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Pruning inflorescences reduces the yield of neutral-day strawberry cultivars
Get PDFThe lack of information on inflorescence pruning of strawberry cultivars can compromise fruit yield and quality. The aim of this study was to investigate whether inflorescence pruning intensities interfere with the horticultural potential of strawberry cultivars. The treatments studied were three cultivars (‘Albion’, ‘Monterey’, and ‘San Andreas’) and four inflorescence pruning intensities (no pruning, removal of the first inflorescence, removal of the first two inflorescences, and removal of the first three inflorescences). The experiment was laid out in randomized blocks, with four replications. Fruit production and quality were assessed. ‘Monterey’ produced the most fruit and had the highest total strawberry production. Regardless of the cultivar, the total number of fruits and the total yield decreased linearly as the intensity of inflorescence pruning increased. In conclusion, increasing the intensity of inflorescence pruning reduces the productive potential of strawberry plants. Regardless of pruning, ‘Monterey’ has the best productive performance. The chemical quality of strawberries is not influenced by the pruning and cultivars studied.The lack of information on inflorescence pruning of strawberry cultivars can compromise fruit yield and quality. The aim of this study was to investigate whether inflorescence pruning intensities interfere with the horticultural potential of strawberry cultivars. The treatments studied were three cultivars (‘Albion’, ‘Monterey’, and ‘San Andreas’) and four inflorescence pruning intensities (no pruning, removal of the first inflorescence, removal of the first two inflorescences, and removal of the first three inflorescences). The experiment was laid out in randomized blocks, with four replications. Fruit production and quality were assessed. ‘Monterey’ produced the most fruit and had the highest total strawberry production. Regardless of the cultivar, the total number of fruits and the total yield decreased linearly as the intensity of inflorescence pruning increased. In conclusion, increasing the intensity of inflorescence pruning reduces the productive potential of strawberry plants. Regardless of pruning, ‘Monterey’ has the best productive performance. The chemical quality of strawberries is not influenced by the pruning and cultivars studied
Morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of Physalis peruviana L. plants under different water availabilities
Get PDFGrowing Physalis peruviana, which is known for its nutraceutical potential and pleasantly sweet-tasting fruits, can be a profitable economic activity for many small-scale farmers across different regions of Brazil. Therefore, studying its agronomic performance under adverse conditions is necessary, mainly concerning low water availability, which is common during dry periods in semiarid areas in the Northeast region of Brazil. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the effects of different water availability conditions (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of field capacity - FC) on Physalis peruviana plants. Morphological and physiological characteristics were evaluated: plant height, stem diameter, primary root length, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, relative water content, leaf water potential, and total dry weight. Biochemical analyses were conducted to determine the contents of total soluble proteins, total sugars, reducing sugars, sucrose, and total chlorophyll. Plants subjected to 20% of FC exhibited reduced height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, relative water content, and leaf water potential due to low soil water availability. Water stress caused an increase in contents of chlorophylls, total soluble proteins, total sugars, reducing sugars, and sucrose.
Growing Physalis peruviana, which is known for its nutraceutical potential and pleasantly sweet-tasting fruits, can be a profitable economic activity for many small-scale farmers across different regions of Brazil. Therefore, studying its agronomic performance under adverse conditions is necessary, mainly concerning low water availability, which is common during dry periods in semiarid areas in the Northeast region of Brazil. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the effects of different water availability conditions (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of field capacity - FC) on Physalis peruviana plants. Morphological and physiological characteristics were evaluated: plant height, stem diameter, primary root length, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, relative water content, leaf water potential, and total dry weight. Biochemical analyses were conducted to determine the contents of total soluble proteins, total sugars, reducing sugars, sucrose, and total chlorophyll. Plants subjected to 20% of FC exhibited reduced height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, relative water content, and leaf water potential due to low soil water availability. Water stress caused an increase in contents of chlorophylls, total soluble proteins, total sugars, reducing sugars, and sucrose
Colletotrichum species associated with atemoya anthracnose in northeast Brazil
Get PDFAnthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is an important disease of atemoya that can infect and cause damage to different plant organs. The symptoms include foliar anthracnose, flower abortion, branch tip bleaching, and necrotic lesions on fruits. Knowing the etiology of this disease is essential for properly developing management strategies. Therefore, this study aimed to identify Colletotrichum species associated with atemoya in the Northeast region of Brazil, based on multi-locus phylogeny and morphological analyses, to better understand the etiology of anthracnose in this plant species. The Colletotrichum isolates were obtained from symptomatic leaves and branches of atemoya collected in commercial fields in Vitória da Conquista (Bahia), Palmeira dos Índios and Rio Largo (Alagoas), located in northeast Brazil. The initial analysis of the partial sequences of the GAPDH gene was performed with nineteen Colletotrichum isolates obtained from leaves and branches of atemoya trees with typical anthracnose symptoms. Seventeen isolates were grouped in the gloeosporioides complex and two in the boninense complex. Therefore, eleven isolates were submitted to concatenated phylogenetic analyses with the genes GAPDH, TUB2, and ITS region of the rDNA to confirm the identity of the isolates at the species level. The species C. theobromicola, C. siamense, C. fructicola and C. karstii were identified and are associated with atemoya anthracnose in the Northeast region of Brazil.Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is an important disease of atemoya that can infect and cause damage to different plant organs. The symptoms include foliar anthracnose, flower abortion, branch tip bleaching, and necrotic lesions on fruits. Knowing the etiology of this disease is essential for properly developing management strategies. Therefore, this study aimed to identify Colletotrichum species associated with atemoya in the Northeast region of Brazil, based on multi-locus phylogeny and morphological analyses, to better understand the etiology of anthracnose in this plant species. The Colletotrichum isolates were obtained from symptomatic leaves and branches of atemoya collected in commercial fields in Vitória da Conquista (Bahia), Palmeira dos Índios and Rio Largo (Alagoas), located in northeast Brazil. The initial analysis of the partial sequences of the GAPDH gene was performed with nineteen Colletotrichum isolates obtained from leaves and branches of atemoya trees with typical anthracnose symptoms. Seventeen isolates were grouped in the gloeosporioides complex and two in the boninense complex. Therefore, eleven isolates were submitted to concatenated phylogenetic analyses with the genes GAPDH, TUB2, and ITS region of the rDNA to confirm the identity of the isolates at the species level. The species C. theobromicola, C. siamense, C. fructicola and C. karstii were identified and are associated with atemoya anthracnose in the Northeast region of Brazil
Evapotranspiration of ‘Roxo de Valinhos’ fig under different mulches in the Cerrado-Amazon transition
Get PDFFinding out subsidies for the production of perennial fruit trees in the northern region of Mato Grosso, were determined the crop evapotranspiration (ETc), crop coefficients (Kc) and water use efficiency of fig plants \u27Roxo de Valinhos\u27, cultivated under different soil mulches in the Cerrado-Amazon transition. The cultures were carried out in two consecutive dry seasons (2020 and 2021), using 2.5 kg m-2 of straw (vegetable waste) of Congo grass \u27Brachiaria ruzziensis\u27 (BR), velvet bean ‘Mucuna pruriens L’ (MP), pigeon pea ‘Cajanus cajan L.’ (CC) and zoysia grass ‘Zoysia japonica’ (ZJ) and bare soil ‘without mulch’ (BS). The ETc was obtained by soil water balance through tensiometry. The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was obtained by the method of Penman Montheit Fao 56, with the crop coefficients given by the ratio between ETc and ETo. The efficiency of water use was established by the ratio between the mass of fruits produced per unit volume of applied water (m³), taking into account the irrigated depth and the effective rainfall. The different mulches not influence the water needs of the fig plants, however, the ETc and Kc were higher when the plants had a greater number of productive branches. The use of mulch increased the efficiency of water use, regardless of the production cycle. The BR and BS mulch crops, in the second year (eight branches), produced 2.59 and 0.79 kg of rip fruit figs per m3 of water depth, respectively.Finding out subsidies for the production of perennial fruit trees in the northern region of Mato Grosso, were determined the crop evapotranspiration (ETc), crop coefficients (Kc) and water use efficiency of fig plants \u27Roxo de Valinhos\u27, cultivated under different soil mulches in the Cerrado-Amazon transition. The cultures were carried out in two consecutive dry seasons (2020 and 2021), using 2.5 kg m-2 of straw (vegetable waste) of Congo grass \u27Brachiaria ruzziensis\u27 (BR), velvet bean ‘Mucuna pruriens L’ (MP), pigeon pea ‘Cajanus cajan L.’ (CC) and zoysia grass ‘Zoysia japonica’ (ZJ) and bare soil ‘without mulch’ (BS). The ETc was obtained by soil water balance through tensiometry. The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was obtained by the method of Penman Montheit Fao 56, with the crop coefficients given by the ratio between ETc and ETo. The efficiency of water use was established by the ratio between the mass of fruits produced per unit volume of applied water (m³), taking into account the irrigated depth and the effective rainfall. The different mulches not influence the water needs of the fig plants, however, the ETc and Kc were higher when the plants had a greater number of productive branches. The use of mulch increased the efficiency of water use, regardless of the production cycle. The BR and BS mulch crops, in the second year (eight branches), produced 2.59 and 0.79 kg of rip fruit figs per m3 of water depth, respectively
Substrate combinations in potato planting to increase the production of minitubers
Get PDFThe profitability and initial development of potatoes depend on the type of substrate used in planting. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate combinations of substrates for the production of minitubers of potatoes. An experiment was carried out with the combinations of substrates based on sphagnum peat, coconut fiber, rice husks, and expanded vermiculite [TFCV]; and sphagnum peat and expanded vermiculite [TV], in different proportions (100%; 75%; 50%; 25%), with five replications. The treatments were: (i) TFCV100%; (ii) TFCV75%+TV25%; (iii) TFCV50%+TV50%; (iv) TFCV25%+TV75%; and (v) TV100%. At 40 and 70 days after planting (DAP), the development of shoots, tubers, and roots was monitored. Results showed that the isolated application of TV showed the highest production of fresh mass of tubers (93.0 g), and fresh (0.28 g) and dry mass of roots (0.17 g). At 40 DAP, tuber production was highly correlated with the root part (r: 0.77). However, after 70 DAP, tuber production was associated with shoot development (r: 0.66). If is necessary to mix substrates recommend the mixing of TFCV50% + TV50%. The addition of coconut fiber and rice husk increases the availability of nutrients in the substrate with a positive effect on the aerial development of the plants.The profitability and initial development of potatoes depend on the type of substrate used in planting. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate combinations of substrates for the production of minitubers of potatoes. An experiment was carried out with the combinations of substrates based on sphagnum peat, coconut fiber, rice husks, and expanded vermiculite [TFCV]; and sphagnum peat and expanded vermiculite [TV], in different proportions (100%; 75%; 50%; 25%), with five replications. The treatments were: (i) TFCV100%; (ii) TFCV75%+TV25%; (iii) TFCV50%+TV50%; (iv) TFCV25%+TV75%; and (v) TV100%. At 40 and 70 days after planting (DAP), the development of shoots, tubers, and roots was monitored. Results showed that the isolated application of TV showed the highest production of fresh mass of tubers (93.0 g), and fresh (0.28 g) and dry mass of roots (0.17 g). At 40 DAP, tuber production was highly correlated with the root part (r: 0.77). However, after 70 DAP, tuber production was associated with shoot development (r: 0.66). If is necessary to mix substrates recommend the mixing of TFCV50% + TV50%. The addition of coconut fiber and rice husk increases the availability of nutrients in the substrate with a positive effect on the aerial development of the plants
Intercropping lettuce and radish as strategy for efficient water use: determination of water demand and crop coefficient
No full textDetermining the need for water, as well as crop coefficients, is essential information for the management of irrigation and consequently efficiency in the use of water resources. The study aimed to determine the evapotranspiration and the culture coefficients of lettuce and radish in a monoculture system and consortium in a protected environment. The lettuce cultivar used was Vanda and for radish hybrid 19 was used. The reference evapotranspiration was estimated by the Penman-Monteith method using data from the automatic weather station and the evapotranspiration of the cultures was determined by the direct method using lysimeters of constant water table. The water demand for lettuce and radish in the intercropping system was 170 mm, being less than the lettuce monoculture which was 190 mm and higher than the radish monoculture which was 121 mm. The recommended average values of culture coefficient for conditions were 0.96, 1.85, and 1.50 for lettuce and 0.85, 1.28, and 1.10 for the radish in the initial, intermediate and final stages, respectively. The intercropped cultivation showed lower water consumption than the lettuce monoculture. The coefficient values of lettuce and radish in a monoculture system were higher than the standard values recommended by FAO, emphasizing the importance of conducting regional studies
Quality of minimally processed ‘Monalisa’ apples with antioxidants and edible toppings
Get PDFMinimally processed fruits are an alternative to add value to products that are difficult to sell, in addition to facilitateconsumer consumption. The objective is to research pulp browning inhibition in a simulated commercialization of minimally processed ‘Monalisa’ apples, stored in a refrigerated environment. After being sanitized with sodium hypochlorite, the apples were cut and immersed in the following treatments: the control being sodium erythorbate (ES) + A (distilled water); ES + FM (cassava starch 3%); ES + AS (3% sodium alginate); ES + AM (6% waxy maize starch) and ES + AP (3% pine nut starch), all together with 1% calcium chloride. Afterwards, 10 slices were placed in a polyethylene tray, wrapped in stretchable PVC film and stored in a refrigerated chamber at 4 ºC ± 1 ºC and relative humidity of 90 - 95%. Phytochemical evaluations were performed at 0, 3, 6 and 9 days of storage. The applied treatments maintained fruit quality. The treatment with cassava starch and pine nut starch were efficient in preserving the darkening of the fruit pulp on day 9. As for the waxy corn starch treatment, the enzyme activity was lower in the period of 0 and 6 days, maintaining quality and delaying darkening. The control sample (ES + A + CC) stood out during the 9-day period, as there was a decrease in the activity of polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase enzymes.Minimally processed fruits are an alternative to add value to products that are difficult to sell, in addition to facilitateconsumer consumption. The objective is to research pulp browning inhibition in a simulated commercialization of minimally processed ‘Monalisa’ apples, stored in a refrigerated environment. After being sanitized with sodium hypochlorite, the apples were cut and immersed in the following treatments: the control being sodium erythorbate (ES) + A (distilled water); ES + FM (cassava starch 3%); ES + AS (3% sodium alginate); ES + AM (6% waxy maize starch) and ES + AP (3% pine nut starch), all together with 1% calcium chloride. Afterwards, 10 slices were placed in a polyethylene tray, wrapped in stretchable PVC film and stored in a refrigerated chamber at 4 ºC ± 1 ºC and relative humidity of 90 - 95%. Phytochemical evaluations were performed at 0, 3, 6 and 9 days of storage. The applied treatments maintained fruit quality. The treatment with cassava starch and pine nut starch were efficient in preserving the darkening of the fruit pulp on day 9. As for the waxy corn starch treatment, the enzyme activity was lower in the period of 0 and 6 days, maintaining quality and delaying darkening. The control sample (ES + A + CC) stood out during the 9-day period, as there was a decrease in the activity of polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase enzymes
Agronomic performance and fruit sensory and quality analyses of pineapple cultivars
Get PDFThe objective of this study was to assess the agronomic performance and fruit sensory and quality characteristics in traditional and modern pineapple cultivars grown in Tangara da Serra, MT, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, with five replications and 20 plants per plot. Planting was carried out in double rows with spacing of 1.2×0.4×0.4 m, in May 2018. The evaluated cultivars were BRS-Ajuba, BRS-Imperial, BRS-Vitoria, Gigante-de-Tarauaca, IAC-Fantastico, Jupi, Perola, and Smooth-Cayenne. Gigante-de-Tarauaca exhibited the highest fruit weight but presented low soluble solids content and soluble solids to titratable acidity ratio (SS/TA); thus, it is not recommended for fresh fruit market. Jupi exhibited fruit weights (>1500 g) suitable for the market and soluble solids above 12 °Brix, but SS/TA below 20. Considering the modern cultivars, BRS-Ajuba presented the highest fruit weight, but BRS-Imperial and IAC-Fantastico were the most attractive to consumers, as well as the traditional cultivar Perola. However, BRS-Imperial and IAC-Fantastico yield small fruits, which reduces their per-unit value in the market, as pineapples are typically valued based on their sizes.The objective of this study was to assess the agronomic performance and fruit sensory and quality characteristics in traditional and modern pineapple cultivars grown in Tangara da Serra, MT, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, with five replications and 20 plants per plot. Planting was carried out in double rows with spacing of 1.2×0.4×0.4 m, in May 2018. The evaluated cultivars were BRS-Ajuba, BRS-Imperial, BRS-Vitoria, Gigante-de-Tarauaca, IAC-Fantastico, Jupi, Perola, and Smooth-Cayenne. Gigante-de-Tarauaca exhibited the highest fruit weight but presented low soluble solids content and soluble solids to titratable acidity ratio (SS/TA); thus, it is not recommended for fresh fruit market. Jupi exhibited fruit weights (>1500 g) suitable for the market and soluble solids above 12 °Brix, but SS/TA below 20. Considering the modern cultivars, BRS-Ajuba presented the highest fruit weight, but BRS-Imperial and IAC-Fantastico were the most attractive to consumers, as well as the traditional cultivar Perola. However, BRS-Imperial and IAC-Fantastico yield small fruits, which reduces their per-unit value in the market, as pineapples are typically valued based on their sizes
Biometric analysis of Palmer mangoes
Get PDFdamages, resulting in a substantial waste of approximately 30% of the production. Among widely marketed varieties, the \u27Palmer\u27 cultivar stands out due to its flavor and coloration. The efficiency in the transportation and storage of these fruits is intricately linked to various attributes, especially their physical characteristics. In this context, the present study conducted a biometric evaluation of 145 \u27Palmer\u27 mangoes harvested in Coxim, Mato Grosso do Sul. Parameters such as weight, length, width, and thickness of the fruits were analyzed using a semi-analytical balance and caliper. The results revealed that the mangoes produced in Coxim weigh around 396 g, with a length of 13 cm, width of 8 cm, and thickness of 7.5 cm. These measurements are smaller than the commercially marketed fruits of the same variety but larger than those of the Espada, Rosa, and Van Dyke varieties. Additionally, all analyzed variables showed a positive correlation, indicating that as one variable increases, the others also increase. This underscores the importance of special care in handling fruits throughout the supply chain, given their density of 0.534 g/cm³ and extensive contact area. These findings emphasize the pressing need for improvements in packaging, transportation, and storage processes to reduce losses and waste, thereby contributing to a more efficient and sustainable management in the mango supply chain.damages, resulting in a substantial waste of approximately 30% of the production. Among widely marketed varieties, the \u27Palmer\u27 cultivar stands out due to its flavor and coloration. The efficiency in the transportation and storage of these fruits is intricately linked to various attributes, especially their physical characteristics. In this context, the present study conducted a biometric evaluation of 145 \u27Palmer\u27 mangoes harvested in Coxim, Mato Grosso do Sul. Parameters such as weight, length, width, and thickness of the fruits were analyzed using a semi-analytical balance and caliper. The results revealed that the mangoes produced in Coxim weigh around 396 g, with a length of 13 cm, width of 8 cm, and thickness of 7.5 cm. These measurements are smaller than the commercially marketed fruits of the same variety but larger than those of the Espada, Rosa, and Van Dyke varieties. Additionally, all analyzed variables showed a positive correlation, indicating that as one variable increases, the others also increase. This underscores the importance of special care in handling fruits throughout the supply chain, given their density of 0.534 g/cm³ and extensive contact area. These findings emphasize the pressing need for improvements in packaging, transportation, and storage processes to reduce losses and waste, thereby contributing to a more efficient and sustainable management in the mango supply chain
Potassium dose and nutritional diagnosis of virus-free garlic
Get PDFPotassium (K) fertilizer application in garlic (Allium sativum L) is commonly based on current cultivars that are normally infected with phytopathogenic viruses. Garlic are being developed using meristem culture, but methods for K diagnosis in this type of garlic need to be validated. The objective was to evaluate methods for diagnosing nutritional status of virus-free garlic as a result of K doses through use of a specific K+ meter in soil solution and foliar sap, and to determine foliar K content and its relationship with yield and quality of bulbs. Treatments consisted of K2O doses: 0, 50, 100, 250 or 500 kg ha-1 established in 5 separate locations. In all locations, K2O was applied in a single dose, before planting and incorporated in the 0-0.2 m layer. Response of garlic to K fertilization was low, with marketable yield being significant at a single location, with the highest marketable yield associated with 309 kg ha-1 of K2O. The K content of the soil solution and the K in the foliar sap increased with application of increasing K dose. Due to the low response of marketable yield of garlic to K fertilization, technologies of nutritional diagnosis of K was not efficient. Therefore, future studies should focus on different soil K concentrations to validate the sensibility of these technologies.Potassium (K) fertilizer application in garlic (Allium sativum L) is commonly based on current cultivars that are normally infected with phytopathogenic viruses. Garlic are being developed using meristem culture, but methods for K diagnosis in this type of garlic need to be validated. The objective was to evaluate methods for diagnosing nutritional status of virus-free garlic as a result of K doses through use of a specific K+ meter in soil solution and foliar sap, and to determine foliar K content and its relationship with yield and quality of bulbs. Treatments consisted of K2O doses: 0, 50, 100, 250 or 500 kg ha-1 established in 5 separate locations. In all locations, K2O was applied in a single dose, before planting and incorporated in the 0-0.2 m layer. Response of garlic to K fertilization was low, with marketable yield being significant at a single location, with the highest marketable yield associated with 309 kg ha-1 of K2O. The K content of the soil solution and the K in the foliar sap increased with application of increasing K dose. Due to the low response of marketable yield of garlic to K fertilization, technologies of nutritional diagnosis of K was not efficient. Therefore, future studies should focus on different soil K concentrations to validate the sensibility of these technologies