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Pollination techniques in zucchini production in the presence of boron fertilization
Get PDFZucchini (Curcubita pepo L.), known in Brazil as “abóbora de moita”, belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family and is among the top ten vegetables produced and of highest economic value in Brazil. The present study aims to evaluate the efficiency of different forms of pollination in zucchini plantations subject to boron fertilization. The experimental design used was randomized blocks in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement, with four replications. The treatments consisted of a combination of four pollination methods (fruiting induced with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); manual pollination; natural pollination by bees and control) and boron fertilization (absent and in the soil at a dose of 2 kg ha-1). The percentage of flowering was evaluated and, of the harvested squashes, the diameter, length and average weight of the commercial fruits (those uniform in terms of shape, size, and color) were recorded. The application of 2,4-D promoted the greatest fruit setting rate, diameter, length and mass in the squash. 2,4-D promoted the development of parthenocarpic fruits and can be used to promote yield gains in zucchini production.Zucchini (Curcubita pepo L.), known in Brazil as “abóbora de moita”, belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family and is among the top ten vegetables produced and of highest economic value in Brazil. The present study aims to evaluate the efficiency of different forms of pollination in zucchini plantations subject to boron fertilization. The experimental design used was randomized blocks in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement, with four replications. The treatments consisted of a combination of four pollination methods (fruiting induced with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); manual pollination; natural pollination by bees and control) and boron fertilization (absent and in the soil at a dose of 2 kg ha-1). The percentage of flowering was evaluated and, of the harvested squashes, the diameter, length and average weight of the commercial fruits (those uniform in terms of shape, size, and color) were recorded. The application of 2,4-D promoted the greatest fruit setting rate, diameter, length and mass in the squash. 2,4-D promoted the development of parthenocarpic fruits and can be used to promote yield gains in zucchini production
Chemical soil and leaf properties in yellow passion fruit cultivation with organic fertilization
Get PDFThe yellow passion fruit presents a high nutritional demand, and successive cultivations in the same area lead the soil to nutritional exhaustion, creating the need for restitution through fertilizers. In the context of organic managements, alternatives must be sought, which, besides improving soil fertility, can increase the contents of soil organic matter. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of organic basal fertilization in passion fruit cultivation on the chemical properties of the soil and nutrient contents of the plant. Two experiments were performed in two rural properties, with soils presenting sandy-loam and clay-loam texture. The experimental design was in randomized blocks (RBD), with 5 treatments and 4 blocks. The treatments consisted of the application of organic compost in different planting hole diameters: 0.4 m; 0.8 m; 1.2 m; 1.6 m, and 2.0 m, and their respective volumes of organic compost: 0.0007 m³; 0.03 m³; 0.06 m³, 0.10 m³; 0.16 m³. The chemical characteristics of the soil and the foliar content of nutrients were evaluated. Soil texture interferes with the effects of organic fertilization. Regardless of the texture, fertilization increases the contents of organic matter and P in the soil. The successive organic cultivation in a sandy-loam soil increases the content of P and provides higher foliar contents of N, P, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Na.The yellow passion fruit presents a high nutritional demand, and successive cultivations in the same area lead the soil to nutritional exhaustion, creating the need for restitution through fertilizers. In the context of organic managements, alternatives must be sought, which, besides improving soil fertility, can increase the contents of soil organic matter. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of organic basal fertilization in passion fruit cultivation on the chemical properties of the soil and nutrient contents of the plant. Two experiments were performed in two rural properties, with soils presenting sandy-loam and clay-loam texture. The experimental design was in randomized blocks (RBD), with 5 treatments and 4 blocks. The treatments consisted of the application of organic compost in different planting hole diameters: 0.4 m; 0.8 m; 1.2 m; 1.6 m, and 2.0 m, and their respective volumes of organic compost: 0.0007 m³; 0.03 m³; 0.06 m³, 0.10 m³; 0.16 m³. The chemical characteristics of the soil and the foliar content of nutrients were evaluated. Soil texture interferes with the effects of organic fertilization. Regardless of the texture, fertilization increases the contents of organic matter and P in the soil. The successive organic cultivation in a sandy-loam soil increases the content of P and provides higher foliar contents of N, P, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Na
Microclimatic behavior of a screen house proposed for horticultural production in low-altitude tropical climate conditions
Get PDFIn developing countries, horticultural production in low-altitude tropical climate conditions is often limited by biotic and abiotic factors. In these countries, the implementation of highly technical greenhouses is not feasible due to economic, social and cultural issues related to farmers. Therefore, one of the alternatives that has taken a great boom is the use of screen house structures (SH), although information on the microclimatic behavior of these is still limited. The objective of this research was to use an experimentally validated 3D CFD numerical simulation model to study the thermal behavior and airflow patterns in an SH located in the Colombian Caribbean region during the daytime hours (6:00 to18:00 h). The results obtained showed that the air flow patterns inside the SH showed speed reductions of up to 68% with respect to the speed of the external wind. It was also found that the thermal behavior inside the SH was quite homogeneous, the average temperature values in the structures ranged between 23.9 and 39 °C and the difference with external environment temperature did not exceed 1.8 °C. It was concluded that the implementation of this type of structure could be an useful technological tool for the optimization of horticultural production in low-altitude tropical climate regions.In developing countries, horticultural production in low-altitude tropical climate conditions is often limited by biotic and abiotic factors. In these countries, the implementation of highly technical greenhouses is not feasible due to economic, social and cultural issues related to farmers. Therefore, one of the alternatives that has taken a great boom is the use of screen house structures (SH), although information on the microclimatic behavior of these is still limited. The objective of this research was to use an experimentally validated 3D CFD numerical simulation model to study the thermal behavior and airflow patterns in an SH located in the Colombian Caribbean region during the daytime hours (6:00 to18:00 h). The results obtained showed that the air flow patterns inside the SH showed speed reductions of up to 68% with respect to the speed of the external wind. It was also found that the thermal behavior inside the SH was quite homogeneous, the average temperature values in the structures ranged between 23.9 and 39 °C and the difference with external environment temperature did not exceed 1.8 °C. It was concluded that the implementation of this type of structure could be an useful technological tool for the optimization of horticultural production in low-altitude tropical climate regions
Agroeconomic viability of grape-common bean intercropping
Get PDFThe intercropping of agricultural crops aims to increase the profitability and the sustainability of the production systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agroeconomic viability of the intercropping of grape with common bean grown at different planting densities and weed management. The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks in a split-plot scheme. Treatments in the plots consisted of weed managements, mowing and chemical, and, in the subplot, the intercropping of grape with 0, 4, 8 and 12 common bean plants/linear meter. Grape-common bean intercropping and weed management did not influence the performance of grape crop. Regarding the agronomic characteristics of common bean, the highest values of plant height and yield were found with 8 and 12 plants/linear meter. Plant dry mass was higher when the common bean was intercropped with 4 plants, compared to 12 plants. For the agroeconomic indicators, land use efficiency index, monetary advantage and corrected monetary advantage, the best results were found with the intercropping with 8 bean plants, while the best results for gross income and net income were found under intercropping with 12 plants. Chemical and mowing weed managements can be recommended for the grape-common bean intercropping because they are efficient and do not affect the performance of the intercropped crops. The intercropping of grape with common bean is feasible because the gross and net income increase up to the density of 12 plants of common bean/linear meter and the intercropping with 8 plants/linear meter resulted in higher values of land use efficiency and monetary advantage.The intercropping of agricultural crops aims to increase the profitability and the sustainability of the production systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agroeconomic viability of the intercropping of grape with common bean grown at different planting densities and weed management. The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks in a split-plot scheme. Treatments in the plots consisted of weed managements, mowing and chemical, and, in the subplot, the intercropping of grape with 0, 4, 8 and 12 common bean plants/linear meter. Grape-common bean intercropping and weed management did not influence the performance of grape crop. Regarding the agronomic characteristics of common bean, the highest values of plant height and yield were found with 8 and 12 plants/linear meter. Plant dry mass was higher when the common bean was intercropped with 4 plants, compared to 12 plants. For the agroeconomic indicators, land use efficiency index, monetary advantage and corrected monetary advantage, the best results were found with the intercropping with 8 bean plants, while the best results for gross income and net income were found under intercropping with 12 plants. Chemical and mowing weed managements can be recommended for the grape-common bean intercropping because they are efficient and do not affect the performance of the intercropped crops. The intercropping of grape with common bean is feasible because the gross and net income increase up to the density of 12 plants of common bean/linear meter and the intercropping with 8 plants/linear meter resulted in higher values of land use efficiency and monetary advantage
Simultaneous selection of peach rootstocks by mixed models
Get PDFThe term adaptability refers to the ability of a genotype to respond favorably to environmental spur, while stability is the predictability of genotypic behavior. Therefore, the objective was to select Prunus rootstock cultivars with greater adaptability and genotypic stability for subtropical environmental conditions using the HMPRVG method. The experiment was conducted in Chapecó, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Twenty-one rootstock genotypes were evaluated under the ‘BRS-Libra’ canopy cultivar and one genotype from self-rooted seedlings. The 22 genotypes were evaluated for canopy volume, yield, fruit diameter and fruit set in the growing seasons 2015/16, 2016/17, 2017/18 and 2018/19. Adaptability and stability were measured by means of the harmonic mean relative performance of genotypic values (HMRPGV). In addition, genetic parameters for heritability and ratio test were measured. According to the results, the self-rooted, ‘De Guia’, ‘I-67-52-4’, ‘Mexico Row 1’ and ‘Rosaflor’ genotypes coincided most frequently in the ranking of the three most adaptable and stable genotypes. On the other hand, the ‘P. mandshurica’, ‘Rigitano’ and ‘Santa Rosa’ genotypes corresponded to the lowest adaptability and stability values, thus constituting low quality genetic materials for cultivation. It can be concluded that under the tested conditions the HMPRVG method is efficient for the Prunus rootstock selection cultivars and the ‘BRS-Libra’ grafted on ‘Mexico Row 1’, ‘Rosaflor’ rootstocks and trees from self-rooted seedlings have greater adaptability and phenotypic stability under the subtropical cultivation conditions.The term adaptability refers to the ability of a genotype to respond favorably to environmental spur, while stability is the predictability of genotypic behavior. Therefore, the objective was to select Prunus rootstock cultivars with greater adaptability and genotypic stability for subtropical environmental conditions using the HMPRVG method. The experiment was conducted in Chapecó, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Twenty-one rootstock genotypes were evaluated under the ‘BRS-Libra’ canopy cultivar and one genotype from self-rooted seedlings. The 22 genotypes were evaluated for canopy volume, yield, fruit diameter and fruit set in the growing seasons 2015/16, 2016/17, 2017/18 and 2018/19. Adaptability and stability were measured by means of the harmonic mean relative performance of genotypic values (HMRPGV). In addition, genetic parameters for heritability and ratio test were measured. According to the results, the self-rooted, ‘De Guia’, ‘I-67-52-4’, ‘Mexico Row 1’ and ‘Rosaflor’ genotypes coincided most frequently in the ranking of the three most adaptable and stable genotypes. On the other hand, the ‘P. mandshurica’, ‘Rigitano’ and ‘Santa Rosa’ genotypes corresponded to the lowest adaptability and stability values, thus constituting low quality genetic materials for cultivation. It can be concluded that under the tested conditions the HMPRVG method is efficient for the Prunus rootstock selection cultivars and the ‘BRS-Libra’ grafted on ‘Mexico Row 1’, ‘Rosaflor’ rootstocks and trees from self-rooted seedlings have greater adaptability and phenotypic stability under the subtropical cultivation conditions
Physico-chemical properties of mango pulp and cajarana blends
Get PDFThe mango and cajarana are pleasant-tasting fruits, yellow in color, have ascorbic acid with antioxidant properties that slow down oxidation and help the immune system to promote well-being. The production of blends can improve nutritional and sensory characteristics, combining macro and micronutrients that may be present in a higher concentration in one fruit and deficient in another, increasing the possibility of obtaining new flavors constituting a new product. The study had as objective the elaboration of blends of mango cv. espada and cajarana and to determine the physical-chemical characteristics and color parameters. Three formulations were prepared: F1 - 50% mango pulp and 50% cajarana pulp; F2 - 90% mango pulp and 10% cajarana pulp and F3 - 10% mango pulp and 90% cajarana pulp. The formulations were evaluated for physicochemical parameters of water activity, moisture content, ash, total soluble solids, pH, total titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, proteins, lipids, total sugars, reducers, non-reducers and color parameters. The data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance and comparison between means by the Tukey test. The blends caused significant changes in most of the parameters evaluated, with an increase in the moisture content, ash, total titratable acidity, proteins and lipids as the concentration of the cajarana pulp was increased. The increase in the proportion of mango pulp favored the achievement of lighter blends, with a predominance of yellowness. However, the development of blends from this study presents itself as a viable alternative for the use of fruit pulps, both in terms of nutrition, complementing the nutrient content through this mixture as a very promising product for the market.The mango and cajarana are pleasant-tasting fruits, yellow in color, have ascorbic acid with antioxidant properties that slow down oxidation and help the immune system to promote well-being. The production of blends can improve nutritional and sensory characteristics, combining macro and micronutrients that may be present in a higher concentration in one fruit and deficient in another, increasing the possibility of obtaining new flavors constituting a new product. The study had as objective the elaboration of blends of mango cv. espada and cajarana and to determine the physical-chemical characteristics and color parameters. Three formulations were prepared: F1 - 50% mango pulp and 50% cajarana pulp; F2 - 90% mango pulp and 10% cajarana pulp and F3 - 10% mango pulp and 90% cajarana pulp. The formulations were evaluated for physicochemical parameters of water activity, moisture content, ash, total soluble solids, pH, total titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, proteins, lipids, total sugars, reducers, non-reducers and color parameters. The data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance and comparison between means by the Tukey test. The blends caused significant changes in most of the parameters evaluated, with an increase in the moisture content, ash, total titratable acidity, proteins and lipids as the concentration of the cajarana pulp was increased. The increase in the proportion of mango pulp favored the achievement of lighter blends, with a predominance of yellowness. However, the development of blends from this study presents itself as a viable alternative for the use of fruit pulps, both in terms of nutrition, complementing the nutrient content through this mixture as a very promising product for the market
Flowering, fruit production and quality of passion fruit hybrids in Minas Gerais, Brazil
Get PDFThe aim of this work was to characterize flowering aspects, as well as to evaluate the agronomic performance and fruit quality of the main sour passion fruit hybrids. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replicates and five treatments, consisting of the following commercial hybrids: ‘FB300-Araguary’, ‘FB200-Yellow Master’, ‘BRS Gigante Amarelo, ‘BRS Sol do Cerrado’ and ‘BRS Rubi do Cerrado’ and the experimental unit consisted of three plants. Phenological characterization and the aspects related to flowering were performed through visual observations of the beginning and duration of the events. Hybrid production was determined by weighing all fruits harvested during the production period. For physical and physicochemical variables such as fruit mass, peel mass, seed mass, pulp mass, peel yield, seed yield, pulp yield, peel thickness, number of seeds, longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, fruit shape, were evaluated, peel firmness, peel and pulp color, pH, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity and TSS/TTA ratio were evaluated. The beginning of flowering and harvesting was 02/22/19 and 04/22/2019, respectively. All studied hybrids had similar production and yield responses, with ideal physical characteristics for processing or fresh consumption.
The aim of this work was to characterize flowering aspects, as well as to evaluate the agronomic performance and fruit quality of the main sour passion fruit hybrids. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replicates and five treatments, consisting of the following commercial hybrids: ‘FB300-Araguary’, ‘FB200-Yellow Master’, ‘BRS Gigante Amarelo, ‘BRS Sol do Cerrado’ and ‘BRS Rubi do Cerrado’ and the experimental unit consisted of three plants. Phenological characterization and the aspects related to flowering were performed through visual observations of the beginning and duration of the events. Hybrid production was determined by weighing all fruits harvested during the production period. For physical and physicochemical variables such as fruit mass, peel mass, seed mass, pulp mass, peel yield, seed yield, pulp yield, peel thickness, number of seeds, longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, fruit shape, were evaluated, peel firmness, peel and pulp color, pH, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity and TSS/TTA ratio were evaluated. The beginning of flowering and harvesting was 02/22/19 and 04/22/2019, respectively. All studied hybrids had similar production and yield responses, with ideal physical characteristics for processing or fresh consumption
Morphophysiological characteristics of okra plants submitted to saline stress in soil with organic fertilizer
Get PDFThe excess of salts may compromise the growth and physiological functions of plants, but the use of bovine organic fertilizer can mitigate these effects. It was intended was to evaluate the saline stress in soil with and without bovine organic fertilizer on the initial growth, the accumulation of biomass and the gas exchanges of the okra culture. The test was conducted at the UNILAB’s experimental farm, in Piroás, in Redenção – CE city. The treatments were distributed in a completely randomized design with five replications, in a 5 x 2 factorial concerning five irrigation water salinity levels (1.0; 2.0; 3.0; 4.0 and 5.0 dS m-1), in the presence and absence of bovine organic fertilizer. Plant height, stem diameter, root length, a dry mass of shoot, photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance were evaluated. The bovine organic fertilizer promoted better means in initial growth and biomass in okra plants compared to the control treatment, thus showing efficiency in the attenuation of the salts present in irrigation water. The increase in the saline concentration of the irrigation water reduced the gas exchange (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration) in okra plants. Nonetheless, in smaller proportions in the soil with the bovine organic fertilizer.The excess of salts may compromise the growth and physiological functions of plants, but the use of bovine organic fertilizer can mitigate these effects. It was intended was to evaluate the saline stress in soil with and without bovine organic fertilizer on the initial growth, the accumulation of biomass and the gas exchanges of the okra culture. The test was conducted at the UNILAB’s experimental farm, in Piroás, in Redenção – CE city. The treatments were distributed in a completely randomized design with five replications, in a 5 x 2 factorial concerning five irrigation water salinity levels (1.0; 2.0; 3.0; 4.0 and 5.0 dS m-1), in the presence and absence of bovine organic fertilizer. Plant height, stem diameter, root length, a dry mass of shoot, photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance were evaluated. The bovine organic fertilizer promoted better means in initial growth and biomass in okra plants compared to the control treatment, thus showing efficiency in the attenuation of the salts present in irrigation water. The increase in the saline concentration of the irrigation water reduced the gas exchange (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration) in okra plants. Nonetheless, in smaller proportions in the soil with the bovine organic fertilizer
Refrigerated storage of pitombas subjected to different packaging
Get PDFThis study aimed to verify the effect of the association between refrigeration and packaging on the preservation of postharvest quality of pitombas during storage. The fruits were harvested, transported to the laboratory, where they were selected, washed with neutral detergent and drinking water, and left to dry. Subsequently, the fruits packed in polypropylene (PP), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) + expanded polystyrene (EPS), and no packaging (Control). After this process, they were stored at temperatures of 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14±1 °C at 75±5% relative humidity (RH). The fruits were evaluated during 12 days for postharvest preservation, firmness, soluble solids content, pH, hue angle and chroma of the peel, with three replications of 10 fruits each, using a completely randomized design in a 5 × 5 × 7 factorial scheme (5 temperatures × 5 packages × 7 days of analysis). The results were subjected to analysis of variance (P≤0.05) and, when significant, the means were compared using the Scott-Knott test and regression at a 5% significance level. The use of LDPE packaging associated with refrigeration at 6 °C can be used to store pitombas for 12 days, as these conditions preserved the evaluated parameters, guaranteeing fruit quality.This study aimed to verify the effect of the association between refrigeration and packaging on the preservation of postharvest quality of pitombas during storage. The fruits were harvested, transported to the laboratory, where they were selected, washed with neutral detergent and drinking water, and left to dry. Subsequently, the fruits packed in polypropylene (PP), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) + expanded polystyrene (EPS), and no packaging (Control). After this process, they were stored at temperatures of 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14±1 °C at 75±5% relative humidity (RH). The fruits were evaluated during 12 days for postharvest preservation, firmness, soluble solids content, pH, hue angle and chroma of the peel, with three replications of 10 fruits each, using a completely randomized design in a 5 × 5 × 7 factorial scheme (5 temperatures × 5 packages × 7 days of analysis). The results were subjected to analysis of variance (P≤0.05) and, when significant, the means were compared using the Scott-Knott test and regression at a 5% significance level. The use of LDPE packaging associated with refrigeration at 6 °C can be used to store pitombas for 12 days, as these conditions preserved the evaluated parameters, guaranteeing fruit quality
Agronomic performance of blackberry cultivars in environmental protection area
Get PDFThe demand for blackberry has been increasing due to the results of studies on its nutraceutical properties. Moreover, the rusticity of its plants allows its cultivation with reduced use of pesticides, becoming feasible to grow it in areas of environmental protection (APA). As a non-traditional crop in the country and its requirement in specific climatic conditions, there is a lack of studies about management techniques and the adaptability of cultivars in different regions. Thus, it is necessary to study phenological behavior and fruit quality in potential regions. Therefore, this work aimed to verify the adaptability of blackberry cultivars in environmental protection area in Pinhais – PR (Brazil), with no use of pesticides, as well as to evaluate the quality of the fruits produced under this condition, focusing on the recommendation of the cultivars more adapted and the best destination of fruits produced. For this, the phenological and productive performance of seven blackberry cultivars: Tupy, Guarani, Cherokee, Xavante, Brazos, Choctaw, and Arapaho were observed during the cycles of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019. Brazos cultivar had the earliest harvest period, Guarani and Xavante cultivars were intermediate and Tupy and Cherokee cultivars were later in the region. The highest yields were obtained with the cultivars Tupy, Guarani, Xavante, Cherokee, and Brazos. The harvest period extended from November to January. Tupy cultivar produces larger fruits and is the most recommended for marketing as fresh fruit. Other cultivars are recommended for industrialization.The demand for blackberry has been increasing due to the results of studies on its nutraceutical properties. Moreover, the rusticity of its plants allows its cultivation with reduced use of pesticides, becoming feasible to grow it in areas of environmental protection (APA). As a non-traditional crop in the country and its requirement in specific climatic conditions, there is a lack of studies about management techniques and the adaptability of cultivars in different regions. Thus, it is necessary to study phenological behavior and fruit quality in potential regions. Therefore, this work aimed to verify the adaptability of blackberry cultivars in environmental protection area in Pinhais – PR (Brazil), with no use of pesticides, as well as to evaluate the quality of the fruits produced under this condition, focusing on the recommendation of the cultivars more adapted and the best destination of fruits produced. For this, the phenological and productive performance of seven blackberry cultivars: Tupy, Guarani, Cherokee, Xavante, Brazos, Choctaw, and Arapaho were observed during the cycles of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019. Brazos cultivar had the earliest harvest period, Guarani and Xavante cultivars were intermediate and Tupy and Cherokee cultivars were later in the region. The highest yields were obtained with the cultivars Tupy, Guarani, Xavante, Cherokee, and Brazos. The harvest period extended from November to January. Tupy cultivar produces larger fruits and is the most recommended for marketing as fresh fruit. Other cultivars are recommended for industrialization