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Morphology and initial development of Hancornia speciosa var speciosa in different substrates
Get PDFThe impact of commercial demand on fruits explored through extractivism requires sustainable production strategies. Among these strategies is seedling propagation for reforestation and/or commercial plantations. The substrate and its impact on the quantity and quality of propagated plants are critical aspects of seedling propagation. Hancornia speciosa, commonly known as mangabeira, is a native fruit species that has been primarily explored through extractivism; thus, the goal of this study was to assess the early development of H. speciosa var. speciosa seedlings in different substrates using morphophysiological parameters. The seeds were processed and sown in six different substrates (sand, sand + powder coconut coir, sand + vermiculite, commercial substrate, commercial substrate + powder coconut coir, vermiculite, commercial substrate + vermiculite). To evaluate seedling development, the parameters First Emergence Count, Emergence Percentage, Emergence Speed Index, Total Seedling Size, Shoot Height, Root Length, Stem Diameter, Number of Leaves, and Shoot and Root Dry Massa were used. The pure vermiculite substrate performed best across all parameters, followed by the commercial substrate + powder coconut coir and the commercial substrate. As a result, substrates containing pure vermiculite are recommended for the propagation of H. speciosa var. speciosa, whereas substrates containing higher concentrations of sand, 50 to 100%, have a negative impact on seedling development for this variety.The impact of commercial demand on fruits explored through extractivism requires sustainable production strategies. Among these strategies is seedling propagation for reforestation and/or commercial plantations. The substrate and its impact on the quantity and quality of propagated plants are critical aspects of seedling propagation. Hancornia speciosa, commonly known as mangabeira, is a native fruit species that has been primarily explored through extractivism; thus, the goal of this study was to assess the early development of H. speciosa var. speciosa seedlings in different substrates using morphophysiological parameters. The seeds were processed and sown in six different substrates (sand, sand + powder coconut coir, sand + vermiculite, commercial substrate, commercial substrate + powder coconut coir, vermiculite, commercial substrate + vermiculite). To evaluate seedling development, the parameters First Emergence Count, Emergence Percentage, Emergence Speed Index, Total Seedling Size, Shoot Height, Root Length, Stem Diameter, Number of Leaves, and Shoot and Root Dry Massa were used. The pure vermiculite substrate performed best across all parameters, followed by the commercial substrate + powder coconut coir and the commercial substrate. As a result, substrates containing pure vermiculite are recommended for the propagation of H. speciosa var. speciosa, whereas substrates containing higher concentrations of sand, 50 to 100%, have a negative impact on seedling development for this variety
Conservation of Astrocaryum aculeatum seeds as a function of storage conditions of diaspores
Get PDFInformation on the conservation of Astrocaryum aculeatum seeds can contribute to the sustainable management of this species, as commercial harvesting of its fruits is essentially extractivist. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the germination and vigor of A. aculeatum seeds based on the storage conditions of diaspores (seeds with endocarp). A completely randomized experimental design was used, with a split-plot arrangement in time and four replications. Diaspores containing seeds with 21.1% moisture content were packaged and stored under the following conditions: a) permeable packaging in a natural environment (air temperature of 27.7 ± 1.5 °C and relative air humidity of 85.0 ± 11.9%); b) impermeable packaging in a natural environment; c) impermeable packaging in a cold chamber (18.0 ± 1.0 ºC and relative air humidity of 68.1 ± 6.2%). Seed moisture content, germination, dormancy, and mortality, percentage of seedling emergence, emergence speed index, and mean emergence time were evaluated after different storage periods (0, 2, 4, 6, and 10 months). Storing diaspores of A. aculeatum in impermeable packaging in a natural environment effectively preserve seed physiological quality for ten months. Contrastingly, storing diaspores in permeable packaging in a natural environment and in impermeable packaging in a cold chamber reduces seed physiological quality after two to three months of storage.Information on the conservation of Astrocaryum aculeatum seeds can contribute to the sustainable management of this species, as commercial harvesting of its fruits is essentially extractivist. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the germination and vigor of A. aculeatum seeds based on the storage conditions of diaspores (seeds with endocarp). A completely randomized experimental design was used, with a split-plot arrangement in time and four replications. Diaspores containing seeds with 21.1% moisture content were packaged and stored under the following conditions: a) permeable packaging in a natural environment (air temperature of 27.7 ± 1.5 °C and relative air humidity of 85.0 ± 11.9%); b) impermeable packaging in a natural environment; c) impermeable packaging in a cold chamber (18.0 ± 1.0 ºC and relative air humidity of 68.1 ± 6.2%). Seed moisture content, germination, dormancy, and mortality, percentage of seedling emergence, emergence speed index, and mean emergence time were evaluated after different storage periods (0, 2, 4, 6, and 10 months). Storing diaspores of A. aculeatum in impermeable packaging in a natural environment effectively preserve seed physiological quality for ten months. Contrastingly, storing diaspores in permeable packaging in a natural environment and in impermeable packaging in a cold chamber reduces seed physiological quality after two to three months of storage
Growth and yield of yellow passion fruit under hydrogel and vegetal mulching doses
Get PDFThe yellow passion fruit is one of the most widely cultivated fruit crops in Brazil, with the Northeast region being particularly prominent. Despite being the largest national producer, water scarcity remains the primary limiting factor for expanding this crop in Brazilian semi-arid regions. Given this challenge, there is a need for soil management techniques that enhance water use efficiency by plants. This study aimed to evaluate the growth and production components of yellow passion fruit in soil treated with hydrogel and mulching from crop residues. The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design in a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement, corresponding to five hydrogel doses (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g dm⁻³ of soil) in soil with and without mulching derived from Brachiaria plant residues. The analyzed variables included plant height, stem diameter, number of branches and leaves, number of fruits, yield per plant, average fruit mass, and yield. Yellow passion fruit growth was enhanced with a hydrogel dose of 1.1 g dm⁻³, and yield improved with doses ranging from 0.65 to 2.0 g dm⁻³ in the second harvest. Soil with mulching from Brachiaria plant residues increased the yield of yellow passion fruit, particularly in the second harvest.The yellow passion fruit is one of the most widely cultivated fruit crops in Brazil, with the Northeast region being particularly prominent. Despite being the largest national producer, water scarcity remains the primary limiting factor for expanding this crop in Brazilian semi-arid regions. Given this challenge, there is a need for soil management techniques that enhance water use efficiency by plants. This study aimed to evaluate the growth and production components of yellow passion fruit in soil treated with hydrogel and mulching from crop residues. The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design in a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement, corresponding to five hydrogel doses (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g dm⁻³ of soil) in soil with and without mulching derived from Brachiaria plant residues. The analyzed variables included plant height, stem diameter, number of branches and leaves, number of fruits, yield per plant, average fruit mass, and yield. Yellow passion fruit growth was enhanced with a hydrogel dose of 1.1 g dm⁻³, and yield improved with doses ranging from 0.65 to 2.0 g dm⁻³ in the second harvest. Soil with mulching from Brachiaria plant residues increased the yield of yellow passion fruit, particularly in the second harvest
Irrigation management of Punica granatum in the Sub-Middle São Francisco River Valley: Morphophysiological aspects.
Get PDFWater availability in arid and semi-arid areas has been a limiting factor to the expansion of agricultural production in several regions of the world. In this context, this research aimed to study the morphophysiological responses of pomegranate as a function of different irrigation depths in the Sub-Middle São Francisco River Valley (SSFV). The research was carried out in a commercial area located in Petrolina-PE, Brazil, with eight-year-old plants of lineage No. 12 of Embrapa Semi-Arid, spaced 4.0 x 2.0 m. Drip irrigation with a flow of 2.4 L h−1 emitter−1 was used every two days. The treatments consisted of D50 – continuous irrigation deficit with 50% ET0 replacement, D75 – continuous irrigation deficit with 75% ET0 replacement, D100 – continuous irrigation deficit with 100% ET0 replacement, and DF – farm irrigation. The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks with five replications. Plant height, cup diameter, number of flower buds, flowers, and fruits, relative chlorophyll content, free proline content in the leaves, gas exchange, water potential in the branch, and soil moisture were evaluated. The data were submitted for analysis of variance and regression at the 5% probability level, using the Sisvar program. We observed that the analyzed pomegranate can avoid excessive water loss to the atmosphere when subjected to water stress using different mechanisms. Moreover, the deficit of irrigation depths led to an anticipation and/or uniformity of flowering.Water availability in arid and semi-arid areas has been a limiting factor to the expansion of agricultural production in several regions of the world. In this context, this research aimed to study the morphophysiological responses of pomegranate as a function of different irrigation depths in the Sub-Middle São Francisco River Valley (SSFV). The research was carried out in a commercial area located in Petrolina-PE, Brazil, with eight-year-old plants of lineage No. 12 of Embrapa Semi-Arid, spaced 4.0 x 2.0 m. Drip irrigation with a flow of 2.4 L h−1 emitter−1 was used every two days. The treatments consisted of D50 – continuous irrigation deficit with 50% ET0 replacement, D75 – continuous irrigation deficit with 75% ET0 replacement, D100 – continuous irrigation deficit with 100% ET0 replacement, and DF – farm irrigation. The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks with five replications. Plant height, cup diameter, number of flower buds, flowers, and fruits, relative chlorophyll content, free proline content in the leaves, gas exchange, water potential in the branch, and soil moisture were evaluated. The data were submitted for analysis of variance and regression at the 5% probability level, using the Sisvar program. We observed that the analyzed pomegranate can avoid excessive water loss to the atmosphere when subjected to water stress using different mechanisms. Moreover, the deficit of irrigation depths led to an anticipation and/or uniformity of flowering
Chloroplast pigments, water relationships, and growth of bell pepper under salt stress and nitrogen
Get PDFThe use of saline water sources for irrigation in semi-arid regions is a challenge for horticultural production since plants are sensitive to salt stress conditions, thus requiring techniques that allow plant acclimation, including nitrogen fertilization. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the chloroplast pigments, water relationships, and growth of bell pepper plants irrigated with saline water and subjected to nitrogen fertilization. The experiment was conducted under field conditions at the Federal University of Campina Grande, Pombal - PB, where a randomized block design was adopted with a 5 x 5 factorial arrangement corresponding to five electrical conductivity levels of irrigation water (0.3, 1, 1.7, 2.4, and 3.1 dS m-1) and five nitrogen levels (50, 75, 100,125, and 150% of the dosage recommended for the crop), with three replications. The 125 and 150% N levels provided the highest relative water contents in bell pepper plants irrigated with electrical conductivity levels of up to 1.7 dS m-1. The contents of chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, and stem diameter of bell pepper plants decreased when fertilized with 150% N and irrigated with the electrical conductivity of 3.1 dS m-1.The use of saline water sources for irrigation in semi-arid regions is a challenge for horticultural production since plants are sensitive to salt stress conditions, thus requiring techniques that allow plant acclimation, including nitrogen fertilization. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the chloroplast pigments, water relationships, and growth of bell pepper plants irrigated with saline water and subjected to nitrogen fertilization. The experiment was conducted under field conditions at the Federal University of Campina Grande, Pombal - PB, where a randomized block design was adopted with a 5 x 5 factorial arrangement corresponding to five electrical conductivity levels of irrigation water (0.3, 1, 1.7, 2.4, and 3.1 dS m-1) and five nitrogen levels (50, 75, 100,125, and 150% of the dosage recommended for the crop), with three replications. The 125 and 150% N levels provided the highest relative water contents in bell pepper plants irrigated with electrical conductivity levels of up to 1.7 dS m-1. The contents of chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, and stem diameter of bell pepper plants decreased when fertilized with 150% N and irrigated with the electrical conductivity of 3.1 dS m-1
Production performance of Hylocereus polyrhizus based on cladode size and position
Get PDFThe analysis of productive architecture of plants involves macroscopic observation of spatial distributions of different vegetative and reproductive organs. However, few studies have evaluated these aspects in dragon fruit plants for production purposes. The objective of this study was to evaluate vegetative, reproductive, and quality parameters of dragon fruit plants (Hylocereus polyrhizus; variety Cebra) based on the position and size of cladodes, considering morphological, production, and quality characteristics of the fruits. The experiment was conducted from September 2016 to May 2018, using a completely randomized design in a 3×4 factorial arrangement, consisted of three positions of cladode insertion in the plant (primary, secondary, and tertiary) and four different cladode sizes (≤ 20 cm; 21-40 cm; 41-60 cm, and 61-80 cm), with five replications and six cladodes per plot, totaling 360 evaluated cladodes. According to the results, vegetative and reproductive characteristics of dragon fruit plants variety Cebra were affected by the cladode position and size. Fruits developed on primary cladodes with sizes of 21 to 40 cm presented, in general, better-quality characteristics. All evaluated physical and physicochemical characteristics were affected by the cladode position and size, except for titratable acidity and soluble solids to titratable acidity ratio. Fruits developed on cladodes smaller than 20 cm had lower quality. Therefore, maintaining and promoting the growth of primary cladodes with sizes of 21 to 40 cm and removing those smaller than 20 cm is recommended.The analysis of productive architecture of plants involves macroscopic observation of spatial distributions of different vegetative and reproductive organs. However, few studies have evaluated these aspects in dragon fruit plants for production purposes. The objective of this study was to evaluate vegetative, reproductive, and quality parameters of dragon fruit plants (Hylocereus polyrhizus; variety Cebra) based on the position and size of cladodes, considering morphological, production, and quality characteristics of the fruits. The experiment was conducted from September 2016 to May 2018, using a completely randomized design in a 3×4 factorial arrangement, consisted of three positions of cladode insertion in the plant (primary, secondary, and tertiary) and four different cladode sizes (≤ 20 cm; 21-40 cm; 41-60 cm, and 61-80 cm), with five replications and six cladodes per plot, totaling 360 evaluated cladodes. According to the results, vegetative and reproductive characteristics of dragon fruit plants variety Cebra were affected by the cladode position and size. Fruits developed on primary cladodes with sizes of 21 to 40 cm presented, in general, better-quality characteristics. All evaluated physical and physicochemical characteristics were affected by the cladode position and size, except for titratable acidity and soluble solids to titratable acidity ratio. Fruits developed on cladodes smaller than 20 cm had lower quality. Therefore, maintaining and promoting the growth of primary cladodes with sizes of 21 to 40 cm and removing those smaller than 20 cm is recommended
Growth and yield of Brazilian potato cultivars
Get PDFThe analysis of plant growth of cultivars is useful for understanding the dynamics of accumulation and partition of photoassimilates during the crop cycle, and this information is important for the crop management of each cultivar. The objective of this study was to evaluate potato cultivars BRS Ana, BRSIPR Bel, BRS Clara, BRS F63 (Camila) and Macaca for growth and yield, under subtropical climatic conditions of Southern Brazil. Plant samples were collected every 20 days, beginning 40 days after planting (DAP), totaling five collections, and physiological growth indexes and the dry mass partitioning to plant organs were estimated. ‘BRSIPR Bel’ showed the fastest development of assimilatory system. ‘BRS Ana’ had the most vigorous plants and the largest leaf area, reaching the leaf area index 4.0 at 70 DAP. ‘BRSIPR Bel’ e ‘BRS Ana’ had the highest dry mass yield, 214 g and 206 g of dry mass plant-1, respectively. ‘BRS F63’ (Camila) and ‘BRSIPR Bel’ presented earlier tuberization and were the most efficient cultivars in the partitioning of dry mass to tubers, with the highest coefficient of dry mass partitioning to tubers estimated between 40 and 64 DAP. These two cultivars also showed the highest yield of marketable tubers.The analysis of plant growth of cultivars is useful for understanding the dynamics of accumulation and partition of photoassimilates during the crop cycle, and this information is important for the crop management of each cultivar. The objective of this study was to evaluate potato cultivars BRS Ana, BRSIPR Bel, BRS Clara, BRS F63 (Camila) and Macaca for growth and yield, under subtropical climatic conditions of Southern Brazil. Plant samples were collected every 20 days, beginning 40 days after planting (DAP), totaling five collections, and physiological growth indexes and the dry mass partitioning to plant organs were estimated. ‘BRSIPR Bel’ showed the fastest development of assimilatory system. ‘BRS Ana’ had the most vigorous plants and the largest leaf area, reaching the leaf area index 4.0 at 70 DAP. ‘BRSIPR Bel’ e ‘BRS Ana’ had the highest dry mass yield, 214 g and 206 g of dry mass plant-1, respectively. ‘BRS F63’ (Camila) and ‘BRSIPR Bel’ presented earlier tuberization and were the most efficient cultivars in the partitioning of dry mass to tubers, with the highest coefficient of dry mass partitioning to tubers estimated between 40 and 64 DAP. These two cultivars also showed the highest yield of marketable tubers
Influência de microorganismos eficazes EM-4 no desenvolvimento do repolho liso
No full textThe cabbage culture has economic importance for small farmers, being one of the most consumed vegetables in Brazil, which demands more sustainable and low-cost technologies for its cultivation. Thus, the objective of this work was to analyze the influence of fertilization with biofetilizer enriched with effective microorganisms (EM) on the development of green cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata.) in agroecological production management. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four treatments: (T1 – 0.0%; T2 – 5.0% (0.25 L of inoculated solution for 5 L of dechlorinated mineral water); T3 - 10% (0. 5 L of inoculated solution to 5 L of dechlorinated mineral water) and T4 – 20% (0.75 L of inoculated solution to 5 L of dechlorinated mineral water) and 5 replications. Traits of growth, development and production were evaluated. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and linear regression. The characteristics circumference, longitudinal diameter, transversal diameter, marketable fresh mass, total fresh mass, nitrogen content, protein and moisture showed significant effects in response to EM doses. In general, the regression model with the best fit was the quadratic, with the maximum points close to the 10% dose of effective microorganisms, which is recommend for cabbage crops under agroecological production management.A cultura do repolho possui importância econômica para pequenos produtores rurais, além de ser fundamental na alimentação humana, sendo uma das hortaliças mais consumidas no país, o que demanda tecnologias, mais sustentáveis e de baixo custo, para o seu cultivo. Dessa forma, o objetivo foi analisar a influência da adubação com biofetilizante enriquecido com microorganismos eficazes (EM-4) no desenvolvimento do repolho liso (Brassica oleracea var. capitata.) em manejo agroecológico de produção. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualisados com quatro tratamentos: (T1 – 0,0%; T2 – 5,0% (0,25 L da solução inoculada para 5 L de água mineral sem cloro); T3 - 10% (0,5 L da solução inoculada para 5 L de água mineral sem cloro) e T4 – 20% (0,75 L da solução inoculada para 5 L de água mineral sem cloro) e 5 repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão linear. As características circunferência, diâmetro longitudinal, diâmetro transversal, massa fresca comercial, peso com folhas, teor de nitrogênio, proteína e umidade apresentaram efeitos significativos em resposta às doses de EM-4. Em geral, o modelo de regressão com melhor ajuste foi o quadrático, sendo os pontos de máximo próximos da dose 10% de microorganismos eficazes (EM-4), sendo esta indicada para cultivos de repolho sob manejo agroecológico de produção
Umbu physicochemical quality, diversity in the Caatinga biome and promising genotypes for consumption
Get PDFUmbu (Spondias tuberosa Arruda) is a wild fruit species distributed all over the Caatinga biome in the Northeast of Brazil. The objective of this study was to analyze the physicochemical quality variability of umbu genotypes in the Caatinga biome, and to identify the most promising ones for fresh fruit consumption, processing industry and breeding programs. The fruit of 69 umbu genotypes were harvested at the maturity stage known as swollen, presenting full size and beginning of softening. The plants were cultivated in the umbu germplasm bank (UGB) at the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa, Petrolina, PE, Brazil. Each genotype was characterized by the global position system (GPS) coordinates to understand the distribution of fruit physicochemical quality in different regions in the Caatinga biome. According to the results, fruit physicochemical quality, such as mass, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), and SS/TA ratio are homogeneously distributed all over the Caatinga biome. However, there were three main genotype groups, one characterized by higher fruit mass (52, 55, 57, 60, 65, and 68), other by higher SS (08, 09, 11, 20, 38, 41, and 62), and another by lower AT (02, 03, 07, 08, 16, 24, 27, and 51). Umbu genotypes with the highest mass and SS content can be used for commercial production in order to obtain fruit with desirable trait for the market. In addition, genotypes from all three groups can be used in breeding programs to obtain new genotypes with all desirable traits for fresh fruit consumption and processing industry.Umbu (Spondias tuberosa Arruda) is a wild fruit species distributed all over the Caatinga biome in the Northeast of Brazil. The objective of this study was to analyze the physicochemical quality variability of umbu genotypes in the Caatinga biome, and to identify the most promising ones for fresh fruit consumption, processing industry and breeding programs. The fruit of 69 umbu genotypes were harvested at the maturity stage known as swollen, presenting full size and beginning of softening. The plants were cultivated in the umbu germplasm bank (UGB) at the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa, Petrolina, PE, Brazil. Each genotype was characterized by the global position system (GPS) coordinates to understand the distribution of fruit physicochemical quality in different regions in the Caatinga biome. According to the results, fruit physicochemical quality, such as mass, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), and SS/TA ratio are homogeneously distributed all over the Caatinga biome. However, there were three main genotype groups, one characterized by higher fruit mass (52, 55, 57, 60, 65, and 68), other by higher SS (08, 09, 11, 20, 38, 41, and 62), and another by lower AT (02, 03, 07, 08, 16, 24, 27, and 51). Umbu genotypes with the highest mass and SS content can be used for commercial production in order to obtain fruit with desirable trait for the market. In addition, genotypes from all three groups can be used in breeding programs to obtain new genotypes with all desirable traits for fresh fruit consumption and processing industry
Profitability and efficiency of conduction systems and optimal tomato density for fresh consumption
Get PDFThis study evaluated the productivity and economic profitability of cultivation systems for the table market. A hybrid tomato cultivar, Fascínio was grown in 12 cultivation systems of the “half stake”, “open V”, and “low” types, with four spacings–0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 m between plants and 1.5 m between rows. Eleven fruits were harvested at the mature stage, and the productive (total, commercial, and non-commercial productivity, percentage of losses, and types of damage) and economic (production cost, revenue, and profit) parameters were evaluated. The half-stake and low (both with 0.2 m spacing) cropping systems showed the highest total yields (179 t ha-1), differing from the open V (154.4 t ha-1) and half-stake (0.2 m spacing) systems at higher commercial productivity (158.1 t ha-1). With a production cost below 100 thousand R per hectare and a profitability index above 58%, the half-stake and low (0.2 m spacing) cultivation systems proved to be more productive and economically efficient than the open V system, fulfilling the requirements of tomato growers. The creeping system (0.2 m spacing) had the highest percentage of losses (22%) due to non-marketable fruits; Based on damage nature, the half-stake system tomatoes showed black backgrounds and the open and creeping systems showed tomato locules affected by pests