge, with which came the “mentoring system,” where the mentors were responsible for supporting students in knowledge acquisition and cognitive development, as well as in moral, spiritual, aesthetic, and physical growth. Their roles were parallel to those of today’s homeroom teachers (Ban, 1996). In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, classical secondary schools in Western European countries organized their students into classes by age. The renowned educationist Erasmus of that time first advanced the concept of “class” (Jin, 1993). 
Artificial Intelligence-Integrated Dynamic Prostheses
Get PDFArtificial intelligence-integrated dynamic prostheses will represent a transformative leap in rehabilitative and assistive technologies, offering amputees and individuals with limb deficiencies unprecedented mobility, adaptability, and user-centered control. These advanced prosthetics combine cutting-edge artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning algorithms, neural interfaces, and biomechanical engineering to create responsive, intuitive devices that mimic the complexity of natural limb movement. Unlike traditional static prostheses, AI-enhanced models learn from users' motion patterns, adjust to environmental variables, and improve over time through continuous feedback loops. Their development involves multidisciplinary collaboration between data scientists, engineers, neuroscientists, and clinicians. While the field shows immense promise—improving functional outcomes, enhancing quality of life, and reducing physical and psychological burdens—challenges remain in accessibility, affordability, neural integration, and long-term user adaptability
Combined Dysfunction of Glymphatic System and Mitochondria: A Noval Causal Contributor to Alzheimer’s Disease?
Get PDFAlzheimer’s disease (AD), the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, is traditionally attributed to amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation and tau pathology. However, emerging evidence suggests that broader systemic dysfunctions may underlie or contribute to these hallmark features. Two biological systems—the glymphatic clearance pathway and mitochondrial energy metabolism—have independently gained attention for their roles in neurodegeneration. The glymphatic system facilitates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and waste clearance, including Aβ, while mitochondria regulate neuronal bioenergetics and redox homeostasis. By interlinking impaired clearance of neurotoxins and disrupted cellular energy metabolism, a vicious cycle may emerge that accelerates cognitive decline. We argue that integrated dysfunction could serve as an upstream event contributing to disease onset and progression. Understanding this combined pathology may not only redefine causality in AD but also offer novel therapeutic strategies targeting the neurovascular-energetic interface
Parent-Child Interaction, Parental Academic Support, and Juvenile Deviance: An Empirical Analysis Based on Data from the China Education Panel Survey
Get PDFThe home is the first social setting for a child. Recent years have seen extensive research on the relationship between family influences and child deviant behavior. Nevertheless, how the two proximal family factors, parent-child interaction and parental academic support, influence juvenile deviance remains unclear. Using panel data from the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS) 2014–2015, this study seeks to explore the specific mechanisms by which parent-child interaction and parental academic support influence juvenile deviance
5th Grade Science Course “Living World” Unit Related Academic Achievement Test Development and Implementation
Get PDFThe aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable achievement test for the “Living World” unit within the scope of the 5th grade science course. For this purpose, the following steps were carried out in the research in which the screening method was used. The purpose and scope of the test were determined; literature review was conducted and test questions were determined; expert opinions were obtained for the draft of the achievement test and it was applied to 86 5th grade students studying in a state school in Turkey, the steps of analyzing the items and finally creating the test were followed. As a result, the achievement test consisting of a total of 24 questions with an average difficulty of 0.68, an average discrimination of 0.54 and a KR-20 reliability coefficient of 0.75 covering the curriculum content framework took its final form. When the findings are evaluated in general, it can be said that the test is a valid and reliable test in measuring the students’ success in the relevant subject
Conceptual Change in Science Education: From Cold to Hot Approaches
Get PDFScience education research finds that children may generate misunderstandings about certain scientific concepts based on their personal experiences prior to formal schooling. These misconceptions may present students with learning difficulties and barriers to deep comprehension of scientific knowledge. In response to this issue, researchers advanced the method of conceptual change instruction to help students shift from scientifically incorrect pre-instructional knowledge structures to scientifically accepted ones (Pacaci et al., 2024). Conceptual change has been deemed an effective approach to boosting students’ science literacy by improving teaching and learning in science education (Duit & Treagust, 2003; Treagust & Duit, 2008). Duit contended that conceptual change was not about an exchange of pre-instructional conceptions for the science concepts, but rather conceptual learning pathways from students’ pre-instructional conceptions to the science concepts to be learned (Duit, 1999; Duit & Treagust, 2003). Conceptual change studies can be traced back to the 1970s. There have been diverse perceptions of conceptual change in researchers, leading to the development of a variety of conceptual change strategies in science education
The Role of the Immune System in Nociception Development: A Neuroimmune Perspective
Get PDFNociception, the neural process responsible for detecting and transmitting pain signals, was historically perceived as a purely neuronal phenomenon. It primarily involved nociceptors—specialized sensory neurons located in peripheral tissues—that detect potentially harmful stimuli and convey this information to the central nervous system. However, a growing body of evidence over the past two decades has illuminated the pivotal role of the immune system in modulating nociception at both peripheral and central levels. This neuroimmune interplay has profound implications for understanding the pathophysiology of acute and chronic pain and opens novel therapeutic avenues for managing complex pain conditions
“Einstein Tile”: A Perspective from a Mathematician
Get PDFThe discovery of the “Einstein tile,” a single shape capable of tiling the plane only aperiodically, represents one of the most captivating mathematical breakthroughs of the century. For decades, mathematicians searched for a monotile—an “ein stein,” or “one stone”—that forces nonrepeating structure without requiring reflections or multiple tile types. The recent identification of the “hat” tile and subsequent refinements ignited a surge of excitement, not merely for solving a longstanding open problem but for reshaping how we understand order, symmetry, and complexity. This perspective article explores the Einstein tile from the lens of a mathematician: its conceptual beauty, its surprising simplicity, its implications for geometry and physics, and its philosophical resonance. Beyond a puzzle solved, the Einstein tile challenges our intuitions about pattern formation, randomness, and what it means for structure to arise without periodicity. Its discovery marks a turning point in tiling theory, mathematical curiosity, and our evolving view of the infinite
Parental and Child Educational Expectations and Adolescent Academic Burnout in Low-Income Families
Get PDFThis study seeks to examine the effect of the alignment or misalignment between parental and child educational expectations on teenage children’s academic burnout in low-income families, with a sample of 3342 adolescents aged 8–16 from the database of 2018’s “Construction of the Policy Support System for Disadvantaged Families in China” Project, which was sponsored by China’s Ministry of Civil Affairs