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Moral Anger, Disgust, but also Sadness: Examining the Victim vs. Perpetrator Focus in the Moral Evaluation of Transgressions
No full textIn two preregistered studies (N = 312), we aimed to test whether inducing participants' attention towards the perpetrator or victim of a moral violation would trigger different emotional responses. Fictional situations were created to focus either on the victim's (e.g., a person being tripped on the street) or the perpetrator’s experience (e.g., a person tripping another). Participants were presented with a series of vignettes describing moral transgressions and asked to judge as quickly as possible whether the emotional reactions of third parties depicted in different facial expressions were consistent with what would be expected regarding the misconduct. We hypothesized that focusing on the perpetrator would stress their poor moral character and elicit distancing reactions typical of moral disgust, while focusing on the victim would emphasize the harmful act and the victim's resulting personal distress, aligning more closely with moral anger. Results provided only partial support for these predictions. While anger responses tended to be consistent across conditions, the predicted anger–disgust contrasting outcome as a function of focus was not consistently observed. Interestingly, sadness was a recurrent response in the victim focus condition, suggesting that empathy-related emotions may co-occur with moral condemnation. Overall, the findings suggest that third-party moral appraisals reflect a broader emotional range that combines anger, disgust, but also sadness
Excessive flexibility? Recurrent neural networks can accommodate individual differences in reinforcement learning through in-context adaptation
No full textCognitive and computational modeling has been used as a method to understand the processes underlying behavior in humans and other animals. A common approach in this field involves the use of theoretically constructed cognitive models, such as reinforcement learning models. However, human and animal decision-making often deviates from the predictions of these theoretical models.
To capture characteristics that these cognitive models fail to account for, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have been increasingly used to model choice behavior involving reinforcement learning. RNNs are able to capture how choice probabilities change depending on past experience. In this work, we demonstrate that RNNs can improve future choice predictions by capturing individual differences on the basis of past behavior, even when a single model is fit across the entire population. We term this property of the RNN the individual difference tracking (IDT) property. While the IDT property might be useful for prediction, it may introduce excessive flexibility when RNNs are used as benchmarks for predictive accuracy. We investigate the nature of the IDT property through simulation studies and examine how it affects the interpretation of predictive accuracy when RNNs are used as benchmarks for cognitive models. We also present examples using real-world data. Through these analyses, we discuss practical considerations and limitations in using RNNs as benchmarks for cognitive models and propose directions for future research
Mental health and quality of life in children and young people with vision impairment: A systematic review
No full textA systematic review was conducted to understand mental health, including emotional problems and well-being, self-perception, self- esteem, and quality of life (QoL), in children and young people with vision impairment (CYPVI) aged 6-25 years. Following PRISMA guidelines, of 6623 search results, 21 studies were included in our analysis, meeting inclusion criteria: a) sample had an age of 6-25 years, b) quantitative and qualitative studies; c) age-matched typically sighted control group or age-matched control group who have undergone successful vision treatment. Our data represented samples from 12 countries. Our review found that overall children and young people with vision impairment often experience worse mental health and psychosocial development. The decline in mental health among CYPVI is frequently linked to the inaccessibility they encounter across various life contexts. The findings highlighted the importance of social support from friends and families for CYPVI enabling them to thrive in school and social contexts
Effects of Positive-Negative Message Framing on Health-Related Attitudes, Intentions, and Behaviors: A Meta-Analytic Review with particular focus on Health Behavioral Characteristics Moderators and Cultural-level Moderators
No full textAbstract
Health message framing refers to ways information about favorable consequences of adhering to health recommendations and unfavorable consequences without adhering to health recommendations can be presented in influencing attitudes, intentions, and behaviors related to health (Cesario et al., 2013; Rothman et al., 2006; Joyal-Desmarais et al., 2022). Some findings have been mixed and sometimes contradictory while hundreds of studies have been conducted since the previous large-scale meta-analysis on health message framing (Gallagher & Updegraff, 2012). This project included three-level meta-analyses on message framing studies that aim to encourage healthy attitudes, intentions, and behaviors, with 1027 effect sizes, 350 studies and 318 reports from 72 countries. When comparing positive-framing (benefits and/or problems prevented through healthy behaviors) and negative-framing (benefits forgone and/or potential problems without engaging in healthy behaviors), we found tentative evidence of positive-framed advantage for health promotion and/or illness prevention and found support for very small negative-framed advantage (g = -0.08) for health detection. Furthermore, we found inconclusive evidence for moderation of behavioral frequency, with a very small positive-framed advantage for frequently repeated behaviors. When comparing gain-framing (benefits through healthy behaviors) and loss-framing (detriments without healthy behaviors), we found substantial cultural differences, with loss-framing outperforming gain-framing for people from non-western-white, collectivistic, and survival-oriented cultures/samples (gs = -0.28 to -0.29), and tentative evidence for gain-framing advantage for western-white and individualistic cultures (g = 0.09). Findings showed inconclusive evidence for moderations of indulgence-restraint, power distance, and dialecticism. Implications and directions, including culturally-congruent health communication (Betsch et al., 2016), more analyses and research on real-world benefits, costs, and risks of message framing choices as well as more realistic effect size expectations for sample size determination, were discussed. We also called for more multi-regional studies, experiments that tease apart confounds, and studies examining mechanisms.
Keywords: message framing, health behavior, behavioral function, cultural moderation, meta-analysis
Public Significance Statement
Researchers, policy makers, and healthcare providers are confronted with challenging decisions when selecting message frames to promote different healthy behaviors among individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds. Our meta-analysis found that negative-framing slightly outperforms positive-framing for health detection, and loss-framing was more effective than gain-framing for people from non-white, survival-oriented, and collectivistic cultures/samples. We discussed implications and recommendations for researchers and practitioners in recognizing potential impact of culturally-congruent framing, while assessing the potential benefits, costs, and risks of message choices
Situated Appraisal of Leadership Tool—Validation Study 5
No full textThis is a validation study that is a part of a large research project that aim to develop and validate the Situated Appraisal of Leadership Tool (SALT). In a previous pre-registered study (https://osf.io/9578m/?view_only=b6968ae5c7b047a6add035877a9fea9b), we (1) examined its circumplex structure, (2) and examined its convergent and divergent validity by correlating it with other leadership constructs. In this study, we aim to validate this latest version of SALT using the same procedure as we did for validating an earlier version (pre-registered at https://osf.io/peyu3/?view_only=9b8ea79a3303440da2575cb2cb2fbf80). If the new version proves ineffective, we may revert to the previous version. Specifically, we will (1) examine the circumplex structure of this latest version of SALT, (2) examine the level of interpersonal agency and communion captured by the octant-style descriptions, and (3) examine the social desirability reflected by the octant-style descriptions
07_Assessing the Internal Consistency Reliability of Ecological Momentary Assessment Measures: Insights from the WARN-D Study
No full textPreregistration and supplementary materials of the statistical analysis to estimate the internal consistency reliability of the scales used during stage 2 of the WARN-D study
Pre-Study on Social Power Perception of Virtual Avatars for VR Coordination Game
No full textThe goal of this pre-study is to rank a set of 18 avatars based on their perceived social power. The results from this pre-study will inform the selection of avatars with high and low perceived social power for the main study, which will explore social tipping points in a VR coordination game
Clinical Benefits and Challenges of Ecological Momentary Assessment in Individuals Who Self-Injure and Seek Mental Health Treatment
No full textIntroduction: Non-suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) is a highly prevalent transdiagnostic behavior among treatment-seeking individuals. The use of Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) shows clinical potential for engaging patients outside the therapy room, but the utility for individuals who self-injure remains unclear. This prospective study evaluates self-reported benefits (e.g., increased self-insight and self-efficacy) and challenges (e.g., beep disturbances and emotional discomfort) associated with using EMA among individuals reporting past-month NSSI at treatment intake.
Methods: In this cohort study, 124 treatment-seeking adolescents and adults who self-injure completed baseline assessments and participated in a 28-day EMA protocol with six daily self-monitoring assessments of emotions, cognitions, and behaviors (including self-injury). After one month, participants received an EMA feedback survey assessing general and NSSI-specific increases in self-insight, self-efficacy, EMA compliance, beep disturbances, and emotional discomfort.
Results: Of 124 participants, 98 completed the EMA survey (Response Rate = 79.03%). Average EMA compliance was 74.87% (SD = 18.78) and decreased linearly across time. Four in five patients (78.57%) reported experiencing at least one benefit. After using EMA, 32.65% reported increased general self-insight, 64.58% reported increased NSSI-specific self-insight, 9.28% reported increased general self-efficacy, and 41.67% reported improved NSSI-specific self-efficacy. Across the sample, 7.29% experienced EMA in treatment as tiring, stressful, at times overwhelming, and not enjoyable. Higher levels of emotional discomfort were significantly associated with lower compliance (r=-0.29, p=.004), higher beep disturbance (r=.37, p < .001), and lower general self-insight (r=-0.28, p=.006).
Conclusion: Although the use of EMA in treatment may evoke emotional discomfort in patients, it may help promote NSSI-specific self-insight and self-efficacy outside the therapy room in patients who self-injure