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How Does Abstract Syntax of a Second Language Develop in Late Bilinguals?: Evidence for Language-Nonspecific Processing Mechanisms of Second Language Production
No full textPupillometry in Exercise Physiology: Significance and Perspective (運動生理学における瞳孔測定の意義)
No full text瞳孔は臨床医学では生死を判定する脳幹機能の検査として、生理心理学では覚醒水準を反映する生理指標として古くから活用されてきた。我々は、運動生理学研究にこの瞳孔測定を取り入れ、それを利用した神経科学研究を進めている。本稿では、これらの知見の一つとして、運動負荷試験でみられる瞳孔拡大パターンを紹介し、瞳孔測定の運動生理学的意義を展望する
Reading Literacy Decline in Europe: Disentangling School Closures and Out-of-School Learning Conditions
No full textBackground. This study examines the decline in average reading literacy among primary school students in European countries between 2016 and 2021, as the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) documented. This period is characterized by disruptions due to COVID-19-related school closures and changes in student composition, influenced mainly by societal trends across many European countries.
Aims. We estimated trends in reading literacy adjusted for changes in student composition to assess the relationship between the duration of school closures and school-related learning loess.
Sample. We utilized data from 2016 and 2021 from 18 European countries/regions as part of the PIRLS, involving a representative sample of approximately 5,000 fourth graders per year and country/region (N = 187,386; Mean Age = 10.28, SD = 0.86; 49.50% female).
Methods. Our analytical approach employed propensity score weighting to balance changes in student composition between the 2016 and 2021 cohorts.
Results. Our findings revealed changes in student composition across most of the 18 countries/regions. First, the average adjusted decline in reading literacy across all 18 European countries/regions was significantly lower than the observed decline, but it remained substantial. Second, the expected decline was associated with the length of COVID-related school closures, estimated at ‒0.0015 SDs per day.
Conclusions. School closures and changes in the composition of student cohorts played a substantial role in the decline in reading literacy observed between 2016 and 2021. This study enhances our understanding of how student composition and school-related factors influence trends in reading literacy
Parental regret and burnout profiles, and their worrying consequences on parents and children
No full textParental regret and parental burnout are two topics that have received increasing attention from scholars in the previous years (Mikolajczak et al., in press)
These concepts both stressed that parenting is not just fulfilling but may be source of suffering experience. They appeared in two separate lines of research, both of which found them to be common experiences, at least in Western countries: up to 14% of parents regret having children and 8% of parents burn out (Moore & Abetz, 2019; Piotrowski, 2021; Roskam et al., 2021).
Their rate of association with rs from .35 to .55 in different samples and studies, was recently evidenced as moderate (Piotrowski, in press; Piotrowski et al., under review) suggesting they cover distinct experiences. The partial overlap suggests that some parents can experience regret without experiencing burnout, some others can experience burnout without experiencing regret, some can experience both, or none of them. But to date, nothing is known about neither the existence of such profiles among parents nor their implication for parents and children.
The worrying consequences of parental burnout have been studied both cross-sectionally and prospectively, and showed that it results in an increase of parental neglect and violence towards the offspring, as well as to escape and suicidal ideations for parents (Mikolajczak et al., 2018; Mikolajczak et al., 2019). And this relation is causal (Brianda et al., 2020). We also know that parental burnout makes a unique contribution to neglect, violence and escape ideation over and above depression and job burnout (Mikolajczak et al., 2020). The consequences of parental burnout were however never tested by controlling for regret. Controlling for the influence of parental regret will allow us to estimate the unique contribution of parental burnout to neglect, violence and escape ideation over and above parental regret.
To date, much less is known about the consequences of regrets for both parents and children. One longitudinal study on the relation between regrets, mental health (i.e. depression, anxiety, parenting stress), and parenting was conducted to date with a sample of Latino American adolescent mothers (East et al., 2012). It showed that the concurrent association between regretting having a child at this time of their life, and mothers’ post-partum mental health, ranged from .06 to .39 suggesting small to moderate relation. But no prospective association was found in cross-lagged analyses between regrets and mental health whereas poor mental health predicted later regrets. In addition to this quantitative approach, qualitative studies revealed that regretful parents viewed parenting as requiring too many sacrifices, leading them to lose their own identity (Matley, 2020; Moore & Abetz, 2019). East et al. (2012) also showed that the association between regrets and harsh-rejecting parenting among adolescent mothers, was small and ranged from .01 and .23, only one concurrent coefficient being significant at 1-year postpartum (r = .21, p < .05). The cross-lagged analyses did not reveal any prospective association between regrets and harsh-rejecting parenting but suggest the reciprocal relation between harsh-rejecting parenting at 6-month postpartum and regrets at 1-year postpartum.
To date, nothing is known about the consequences of experiencing both parental regret and burnout. Based on previous evidence about parental regret and burnout, we can however expect effect of their interaction on neglect, violence and escape ideation. Controlling for the influence of parental burnout will allow us to estimate the specific contribution of parental regret to neglect, violence and escape ideation.
The objective of the current research is twofold. First, it has been designed to document the cross-sectional and prospective relation between parental regret and parental burnout. Second, it has been designed to test their cross-sectional and prospective relations with consequences on children (i.e., parental neglect and violence), and parents (i.e., escape ideations).
To achieve these goals, we here combine a person-oriented and a variable-oriented approaches.
The relations between parental regret and parental burnout will be studied both inductively with person-oriented analyses (i.e. Latent Profile Analyses (LPA)) and deductively with variable-oriented analyses (i.e. bivariate correlations, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)).
The relations between parental regret and parental burnout, and their consequences on children (i.e., parental neglect and violence), and parents (i.e., escape ideations), and will be studied deductively with variable-oriented analyses (i.e. Anovas, bivariate correlations, regression analyses, and SEM)
Black, Asian, Minoirty Ethnic Psychology Students Experience at Two Universities
No full textSupplementary data and files for paper published in Psychology Teaching Review (2025)
The private solution trap in collective action problems across 34 nations
No full textCollective action problems emerge when individual incentives and group interests are misaligned, as in the case of climate change. Individuals involved in these problems are often considered to have two options: contribute towards public solutions such as global mitigation or free ride. However, many collective action problems today involve a third option of investing in a ‘private solution’ such as local adaptation. The availability of this third option can lead to a private solution trap whereby private solutions are adopted, collectively optimal public solutions are not provided, and wealth inequality increases. We investigate the private solution trap with a game featuring private and public solutions, wealth inequality determined by luck or merit, and participants from 34 countries. We find that the joint existence of private solutions and wealth inequality has a consistent effect across countries: participants given higher wealth adopt private solutions almost twice as often as those given lower wealth, regardless of the origin of their wealth, and they contribute proportionally less towards public solutions. Wealth inequality increases in every country and those with lower wealth are often left unprotected as public solutions are not provided. Harmony cultural values are negatively associated with private solution adoption and positively associated with public solution provision across countries, in contrast to hierarchy values. We also identify two universal pathways towards public solution provision: early contributions and conditional cooperation. Our findings highlight the ubiquity of the private solution trap, its cultural underpinnings, and its potential consequences for global collective action problems
Testing Education and Accountability as Moderators of the Self-Interest Bias in Moral Character Judgments
No full textData of the studies and statistical analyse
Stochastic resonance and internal noise in schizotypal traits: a random dot kinematograms paradigm
No full textStochastic resonance (SR) refers to the counterintuitive phenomenon where an optimal level of noise enhances the detection of subthreshold signals in nonlinear systems, including the human brain.
Psychophysical research has shown that SR in the human sensory system is influenced by the interaction of noise coming from the external environment with inherent noise from the nervous system itself. The interaction between the two can be observed in behavioral perceptual paradigms, that allow for the direct manipulation of external noise and the to infer the internal noise. Internal noise levels can fluctuate based on factors like attention, age, or psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia. While previous research has confirmed the impact of SR on perception, particularly in aging, this study investigates its role in schizotypy, a continuum of personality traits related to schizophrenia, using a visual motion discrimination task.
The aim is to explore how individuals with varying schizotypy traits perform in a random dot kinematogram (RDK) task, where external noise is systematically manipulated to examine its interaction with internal noise. Participants' motion detection performance is measured across different noise conditions given by the increasing number of distracting dots in the paradigm following a logarithmic scale. The experimental design follows a psychophysical paradigm where participants are presented with two consecutive intervals, each containing a dot configuration. Some trials present coherent dot motion, while others contain randomly moving dots. After each interval, participants must identify which set of dots exhibited coherent motion. The task involves manipulating the level of external noise, allowing the observation of SR effects across different schizotypy levels. Schizotypy is measured using the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE), a self-assessment questionnaire designed for broad assessment of healthy individuals. The focus is on using the SR curve to infer how internal noise, which we believe might be altered in individuals with high schizotypy, interacts with external noise to affect perceptual stability.
Building on previous studies, we hypothesize that individuals with higher schizotypy will show altered SR effects, with peak perceptual performance shifting to different external noise levels with respect to lower schizotypy level due to internal noise differences. Through online recruitment and large-scale remote testing, the study aims to shed light on how neural noise imbalances may contribute to early perceptual markers of psychosis risk