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<研究ノート>漢代「制詔御史」考 --語義と消失時期を中心に--
No full textIn regard to the standardized term Yushi 御史 found in Han-dynasty imperial edicts 制詔 known as zhizhao yushi 制詔御史, it has generally been interpreted as referring to the Imperial Secretary 御史大夫. However, in recent years, with the increasing discovery of historical source materials, studies have appeared that understand the Yushi of the zhizhao yushi as referring to the Clerks of the Censorate 御史 or Secretaries of the Censorate 侍御史. In this study, I used the following research methods. In the first section, I collected all instances of the word imperial edict combined with a government office that are found in written and excavated sources. I then analyzed their characteristics. As a result, I confirmed that all the official titles that followed the word imperial edict were for officials whose remuneration was over 2, 000 bushels. In the second section, I criticized the studies that relied on sources that found the Yushi in zhizhao yushi referred to clerks of the censorate or secretaries of the censorate and confirmed that the Yushi in zhizhao yushi referred in fact to the Imperial Secretary 御史大夫. In the third section, I proved that the disappearance of the zhizhao yushi during the reign of Cheng Di of the Former Han dynasty was closely related to the reform of the system of the three highest minsters 三公 that occurred late in his reign. As a result, the standard form of imperial edicts issued to the three highest ministers was completed during the reign of Guang Wu Di of the Later Han after the three-ministers system had been reformed in the Former Han
間接的快についての試論 : 快の最大化、人間の協力行動、直接的快と間接的快、贈与行動の関係について
No full textHumans now more or less cooperate in production and distribution to maximize their own pleasure. Pleasure can be divided into direct and indirect ones. Humans can increase their own pleasure through gift-giving behavior in addition to exchange behavior. Here people encounter the question of how much of the savingsable goods that can be used for gifts should be allocated to prepare for one's future anxiety. Gifts to a partner of collaboration are made to the extent that the gift contributes to one's survival by sustaining the collaboration with the partner. This is due to the self-love motive. By excluding this self-love motive from behaviors for indirect pleasure, we focus on the giving behavior, in which an increase in the other's pleasure increases one's own pleasure. We conclude that gifts are considered to be made when the indirect pleasure that arises when a certain amount of gift is given to the other party from one's ability to save is greater than the direct pleasure that arises from allocating it to savings. Further, it is considered that the magnitude relationship between the two is determined by the donor's "subjectivity level" and the giftee's need for gifting
