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A Review on the Degradation of Ionic and Non Ionic Surfactants in Water
Get PDFThe ability to respond to changing consumer and industrial wastes is critical for water treatment. Surfactants are of importance because of their increasing prevalence in home and industrial settings, as well as the challenges they provide to standard treatment. Surface active agents (SAAs) are chemical compounds that are discharged into the environment. They may have a deleterious impact on ecosystem biotic components. They also produce an increase in the aqueous phase solubility of organic contaminants. The destiny of SAAs in the environment is currently uncertain. Recognizing this issue will help to safeguard live species and maintain the quality and balance of a diverse ecosystem.This critical evaluation considers studies from several technical disciplines to offer an up-to-date summary of the environmental effects of surfactants. A variety of technologies are discussed, as well as their drawbacks and potential solutions
GC MS Based Comparative Phytochemical Profiling of Rhodiola Imbricata Roots Collected from Different High Mountain Passes of Ladakh India and a First Report of Apocynin from Genus Rhodiola
Get PDFRhodiola imbricata is a high value medicinal plant of trans-Himalayan mountain passes in Ladakh. This plant is a highly sought after in national and international herbal product market due to its unique phytochemical composition and resultant medicinal properties. However, compositional variation in the raw material from different geographical locations results in variation in quality as well as efficacy of the final products. The current study was designed to generate the comparative GC-MS profiles of hydro-methanolic extracts of Rhodiola imbricata root samples collected from various locations in Ladakh i.e., Chang La (17605 ft), Khardung La (18,379 ft), and Shashi La (13908 ft) mountain passes. The study highlighted variations in volatile phytochemical composition in root samples collected from different locations, especially with respect to phenols, terpenes and fatty acids. Samples from Chang La had maximum amount of phenolic compounds (96.78 per cent), followed by samples from Khardung La (77.05 per cent) while they were undetected in samples from Shashi La pass. Specifically, comparative GC-MS profiling revealed that peak area percentage of two important bioactive compounds (i.e. piceol and apocynin) varied amongst samples. In the samples collected from Chang La, the piceol covered (94 per cent) and apocynin covered (2.78 per cent) peak area whereas in samples collected from Khardung La, piceol covered (73.8 per cent) and apocynin covered (3.25 per cent) peak areas respectively, however, samples collected from Shashi La showed none of these compounds. Interestingly, in the present study, apocynin (a potent NADPH oxidase inhibitor) is being reported for the first time from Rhodoila genus. On the basis of present findings, samples collected from Chang La and Khardung La passes showed better phytochemical composition of pharmacological active phenolic compounds than Shashi La sample
A Modified Non Electrical Filter for Decontamination of Iron Rich Water for Rural Application
Get PDFA non-electrical filter is designed to cater the need of providing iron free water in forward and rural areas. The features of the unit are equipped with the aeration system and activated sand chemically coated by iron oxide as catalytic and filtering media which can bring down iron concentration from 12 mg/L to desirable limit. It increases the pH of water from acidic to pH above 7. This is in contrast to some indigenous water filter which existed in the North Eastern India that tend to remove iron below 4 mg/L. The modified filter is effective in reducing excess total dissolved solids (TDS) from drinking water. All other physical parameters found to be within the prescribed limit. It can give iron free water with output capacity of 25L/hr. The added advantage of the unit is the provision for back washing of the filter media and collection point of the precipitated iron at the lower bottom of the tank for safe discharge
Outlooks of Nanotechnology in Organic Farming Management
Get PDFTechnological advances are getting monitored with time, and science suggests nanotechnology as the emerging future. This even holds correct with human food consumption for health benefits, where organic farming is a better solution for the rising population and is even supported by major countries instead of using chemical fertilisers and pesticides. Nanotechnology provides a platform where nanoparticles help in better management for organic farming by using it as nano fertilisers, nanocides, nano biosensors, nano growth promoters, etc. These nanomaterials can be synthesised by three different mechanisms namely; chemical, physical, and biological methods. Since the chemical and physical mode of synthesis does not follow the criteria of organic farming and have their drawbacks. Hence, the biological method, also known as the green synthesis of nanomaterials fulfills the requirement of organic farming and has achieved the attention of researchers. Extracts of plant parts (stems, roots, leaves, flowers and, fruits) and different microbes, including bacteria, fungus, and mycorrhiza can be used as a base material for the synthesis of nanoparticles under green synthesis mode. The vision behind the green synthesis of nanoparticles was to curb the hazardous effects of chemically synthesised nanoparticles. In the present review, green synthesis of major elements of organic farming namely; nano fertilisers, nano-pesticides, and nano growth promoters, their modes of transportation, their advantages, and disadvantages in organic farming are discussed
Ethnobotanical Survey of Wild Edible Plants of Leh District, Ladakh
Get PDFEthnobotanical exploration was undertaken to document the Wild edible plants (WEPs) utilised by the inhabitants of the Leh district. Traditionally exploited WEPs are an indispensable part of every household culinary. This place is known for its unique culture and cuisine which diversifies it from the rest of India. Pre-structured questionnaires, guided field visits, field examinations, and group discussions were conducted to gather ethnobotanical data. Detailed inquiries were made on the plant’s part used, time of collection and method of food preparation. In the present study, 40 wild consumable plants were documented, these belong to 18 families and spreads to 31 genera; out of which four are new records as wild food plants. They are Cotoneaster integerrimus, Dracocephalum heterophyllum, Astragalus frigidus, and Turritis glabra. Diverse use of wild leafy plants was observed and some of the most famous dishes are ‘Shangsho tsodma’ and ‘Kabra tsodma’ vegetables. The utilisation of wild plants helps enrich diet diversity and enhances the availability of green vegetables hence broadening food choices. Our study also reveals that the gathering of wild plants is confined to village people, shepherds, and farmers, and a majority of this knowledge exists in the memory of the elderly and these wild resources are under threat due to various anthropogenic activities. Therefore, the present finding highlights the value of these plants along with maintaining regional traditional knowledge and preserving the old ethnic traditional way of living and eating. Further, this information will provide baseline data to upcoming researchers dealing with nutrition and nutraceutical aspects. In addition, these wild plants are nutritionally rich and their consumption should be encouraged
Mitigative Effect of Vitex Negundo against Fluoride induced Oxidative Stress Mediated Cardio and Nephrotoxicity
Get PDFThe present study investigated the mitigative effect of Vitex negundo against sodium fluoride (NaF) induced cardio and nephrotoxicity. The hydroalcoholic extract of Vitex negundo leaves (HAEVNL) was prepared by the maceration method. Group I, Group II, and Group III served as normal, toxic, and plant control groups in the treatment schedule. Group IV and V (200 and 400 mg/kg b.wt, p.o) served as treatment groups. Group II, IV, and V treated with NaF (100ppm) through drinking water for 4 weeks. Cardiac and kidney parameters such as LDH, CK-MB, Lipid profile, Creatinine, Urea, and Uric acid were estimated. The heart and kidney tissues LPO, GSH, SOD, and CAT levels and histopathological studies were performed. Phytochemical investigation showed the alkaloids, saponins, phytosterols, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins. Rats administered with NaF have demonstrated a significant rise in the LDH, CK-MB, TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C, Creatinine, Urea, and Uric acid. Tissue LPO levels increased while there was a significant decrease in serum HDL-C and tissue SOD, GSH, and CAT levels. Treatment with HAEVNL showed effective recovery against NaF-induced cardio and nephrotoxicity. The histopathological evaluation also added to the benefits of the Vitex negundo leaves. The study concluded that Vitex negundo leaf extract showed a significant antioxidant and mitigative effect against fluoride- induced cardio and nephrotoxicity in rats
Surgical Bone Adhesives with Potential Maxillofacial Applications A Systematic Review
Get PDFThe reduction and stabilisation of fractured bone fragments have always been a challenging task for thesurgeon. A micro-platesystem for maxillofacial fracture treatment provides excellent results. However, plates and screws are difficult toadapt to the thin bone, and small fragments often lead to the weakening of bone causing secondary fractures. Surgical bone adhesives promise as a viable alternative for issues with micro-plates, but a lotremains desired for successful usefor clinical application. The present systematic review aims to identify the bone adhesive materials available at various stages in animal or human models in the last decade and enumerate their characteristics for potential use in non-load bearing maxillofacial fractures. PubMed electronic database searched using a combination of keywords to identify English language articles between January 2011 and December 2020 yielded a total of 1204 records, of which 15 were included for final review after applying PRISMA guidelines. Cyanoacrylate was the commonly used adhesive material followed by fibrin glue and calcium phosphate-based materials. Although encouraging, results with each material still lack human randomised control trials thus presenting inconclusive evidence. Studies on these lines are suggested along with the development of newer materials to overcome the shortcomings in the currently available systems
Quercetin 3 Rutinoside Alleviates Chromosomes Instability Induced by Lethal Dose of Gamma Radiation
Get PDFRadiation-induced genomic instability always remains a major concern for the medical society, following radiation exposure. Hence, development of a safe and effective radioprotector is of considerable interest in case of radiotherapy and radiation emergencies. Quercetin-3-Rutinoside (Q-3-R), a naturally occurring bioflavonoid, has shown promising potential against radiation injuries. The present study reports anti-genotoxic potential of Q-3-R against lethal (9Gy) dose of ionizing radiation. The mice were injected intramuscularly with Q-3-R (10mg/kg b.wt.), 1hr prior to lethal dose of radiation and dissected at 24hrs post treatment. Different kinds of chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei as well as pulverized metaphase and polyploidy were scored in bone marrow cells. Irradiated mice showed significantly (p<0.001) increased number of double minutes, fragments, dicentrics, rings, gaps and end to end association. Pulverized metaphases and polyploidy were also found to be elevated in irradiated group. Pretreatment of Q-3-R significantly countered these radiation-induced genetic variations in lethally exposed mice. Data from the present study support the anti-genotoxic potential of Q-3-R even at lethal dose of radiation. Q-3-R, possessing various pharmacological activities and being a safe supplement for treatment of other ailments, can be further explored for its radioprotective potential
Computational Analysis for Regulation of Podophyllotoxin Biosynthesis Pathway in Podophyllum with Potential Substitute Species
Get PDF Podophyllum species, the source of important secondary metabolite, podophyllotoxin, is over-exploited for production of anti-cancer drugs endangering this genus globally. Lack of complete knowledge on podophyllotoxin biosynthesis is a major drawback in its cultivation and identification for alternative plants. The current study on secoisolariciresinol dehydrogenase, dirigent protein oxidase and pluviatolide synthase identifies their role in regulating podophyllotoxin biosynthesis. The present computational analysis of podophyllotoxin proposes a correlating interconnected network of pathways for podophyllotoxin biosynthesis besides identifying potential substitute species for the biosynthesis of podophyllotoxin and accounting for possible reason for variation in podophyllotoxin yield from different species of this genu