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Maturation and physiological quality of IAC-863 Rangpur lime seeds
Get PDFThere is a growing demand for high quality seeds to obtain citrus rootstocks. Normative Instruction 48 (MAPA) of September 24, 2013, requires minimum of 50% germination for the marketing of citrus seeds. Harvest season is one of the stages of seed production with great importance to ensure quality, which makes knowing its maturation process an important step. Thus, the objective of this study was to monitor physicochemical changes in IAC-863 Rangpur lime fruits in order to characterize the physiological maturity of seeds, and to define the ideal harvest point in order to obtain seeds with high physiological quality to obtain rootstocks. Physicochemical analysis of fruits (mass loss, color, soluble solids and acidity) and analysis of seeds (water content, germination and emergence) was performed. Higher germination results were observed in seeds obtained from fruits with higher color index and soluble solids content. The storage of IAC-863 Rangpur lime fruits after harvest increases germination rate, especially in mid-season fruits.There is a growing demand for high quality seeds to obtain citrus rootstocks. Normative Instruction 48 (MAPA) of September 24, 2013, requires minimum of 50% germination for the marketing of citrus seeds. Harvest season is one of the stages of seed production with great importance to ensure quality, which makes knowing its maturation process an important step. Thus, the objective of this study was to monitor physicochemical changes in IAC-863 Rangpur lime fruits in order to characterize the physiological maturity of seeds, and to define the ideal harvest point in order to obtain seeds with high physiological quality to obtain rootstocks. Physicochemical analysis of fruits (mass loss, color, soluble solids and acidity) and analysis of seeds (water content, germination and emergence) was performed. Higher germination results were observed in seeds obtained from fruits with higher color index and soluble solids content. The storage of IAC-863 Rangpur lime fruits after harvest increases germination rate, especially in mid-season fruits
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of sugarcane productivity in function of air temperature and water stress
Get PDFClimate variables can influence the both productivity and quality of the commercial product of sugarcane crop. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of thermal time, negative degree-days and water deficit on productivity and industrial quality of sugarcane for the Goiás Brazilian Savanna region. The data of productivity and industrial quality were obtained in the field (Plant Centro Álcool®) and climate data in the weather station. Thermal time and the accumulation of negative degree-days in cycles showed significant correlations with the yield. The highest (340 mm) and the lowest (158 mm) accumulated water deficit blade not reflected in lower productivity and greater, respectively. Relative evapotranspiration (rET) was equal at 1.0 in more than 50% of the studied period, in which not were found significant correlations between the rET<1 with the productivity and industrial quality. We found significant correlations between rates of degree-days and negative degree-days with productivity rates; however, there was a low correlation between the water deficit rates and productivity. The total recoverable sugars rates and total soluble solids showed maximum accumulation point only in function of degree-day rates. We conclude that the thermal time has greater influence on yield decrease of sugarcane with different harvest cycles, significantly contributing to the accumulation of sugars in the stem.Climate variables can influence the both productivity and quality of the commercial product of sugarcane crop. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of thermal time, negative degree-days and water deficit on productivity and industrial quality of sugarcane for the Goiás Brazilian Savanna region. The data of productivity and industrial quality were obtained in the field (Plant Centro Álcool®) and climate data in the weather station. Thermal time and the accumulation of negative degree-days in cycles showed significant correlations with the yield. The highest (340 mm) and the lowest (158 mm) accumulated water deficit blade not reflected in lower productivity and greater, respectively. Relative evapotranspiration (rET) was equal at 1.0 in more than 50% of the studied period, in which not were found significant correlations between the rET<1 with the productivity and industrial quality. We found significant correlations between rates of degree-days and negative degree-days with productivity rates; however, there was a low correlation between the water deficit rates and productivity. The total recoverable sugars rates and total soluble solids showed maximum accumulation point only in function of degree-day rates. We conclude that the thermal time has greater influence on yield decrease of sugarcane with different harvest cycles, significantly contributing to the accumulation of sugars in the stem
Methods for classifying coefficients of variation in experimentation with poultrys
Get PDFThe aim of this work was to evaluate the coefficient of variation (CV) and to establish classification ranges for the main variables evaluated in experimentation with poultrys through different methods. The CV data of different response variables observed in poultry articles (broilers, laying hens, roosters and quails) published in five national journals were tabulated in a Microsoft Excel 2010® worksheet. Afterwards, they were subjected to normality evaluation through the Shapiro-Wilk method, and later the following data of the descriptive statistics were utilized: maximum value, minimum value, range, mean, median, standard deviation, midquartile, first quartile, third quartile, interquartile range, and pseudo sigma. According to the values obtained in the descriptive statistics of the CVs of each variable, classification ranges were elaborated for these values, considering six different forms of classification, adapted from the consulted literature. The results indicated that the classification ranges established for CVs in experiments with poultrys are different from those recommended in statistical textbooks. It is possible to utilize midquartile, pseudo sigma, mean and standard deviation through different methods in order to classify the CVs, but the use of the standard deviation promotes incoherent classifications in certain variables, and promotes increase in the amplitude between the lowest and the highest CV value obtained for the classification ranges.The aim of this work was to evaluate the coefficient of variation (CV) and to establish classification ranges for the main variables evaluated in experimentation with poultrys through different methods. The CV data of different response variables observed in poultry articles (broilers, laying hens, roosters and quails) published in five national journals were tabulated in a Microsoft Excel 2010® worksheet. Afterwards, they were subjected to normality evaluation through the Shapiro-Wilk method, and later the following data of the descriptive statistics were utilized: maximum value, minimum value, range, mean, median, standard deviation, midquartile, first quartile, third quartile, interquartile range, and pseudo sigma. According to the values obtained in the descriptive statistics of the CVs of each variable, classification ranges were elaborated for these values, considering six different forms of classification, adapted from the consulted literature. The results indicated that the classification ranges established for CVs in experiments with poultrys are different from those recommended in statistical textbooks. It is possible to utilize midquartile, pseudo sigma, mean and standard deviation through different methods in order to classify the CVs, but the use of the standard deviation promotes incoherent classifications in certain variables, and promotes increase in the amplitude between the lowest and the highest CV value obtained for the classification ranges
Management of tillering in the production of flower stems of heliconia cultivated in pots
Get PDFPotted cultivation of tropical flowers presents good projections for the northeastern region of Brazil; however, it still faces some peculiarities regarding conduction and management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of tillering on the production of Heliconia psittacorum L.f. cv. Red Opal, grown in flowerpot. The experiment was carried out in a protected environment at the Campus of Agricultural Sciences (CCA) of UNIVASF, Petrolina - PE, Brazil, between 2014 and 2016. A completely randomized design was used, with four tiller densities per pot (4, 8, 12 and 16 tillers) and eight replications, totaling 32 plots. The irrigation system was automated and monitored by weighing lysimetry. Were evaluated: efficiency of water use (EUA); harvested flower stems (HC); ratio of harvested stems and number of tillers (HC / NP); number of leaves (NF); duration of vegetative (DFV) and productive phases (DFP); total cycle (CT); floral stem length (CHF); floral stem diameter (DH), bracts length (CB) and equivalent diameter of the collar (DECH). The results were subjected to regression test. The EUA was higher in the density of 16 tillers pot-1; the HC variable presented an increasing linear trend; a decreasing linear trend was detected for HC/NP, NF, DFP, DH, CB and DECH. The number of tillers in the pot does not limit the emission of floral stems. However, the quality of these is inversely proportional to the tiller density.Potted cultivation of tropical flowers presents good projections for the northeastern region of Brazil; however, it still faces some peculiarities regarding conduction and management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of tillering on the production of Heliconia psittacorum L.f. cv. Red Opal, grown in flowerpot. The experiment was carried out in a protected environment at the Campus of Agricultural Sciences (CCA) of UNIVASF, Petrolina - PE, Brazil, between 2014 and 2016. A completely randomized design was used, with four tiller densities per pot (4, 8, 12 and 16 tillers) and eight replications, totaling 32 plots. The irrigation system was automated and monitored by weighing lysimetry. Were evaluated: efficiency of water use (EUA); harvested flower stems (HC); ratio of harvested stems and number of tillers (HC / NP); number of leaves (NF); duration of vegetative (DFV) and productive phases (DFP); total cycle (CT); floral stem length (CHF); floral stem diameter (DH), bracts length (CB) and equivalent diameter of the collar (DECH). The results were subjected to regression test. The EUA was higher in the density of 16 tillers pot-1; the HC variable presented an increasing linear trend; a decreasing linear trend was detected for HC/NP, NF, DFP, DH, CB and DECH. The number of tillers in the pot does not limit the emission of floral stems. However, the quality of these is inversely proportional to the tiller density
Fruit-feeding butterflies assemblage in Deciduous Seasonal Forest fragments and grassland
Get PDFThis study aims to investigate the diversity and richness of fruit-feeding butterflies in two fragments of Deciduous Seasonal Forest, with different anthropic explorations, comparing the border and interior environments, and an anthropic area with predominance of grassland, in Taquaruçu do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Samplings were conducted fortnightly, from August 2012 to July 2013. In each area, were installed attractive traps with a fermented banana and sugarcane juice. In the fragments were installed four traps on the border and four traps 40 meters from the border and in the cultivated pasture area, four traps were also installed. A total of 2,077 specimens of fruit-feeding butterflies were collected, distributed in 45 species and four subfamilies of the Nymphalidae family. The diversity and richness of the fruit-feeding butterflies were higher in the forest fragments. The quantitative cluster analysis segregated the environments into distinct groups, aggregating border environments. By the qualitative analysis there is greater similarity between the fragments. It is concluded that the composition of the fruit-feeding butterflies species is different among the studied areas, and the environments of the forest fragments have similar diversity and richness among them, while the cultivated grassland area is less richness and diversity.This study aims to investigate the diversity and richness of fruit-feeding butterflies in two fragments of Deciduous Seasonal Forest, with different anthropic explorations, comparing the border and interior environments, and an anthropic area with predominance of grassland, in Taquaruçu do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Samplings were conducted fortnightly, from August 2012 to July 2013. In each area, were installed attractive traps with a fermented banana and sugarcane juice. In the fragments were installed four traps on the border and four traps 40 meters from the border and in the cultivated pasture area, four traps were also installed. A total of 2,077 specimens of fruit-feeding butterflies were collected, distributed in 45 species and four subfamilies of the Nymphalidae family. The diversity and richness of the fruit-feeding butterflies were higher in the forest fragments. The quantitative cluster analysis segregated the environments into distinct groups, aggregating border environments. By the qualitative analysis there is greater similarity between the fragments. It is concluded that the composition of the fruit-feeding butterflies species is different among the studied areas, and the environments of the forest fragments have similar diversity and richness among them, while the cultivated grassland area is less richness and diversity
Comparison of methods for selection of castor beans lineages
Get PDFThe choice of the most appropriate method is determined by the precision desired by the researcher, by the ease of the analysis, as well as by the way of obtaining the data. In order to select lineages of low size and high productivity this study aimed to evaluate different methods of cluster analysis in the representation of genetic divergence, compared to univariate methods. The analyzed variables were grain yield, plant size and oil yield of 24 lineages of castor beans cultivated in the years 2014 and 2015. The Single and Average methods presented similar results in the formation of groups and different from the Complete. Evaluating the purpose of this research the Complete method and principal components analysis, together with the discriminant analysis, were considered the most appropriate methods to evaluate the genetic divergence of the castor bean crop. Lineages 18, 19 and 20 showed average grain yields above 1555 kg.ha-1, high oil content (above 46.9%), and low size plants (below 116 cm).The choice of the most appropriate method is determined by the precision desired by the researcher, by the ease of the analysis, as well as by the way of obtaining the data. In order to select lineages of low size and high productivity this study aimed to evaluate different methods of cluster analysis in the representation of genetic divergence, compared to univariate methods. The analyzed variables were grain yield, plant size and oil yield of 24 lineages of castor beans cultivated in the years 2014 and 2015. The Single and Average methods presented similar results in the formation of groups and different from the Complete. Evaluating the purpose of this research the Complete method and principal components analysis, together with the discriminant analysis, were considered the most appropriate methods to evaluate the genetic divergence of the castor bean crop. Lineages 18, 19 and 20 showed average grain yields above 1555 kg.ha-1, high oil content (above 46.9%), and low size plants (below 116 cm)
Chlorophyll fluorescence as a tool to select salinity-tolerant cowpea genotypes
Get PDFThe use of saline water reduces the growth and productivity of crops, so the need for techniques that make possible the use of this resource such as the use of salinity tolerant genotypes and efficient selection methods are of great importance. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) genotypes to salt stress, through the chlorophyll fluorescence analysis. The experiment was conducted in a protected environment at the Federal University of Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil, using a completely randomized design in a 2 x 10 factorial arrangement, with three replications, consisting of two levels of irrigation water salinity (0.6 and 5.1 dS m-1) and ten cowpea genotypes: (G1: MNCO1-649F-2-1, G2: MNCO3-736F-2, G3: PINGO DE OURO-1-2, G4: BRS GURGUÉIA, G5: BRS MARATAOÃ, G6: MNCO2-676F-3, G7: MNCO2-683F-1, G8: MNCO3-737F-5-4, G9: MNCO3-737F-5-9, and G10: BRS TUMUCUMAQUE). The stem length, stem diameter, SPAD index, and chlorophyll fluorescence transients were evaluated. The G2 and G4 genotypes had the lowest reductions in the growth, stem diameter, initial fluorescence, and primary and maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, proving to be tolerant to salinity. Chlorophyll fluorescence is a tool that can be used in the selection of salinity-tolerant cowpea genotypes.The use of saline water reduces the growth and productivity of crops, so the need for techniques that make possible the use of this resource such as the use of salinity tolerant genotypes and efficient selection methods are of great importance. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) genotypes to salt stress, through the chlorophyll fluorescence analysis. The experiment was conducted in a protected environment at the Federal University of Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil, using a completely randomized design in a 2 x 10 factorial arrangement, with three replications, consisting of two levels of irrigation water salinity (0.6 and 5.1 dS m-1) and ten cowpea genotypes: (G1: MNCO1-649F-2-1, G2: MNCO3-736F-2, G3: PINGO DE OURO-1-2, G4: BRS GURGUÉIA, G5: BRS MARATAOÃ, G6: MNCO2-676F-3, G7: MNCO2-683F-1, G8: MNCO3-737F-5-4, G9: MNCO3-737F-5-9, and G10: BRS TUMUCUMAQUE). The stem length, stem diameter, SPAD index, and chlorophyll fluorescence transients were evaluated. The G2 and G4 genotypes had the lowest reductions in the growth, stem diameter, initial fluorescence, and primary and maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, proving to be tolerant to salinity. Chlorophyll fluorescence is a tool that can be used in the selection of salinity-tolerant cowpea genotypes
Organic cultivation of yellow passion fruit using tall seedlings with long root systems
Get PDFStudies related to adaptation to the environment and different conditions of water availability contribute to decision-making regarding the management of any crop to be implanted. Accordingly, this work aimed to evaluate the yield and quality of organic yellow passion fruit cultivated in a long root system in dryland conditions. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with five treatments and four replications with four plants each. The treatments consisted of the alteration of the length of the root system, namely: T1 = 25 cm; T2 = 50 cm; T3 = 75 cm; T4 = 100 cm; and T5 = 125 cm. At 120 days after emergence (DAE), the seedlings were transplanted to the field and the following variables were evaluated: plant height (cm) and base diameter (mm) at 120 DAE; total titratable acidity (TTA), total soluble solids (TSS), Ratio (TSS/TTA); and fruit yield. The cultivation of tall seedlings with a long root system provides the maintenance of production during the dry season. The TTA, TSS, and the ratio do not change when modifying the length of the root system, although they do change with the harvest season. The cultivation of passion fruit in an organic system using plants with a long root system with an estimated length of 114 cm provides a higher fruit yield (7,472 kg ha-1) in 22 months of cultivation.Studies related to adaptation to the environment and different conditions of water availability contribute to decision-making regarding the management of any crop to be implanted. Accordingly, this work aimed to evaluate the yield and quality of organic yellow passion fruit cultivated in a long root system in dryland conditions. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with five treatments and four replications with four plants each. The treatments consisted of the alteration of the length of the root system, namely: T1 = 25 cm; T2 = 50 cm; T3 = 75 cm; T4 = 100 cm; and T5 = 125 cm. At 120 days after emergence (DAE), the seedlings were transplanted to the field and the following variables were evaluated: plant height (cm) and base diameter (mm) at 120 DAE; total titratable acidity (TTA), total soluble solids (TSS), Ratio (TSS/TTA); and fruit yield. The cultivation of tall seedlings with a long root system provides the maintenance of production during the dry season. The TTA, TSS, and the ratio do not change when modifying the length of the root system, although they do change with the harvest season. The cultivation of passion fruit in an organic system using plants with a long root system with an estimated length of 114 cm provides a higher fruit yield (7,472 kg ha-1) in 22 months of cultivation
Compared Cranial Osteology of Species of Leptoptilus (Lesson, 1831) (Aves, Ciconiidae)
Get PDFThe species of the Ciconiidae family (Ciconiiformes), commonly known as storks, exhibit a cosmopolite distribution, being represented by swamp birds of medium and large size. The present work aimed to describe minutely and comparatively the cranial osteology of Leptoptilus species. The study was performed based on the description of cranial bones of the species Leptoptilus dubius, L. crumeniferus, and L. javanicus. The studied specimens were previously prepared (dry crania and mandibles). Among the studied characteristics, it was possible to observe some structures of systematic importance, such as the zygomatic process, the temporal fossa, the ectethmoid, the superior maxilla, the quadrate bone that interconnects the palate, the neurocranium, and the mandible, performing a key role in the work of cranial kinesis. Leptoptilus javanicus possesses, in the lateral portion of the cranium, an emargination of the rostrodorsal edge of the postorbital process, not observed in either Leptoptilus dubius or Leptoptilus crumeniferus. The fossa ventralis possesses a projection in the caudal extremities in L. dubius and L. crumeniferus, which is absent in L. javanicus. The transpalatine process is present in both L. dubius and L. crumeniferus and is absent in L. javanicus. The pterygoid process of the palatine is short in both L. dubius and L. crumeniferus, and long in L. javanicus. The ectethmoid is reduced in both L. dubius and L. javanicus, whereas in L. crumeniferus, besides being more developed, it presents a “U” shape. Based on the present study, L. dubius and L. crumeniferus are phylogenetically closer to each other than L. javanicus.The species of the Ciconiidae family (Ciconiiformes), commonly known as storks, exhibit a cosmopolite distribution, being represented by swamp birds of medium and large size. The present work aimed to describe minutely and comparatively the cranial osteology of Leptoptilus species. The study was performed based on the description of cranial bones of the species Leptoptilus dubius, L. crumeniferus, and L. javanicus. The studied specimens were previously prepared (dry crania and mandibles). Among the studied characteristics, it was possible to observe some structures of systematic importance, such as the zygomatic process, the temporal fossa, the ectethmoid, the superior maxilla, the quadrate bone that interconnects the palate, the neurocranium, and the mandible, performing a key role in the work of cranial kinesis. Leptoptilus javanicus possesses, in the lateral portion of the cranium, an emargination of the rostrodorsal edge of the postorbital process, not observed in either Leptoptilus dubius or Leptoptilus crumeniferus. The fossa ventralis possesses a projection in the caudal extremities in L. dubius and L. crumeniferus, which is absent in L. javanicus. The transpalatine process is present in both L. dubius and L. crumeniferus and is absent in L. javanicus. The pterygoid process of the palatine is short in both L. dubius and L. crumeniferus, and long in L. javanicus. The ectethmoid is reduced in both L. dubius and L. javanicus, whereas in L. crumeniferus, besides being more developed, it presents a “U” shape. Based on the present study, L. dubius and L. crumeniferus are phylogenetically closer to each other than L. javanicus
Reactive natural phosphate and nitrogen fertilizers in Marandu grass fertilization
Get PDFThis study aimed to identify a nitrogen fertilizer in order to allow the use of reactive natural phosphate (phosphate rock) in the fertilization of Marandu grass (palisade grass cv. Marandu) in a sandy clayey Oxisol with low phosphorus content. The experiment was performed in a plant nursery at the Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), in a completely randomized experimental design, in a split-plot scheme, with eight replications. The plots consisted of six fertilization treatments of the Marandu grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu), divided into four treatments applied after liming and two treatments without liming. Treatments in the presence of liming were: single superphosphate and urea, single superphosphate and ammonium sulfate, urea and reactive natural phosphate, reactive natural phosphate and ammonium sulfate. Treatments without liming were: reactive natural phosphate and urea, reactive natural phosphate and ammonium sulfate. For this experiment, three growth times were evaluated. Ammonium sulfate allows the use of reactive natural phosphate in the fertilization of the Marandu grass even after liming, whilst urea does not provide sufficient acidity.This study aimed to identify a nitrogen fertilizer in order to allow the use of reactive natural phosphate (phosphate rock) in the fertilization of Marandu grass (palisade grass cv. Marandu) in a sandy clayey Oxisol with low phosphorus content. The experiment was performed in a plant nursery at the Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), in a completely randomized experimental design, in a split-plot scheme, with eight replications. The plots consisted of six fertilization treatments of the Marandu grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu), divided into four treatments applied after liming and two treatments without liming. Treatments in the presence of liming were: single superphosphate and urea, single superphosphate and ammonium sulfate, urea and reactive natural phosphate, reactive natural phosphate and ammonium sulfate. Treatments without liming were: reactive natural phosphate and urea, reactive natural phosphate and ammonium sulfate. For this experiment, three growth times were evaluated. Ammonium sulfate allows the use of reactive natural phosphate in the fertilization of the Marandu grass even after liming, whilst urea does not provide sufficient acidity