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Physicochemical composition and fatty acids profile of the meat of lambs fed with cassava wastewater
Get PDFThe effects of replacing corn with cassava wastewater at 0; 25; 50; 75 and 100% in the sheep diet over chemical composition, fatty acid profile and physical-chemical parameters of meat were studied. Forty Santa Inês breed sheep were slaughtered after 70 days of confinement. The moisture content of meat increased, while the crude protein and ether extract decreased linearly with the replacement. There was a quadratic effect for shear force with minimum force estimated at 2.78 kg / cm ² with 54.25% replacement. There was a quadratic effect for C15:0 and C:17, (0.37 and 1.30 when the replacement was 46.25% and 68.50%, respectively), increasing linearly for the C18:0 and decreasing for the C22:0. For monounsaturated fatty acids there was a decreasing linear effect for C14:1 and C20:1 n9, and increasing to C18:1 n11. For C15:1 a quadratic effect was observed (1.48 when 26.75% of corn was replaced). As to the polyunsaturated fatty acids, there was a quadratic effect for C18:2 9c 11t (0.60 when replacement was 36.66%). There was a linear decrease for relations polyunsaturated: saturated and ω6: ω3, without effect on other relations. Cassava wastewater alters the shear force and chemical and lipid composition of meat.The effects of replacing corn with cassava wastewater at 0; 25; 50; 75 and 100% in the sheep diet over chemical composition, fatty acid profile and physical-chemical parameters of meat were studied. Forty Santa Inês breed sheep were slaughtered after 70 days of confinement. The moisture content of meat increased, while the crude protein and ether extract decreased linearly with the replacement. There was a quadratic effect for shear force with minimum force estimated at 2.78 kg / cm ² with 54.25% replacement. There was a quadratic effect for C15:0 and C:17, (0.37 and 1.30 when the replacement was 46.25% and 68.50%, respectively), increasing linearly for the C18:0 and decreasing for the C22:0. For monounsaturated fatty acids there was a decreasing linear effect for C14:1 and C20:1 n9, and increasing to C18:1 n11. For C15:1 a quadratic effect was observed (1.48 when 26.75% of corn was replaced). As to the polyunsaturated fatty acids, there was a quadratic effect for C18:2 9c 11t (0.60 when replacement was 36.66%). There was a linear decrease for relations polyunsaturated: saturated and ω6: ω3, without effect on other relations. Cassava wastewater alters the shear force and chemical and lipid composition of meat
Chemical-bromatological characteristics of forage sorghum varieties irrigated with saline effluents from fish farming
Get PDFThe objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical and bromatological characteristics of forage sorghum varieties subjected to different leaching fractions of saline effluents from fish farming in the Semiarid region of Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, in a 3×4 factorial arrangement with four replications, consisting of three forage sorghum varieties (Volumax, F305, and Sudão) and four leaching fractions (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) of saline (electrical conductivity of 2.5 dS m-1) effluent from fish farming. The organic matter, dry matter, mineral matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber, lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose contents of the plants were evaluated. The crude protein contents of the plant components, and mineral matter content of leaves and panicles increased, and the NDF of leaves decreased in treatments with the highest leaching fractions. The F305 variety presented better chemical-bromatological characteristics compared to the other sorghum varieties evaluated.The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical and bromatological characteristics of forage sorghum varieties subjected to different leaching fractions of saline effluents from fish farming in the Semiarid region of Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, in a 3×4 factorial arrangement with four replications, consisting of three forage sorghum varieties (Volumax, F305, and Sudão) and four leaching fractions (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) of saline (electrical conductivity of 2.5 dS m-1) effluent from fish farming. The organic matter, dry matter, mineral matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber, lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose contents of the plants were evaluated. The crude protein contents of the plant components, and mineral matter content of leaves and panicles increased, and the NDF of leaves decreased in treatments with the highest leaching fractions. The F305 variety presented better chemical-bromatological characteristics compared to the other sorghum varieties evaluated
Characteristics of 137 macaw palm (Acrocomia aculeata) fruit accessions from Goias, Brazil
Get PDFAccessions of macaw palm fruits from the State of Goias, Brazil were characterized aiming the identification of groups with similar characteristics and indicate groups with higher agronomic potential, using multivariate tools. Fruit were harvested with completed yellow fruit bunches without whitish scores. The evaluated variables were fruit and almond length, fruit and almond diameters, fruit and dehydrated almond weight, average number of almonds, oil percentage of almond and dried fruit. The genetic diversity of populations was evaluated by Ward’s clustering method and Person´s correlation was obtained to evaluate the relative importance of each characteristic and variance analysis associated with Tukey´s test to verify the group’s effects. The studied population demonstrated great variability. The characteristics that most contributed to the variability were fruit weight and diameter and the almond´s oil percentage. Ward´s group analysis revealed six groups of similarity, being significant for all evaluated characteristics. Group VI stood out for all evaluated characteristics and group III presented the best averages for the almond´s weight and almonds and dried fruit oil percentage.Accessions of macaw palm fruits from the State of Goias, Brazil were characterized aiming the identification of groups with similar characteristics and indicate groups with higher agronomic potential, using multivariate tools. Fruit were harvested with completed yellow fruit bunches without whitish scores. The evaluated variables were fruit and almond length, fruit and almond diameters, fruit and dehydrated almond weight, average number of almonds, oil percentage of almond and dried fruit. The genetic diversity of populations was evaluated by Ward’s clustering method and Person´s correlation was obtained to evaluate the relative importance of each characteristic and variance analysis associated with Tukey´s test to verify the group’s effects. The studied population demonstrated great variability. The characteristics that most contributed to the variability were fruit weight and diameter and the almond´s oil percentage. Ward´s group analysis revealed six groups of similarity, being significant for all evaluated characteristics. Group VI stood out for all evaluated characteristics and group III presented the best averages for the almond´s weight and almonds and dried fruit oil percentage
Sediment Losses in Watersheds in the Western-Center Meso-Region Rio-grandense
Get PDFThe permanent monitoring of sediment losses in small-paired watersheds is still incipient, especially in what concerns the search for information that combines variables that are part of an open and dynamic system. In this sense, this work investigated sediment losses in watersheds in the Western Meso-region Rio-grandense from 07/2010 to 12/2012. The auxiliary variables were composed of rainfall, surface and base flow and kinetic energy – in comparison to the morphometry of each microbasin and its use – to the concentration of suspended sediments and total sediment loss. Statistical analysis of the data was based on descriptive statistics, taking into account the indicators of cumulative, average, standard deviation, standard error and variance, as well as regression analysis. The largest mild to smooth corrugate relief area of the smallest river basins is not sufficient to provide lower superficial runoff values. The increase in rainfall directly contributes to the increase in kinetic energy, and leads to greater sediment losses in both small hydrographic basins. The larger area occupied by natural water reservoirs contributes efficiently to the reduction of suspended sediment losses. The watershed with larger area is more susceptible to the triggering of erosive processes than to the smaller area, in 8 (2010), 6 (2011) and 4 (2012) times.The permanent monitoring of sediment losses in small-paired watersheds is still incipient, especially in what concerns the search for information that combines variables that are part of an open and dynamic system. In this sense, this work investigated sediment losses in watersheds in the Western Meso-region Rio-grandense from 07/2010 to 12/2012. The auxiliary variables were composed of rainfall, surface and base flow and kinetic energy – in comparison to the morphometry of each microbasin and its use – to the concentration of suspended sediments and total sediment loss. Statistical analysis of the data was based on descriptive statistics, taking into account the indicators of cumulative, average, standard deviation, standard error and variance, as well as regression analysis. The largest mild to smooth corrugate relief area of the smallest river basins is not sufficient to provide lower superficial runoff values. The increase in rainfall directly contributes to the increase in kinetic energy, and leads to greater sediment losses in both small hydrographic basins. The larger area occupied by natural water reservoirs contributes efficiently to the reduction of suspended sediment losses. The watershed with larger area is more susceptible to the triggering of erosive processes than to the smaller area, in 8 (2010), 6 (2011) and 4 (2012) times
Application of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer in irrigated common bean crops
Get PDFThe use of adequate management practices and high nitrogen fertilizer rates have contributed to increase the common bean grain yield, however, the application of nitrogen fertilizer at sowing still requires evaluations for irrigated crops in the Brazilian Cerrado biome region. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of application of different rates of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer—dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP)—at sowing and as top-dressing on agronomic performance and leaf area index of irrigated common bean crops grown in the Brazilian Cerrado biome region. A randomized block design in a 4×3 factorial arrangement with four replications was used. The treatments consisted of four nitrogen rates (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha-1) and three application forms (100% at sowing, 100% as top-dressing, and 50% at sowing + 50% as top-dressing). Irrigation was managed with class A tanks and two-day intervals. The nitrogen applied at the different stages of the crop did not affect the production components of the common bean plants. The highest grain yields were found with the nitrogen rates of 180 kg ha-1 in 2015 (1,756.37 kg ha-1), and 123.98 kg ha-1 in 2016 (1,799.63 kg ha-1).The use of adequate management practices and high nitrogen fertilizer rates have contributed to increase the common bean grain yield, however, the application of nitrogen fertilizer at sowing still requires evaluations for irrigated crops in the Brazilian Cerrado biome region. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of application of different rates of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer—dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP)—at sowing and as top-dressing on agronomic performance and leaf area index of irrigated common bean crops grown in the Brazilian Cerrado biome region. A randomized block design in a 4×3 factorial arrangement with four replications was used. The treatments consisted of four nitrogen rates (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha-1) and three application forms (100% at sowing, 100% as top-dressing, and 50% at sowing + 50% as top-dressing). Irrigation was managed with class A tanks and two-day intervals. The nitrogen applied at the different stages of the crop did not affect the production components of the common bean plants. The highest grain yields were found with the nitrogen rates of 180 kg ha-1 in 2015 (1,756.37 kg ha-1), and 123.98 kg ha-1 in 2016 (1,799.63 kg ha-1)
Anaerobic biodegradation of cassava wastewater under different temperatures and inoculums
Get PDFThe production of starch generates, as a by-product, the cassava wastewater (manipueira), which can be treated by anaerobic digestion to provide biogas and minimize its polluting potential. The most commonly utilized biomass in the anaerobic digestion is the anaerobic sludge. The literature presents, as an alternative to sludge, bovine manure and ruminal fluids, being scarce the studies with the cassava wastewater. This research evaluated the influence of temperature on the microbial ability of cattle and goat rumen in anaerobically biodegrading the manipueira in substitution to the anaerobic sludge. The cattle and goat rumen specific methanogenic activities (SMA) were compared with that of the anaerobic sludge. Subsequently, by using the inoculum which had the best SMA results, cassava wastewater biodegradability tests were performed, investigating the kinetics of the organic matter removal and methane production at 32 ° C and 39 ° C. The bovine rumen presented better results in the SMA (0,315 g COD-CH4 g VSS.d-1) and methane production (1,026 mL). The temperature of 32 °C did not influence the activity of bovine ruminal inoculum as the kinetics of the biodegradation of the manipueira did not differ for the evaluated temperatures (0.1799 d-1 at 32°C and 0.1781 d-1 at 39°C). Bovine rumen achieved glucose reduction of 76% and 80% and methane yield of 77% and 79% for the tests at 32°C and 39°C, respectively. It is inferred that this type of inoculum might be used in reactors of anaerobic digestion processes for the treatment of the cassava wastewater at the ambient temperature of the semiarid region.The production of starch generates, as a by-product, the cassava wastewater (manipueira), which can be treated by anaerobic digestion to provide biogas and minimize its polluting potential. The most commonly utilized biomass in the anaerobic digestion is the anaerobic sludge. The literature presents, as an alternative to sludge, bovine manure and ruminal fluids, being scarce the studies with the cassava wastewater. This research evaluated the influence of temperature on the microbial ability of cattle and goat rumen in anaerobically biodegrading the manipueira in substitution to the anaerobic sludge. The cattle and goat rumen specific methanogenic activities (SMA) were compared with that of the anaerobic sludge. Subsequently, by using the inoculum which had the best SMA results, cassava wastewater biodegradability tests were performed, investigating the kinetics of the organic matter removal and methane production at 32 ° C and 39 ° C. The bovine rumen presented better results in the SMA (0,315 g COD-CH4 g VSS.d-1) and methane production (1,026 mL). The temperature of 32 °C did not influence the activity of bovine ruminal inoculum as the kinetics of the biodegradation of the manipueira did not differ for the evaluated temperatures (0.1799 d-1 at 32°C and 0.1781 d-1 at 39°C). Bovine rumen achieved glucose reduction of 76% and 80% and methane yield of 77% and 79% for the tests at 32°C and 39°C, respectively. It is inferred that this type of inoculum might be used in reactors of anaerobic digestion processes for the treatment of the cassava wastewater at the ambient temperature of the semiarid region
Production of fig seedlings in alternative substrates in the Upper-Middle Gurgueia region
Get PDFGiven the importance of determining which substrate source attends to the need of each fruit species and at the same reducing production costs, this work aimed to evaluate the quality of fig seedlings, cultivar ‘Roxo de Valinhos’, in alternative substrates in the Upper-Middle Gurgueia region, Piauí state. The treatments consisted of Sand (SND), Decomposed Moriche Palm Stem (DMT); Goat+Sheep Manure (GSM), Ravine Soil (TBA), and Commercial Substrate (COM). A Randomized Block Design (RBD) was adopted, with 4 replications and 5 experimental units. The analyzed variables were: Sprouting rate index (SRI), branch length (BRL), branch diameter (BRD), number of leaves in the branch (NLB), chlorophyll A (CLA), chlorophyll B (CLB), shoot fresh matter (SFM), root fresh matter (RFM), shoot dry matter, (SDM) root dry matter (RDM), rooted cuttings (ENR), root length (RL) and volume of the root system (VRS). A significant effect of the substrates was verified for all variables, except chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, number of branches, and branch diameter. Due to the chemical characteristics of the goat+sheep manure, it provided the necessary conditions for the growth and development of the shoot part and root system, revealing to be superior to the remaining substrates. Therefore, it may be concluded that the goat+sheep manure provides all the essential nutrients for the quality production of fig seedlings, cultivar ‘Roxo de Valinhos’, allowing the rooting of 100% of the cuttings.Given the importance of determining which substrate source attends to the need of each fruit species and at the same reducing production costs, this work aimed to evaluate the quality of fig seedlings, cultivar ‘Roxo de Valinhos’, in alternative substrates in the Upper-Middle Gurgueia region, Piauí state. The treatments consisted of Sand (SND), Decomposed Moriche Palm Stem (DMT); Goat+Sheep Manure (GSM), Ravine Soil (TBA), and Commercial Substrate (COM). A Randomized Block Design (RBD) was adopted, with 4 replications and 5 experimental units. The analyzed variables were: Sprouting rate index (SRI), branch length (BRL), branch diameter (BRD), number of leaves in the branch (NLB), chlorophyll A (CLA), chlorophyll B (CLB), shoot fresh matter (SFM), root fresh matter (RFM), shoot dry matter, (SDM) root dry matter (RDM), rooted cuttings (ENR), root length (RL) and volume of the root system (VRS). A significant effect of the substrates was verified for all variables, except chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, number of branches, and branch diameter. Due to the chemical characteristics of the goat+sheep manure, it provided the necessary conditions for the growth and development of the shoot part and root system, revealing to be superior to the remaining substrates. Therefore, it may be concluded that the goat+sheep manure provides all the essential nutrients for the quality production of fig seedlings, cultivar ‘Roxo de Valinhos’, allowing the rooting of 100% of the cuttings
Yield, quality and nutrient accumulation in watermelon as a function of organo-mineral fertilization
Get PDFThe study aimed to assess the yield, nutrients accumulation and fruit quality of watermelon grown under different NPK rates provided by mineral and organic fertilizers. The experiment was performed at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Campus Pombal-PB, during the period from June to September 2013. Treatments consisted of three nutrient concentrations N, P and K (50, 100 and 150% of NPK recommendation for watermelon) and five ratios of mineral and organic fertilizer (100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25 / 75 to 0/100). The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a 3x5 factorial scheme with four replicates. The NPK rate corresponding to 100% was 120 kg ha-1 respectively for N, P and K. The following variables were evaluated: fruit yield, nutrient accumulation, titratable acidity, soluble solids and ratio between soluble solids and titratable acidity. The concentration of 150% of nutrients was more effective in increasing the yield for the 75/25, 25/75 and 0/100 ratios of mineral and organic fertilizers, and the concentrations of 100 and 150% were the most effective in the accumulation of soluble solids when applied in the mineral and organic fertilizer ratios of 75/25 and 50/50.The study aimed to assess the yield, nutrients accumulation and fruit quality of watermelon grown under different NPK rates provided by mineral and organic fertilizers. The experiment was performed at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Campus Pombal-PB, during the period from June to September 2013. Treatments consisted of three nutrient concentrations N, P and K (50, 100 and 150% of NPK recommendation for watermelon) and five ratios of mineral and organic fertilizer (100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25 / 75 to 0/100). The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a 3x5 factorial scheme with four replicates. The NPK rate corresponding to 100% was 120 kg ha-1 respectively for N, P and K. The following variables were evaluated: fruit yield, nutrient accumulation, titratable acidity, soluble solids and ratio between soluble solids and titratable acidity. The concentration of 150% of nutrients was more effective in increasing the yield for the 75/25, 25/75 and 0/100 ratios of mineral and organic fertilizers, and the concentrations of 100 and 150% were the most effective in the accumulation of soluble solids when applied in the mineral and organic fertilizer ratios of 75/25 and 50/50.
Objetivou-se com o trabalho avaliar a produtividade, qualidade e acúmulo de nutrientes na melancieira cultivada sob diferentes doses de NPK fornecidas por adubo mineral e orgânico. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Pombal-PB, durante o período de maio a julho de 2013. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de três concentrações dos nutrientes N, P e K (50, 100 e 150% da recomendação de NPK para melancieira) e cinco proporções de adubo mineral e orgânico (100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75 e 0/100). O delineamento foi o blocos ao acaso, no esquema fatorial 3x5, com quatro repetições. A quantidade de NPK correspondente a 100% foi de 120 kg ha-1, respectivamente, para N, P e K. Foram avaliadas: acúmulo de nutrientes, produtividade, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis e razão entre sólidos solúveis e acidez titulável. A concentração de 150% de nutrientes foi mais efetiva no aumento de produtividade para as proporções de adubos mineral e orgânico de 75/25, 25/75 e 0/100 e a concentração de 100 e 150% foram as mais efetivas no acúmulo de sólidos solúveis, quando aplicadas nas proporções de adubo mineral e orgânico de 75/25 e 50/50
Fitness of Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis biotypes susceptible and resistant to imazapyr + imazapic herbicide
Get PDFThe continuous use of herbicides with the same mechanism of action has caused the selection of resistant weed biotype that may present differences in fitness when compared with susceptible biotype. The objective of the present study was to identify and distinguish the fitness of barnyardgrass biotypes resistant and susceptible to imazapyr + imazapic herbicide under controlled and noncompetitive conditions. For that, there were used barnyardgrass biotype susceptible (ECH1 and ECH38) and resistant (ECH14 and ECH44) to ALS inhibitors, collected at Pelotas/RS and Rio Grande/RS cities, respectively, in experiment installed in a greenhouse in a completely randomized experimental design during the months from October to December 2015. The biotype were evaluated during the period of 15 to 120 days after the emergence related to plant height, foliar area, shoot dry matter mass and root dry matter mass. The results showed insignificant differences between the biotypes during the development of the plants. The susceptible biotype ECH44 showed a higher number of panicles per plant and seeds along with the resistant ECH1. There is variability among Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis biotypes resistant and susceptible to ALS inhibitors, indicating an absence in fitness penalty caused by resistance when cultivated without the selection of pressure (herbicide).The continuous use of herbicides with the same mechanism of action has caused the selection of resistant weed biotype that may present differences in fitness when compared with susceptible biotype. The objective of the present study was to identify and distinguish the fitness of barnyardgrass biotypes resistant and susceptible to imazapyr + imazapic herbicide under controlled and noncompetitive conditions. For that, there were used barnyardgrass biotype susceptible (ECH1 and ECH38) and resistant (ECH14 and ECH44) to ALS inhibitors, collected at Pelotas/RS and Rio Grande/RS cities, respectively, in experiment installed in a greenhouse in a completely randomized experimental design during the months from October to December 2015. The biotype were evaluated during the period of 15 to 120 days after the emergence related to plant height, foliar area, shoot dry matter mass and root dry matter mass. The results showed insignificant differences between the biotypes during the development of the plants. The susceptible biotype ECH44 showed a higher number of panicles per plant and seeds along with the resistant ECH1. There is variability among Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis biotypes resistant and susceptible to ALS inhibitors, indicating an absence in fitness penalty caused by resistance when cultivated without the selection of pressure (herbicide)
Phylogeny of the species of Ciconia (Aves, Ciconiidae) based on cranial osteological characteristics
Get PDFThe Family Ciconiidae currently comprises 19 species distributed primarily in the tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world. Recent studies on phylogeny within the genus and families of birds provided a new opportunity for the analysis of the cranial structure in a phylogenetical context. Consequently, the aim was to describe in detail the cranial osteology of the representative species of Ciconia (C. abdimii, C. ciconia, C. episcopus, C. maguari and C. nigra), aiming to compare the characters found amongst the species that form this genus and these with the one from other members of the Family Ciconiidae and determine the family relationships amongst the species, using the methodology of phylogenetic systematic. Cranial osteology has proven to be a good tool for the cladistic analysis of the genus Ciconia, providing osteologic characters that proves the monophyly of the group. The topology of the tree obtained in the present study has revealed itself as well resolved, presenting positive perspectives to the morphologic studies of the genus. The cladogram presented corroborates the hypothesis of the monophyletic characteristic of the Ciconia, the C. ciconia being the most basal of the genus. The topology of the cladogram is: (C. ciconia ((C. nigra (C. abdimii C. episcopus)) C. maguari)). In general, Ciconia presents a specialized skull, with peculiar characteristics and different from what is observed in other groups of birds.The Family Ciconiidae currently comprises 19 species distributed primarily in the tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world. Recent studies on phylogeny within the genus and families of birds provided a new opportunity for the analysis of the cranial structure in a phylogenetical context. Consequently, the aim was to describe in detail the cranial osteology of the representative species of Ciconia (C. abdimii, C. ciconia, C. episcopus, C. maguari and C. nigra), aiming to compare the characters found amongst the species that form this genus and these with the one from other members of the Family Ciconiidae and determine the family relationships amongst the species, using the methodology of phylogenetic systematic. Cranial osteology has proven to be a good tool for the cladistic analysis of the genus Ciconia, providing osteologic characters that proves the monophyly of the group. The topology of the tree obtained in the present study has revealed itself as well resolved, presenting positive perspectives to the morphologic studies of the genus. The cladogram presented corroborates the hypothesis of the monophyletic characteristic of the Ciconia, the C. ciconia being the most basal of the genus. The topology of the cladogram is: (C. ciconia ((C. nigra (C. abdimii C. episcopus)) C. maguari)). In general, Ciconia presents a specialized skull, with peculiar characteristics and different from what is observed in other groups of birds