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Harvest timing and potassium doses on post-harvest quality of dwarf-green coconut water
Get PDFCoconut is an expressive culture in tropical climate regions and its yield and fruit quality is directly linked to several factors, such as climatic conditions, fertilizer management, harvesting fruits period and other factors. Aiming to evaluate post-harvest of irrigated green dwarf coconut water quality due to potassium doses and different harvesting time, an experiment was carried out at the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid - UFERSA from January to November 2015. The experimental design was split-plot randomized blocks. Plots were 5 potassium doses (0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 g plant-1) and the subplots 4 harvesting time of fruits (5, 6, 7 and 8 months after the opening of the inflorescence), 4 blocks and 2 plants for a total of 40 treatment plants. The experimental area consisted of coconut trees of green dwarf variety with four years old. Were evaluated the titratable acidity, soluble solids, ratio, electrical conductivity, pH, total sugar and levels of potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium and chlorine from coconut water. Under the conditions studied, higher doses of potassium decreased qualitative characteristics of coconut water, the absence of potassium fertilization coconut trees had better results. The optimal harvest time is between 6 and 7 months old.O coco é uma cultura expressiva em regiões de clima tropical e seu rendimento e qualidade dos frutos estão diretamente ligados a diversos fatores, como condições climáticas, manejo de fertilizantes, período de colheita dos frutos e outros fatores. Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade pós-colheita de água de coco anã verde irrigada por doses de potássio e diferentes épocas de colheita, foi realizado um experimento na Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido - UFERSA de janeiro a novembro de 2015. O delineamento experimental foi dividido - traçar blocos aleatórios. Parcelas foram 5 doses de potássio (0, 150, 300, 450 e 600 g planta-1) e as subparcelas 4 tempo de colheita dos frutos (5, 6, 7 e 8 meses após a abertura da inflorescência), 4 blocos e 2 plantas para um total de 40 estações de tratamento. A área experimental foi constituída por coqueiros da variedade anã verde com quatro anos de idade. Foram avaliados a acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, razão, condutividade elétrica, pH, teor de açúcar total e níveis de potássio, cálcio, magnésio, sódio e cloro da água de coco. Nas condições estudadas, doses mais elevadas de potássio diminuíram as características qualitativas da água de coco, a ausência de adubação potássica nos coqueiros teve melhores resultados. O tempo ótimo de colheita é entre 6 e 7 meses de idad
Selection of pepper genotypes for ornamentation
Get PDFObtaining a variety that has high performance characteristics is the main focus of a breeding program. It is of interest to the breeder an ideotype plant that contains all the characteristics of interest for commercialization. With the objective of to evaluate the potential of genotypes of Capsicum annuum, with desirable ornamentation characteristics, 29 genotypes of C. annuum was evaluated. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design, with 29 treatments (genotypes) and five replications. Eleven characteristics of plant, flower and fruit were evaluated. The cultivar Calypso was chosen as an ideotype because it has characters that are highly desirable in the ornamentation market. Genetic variability was observed for all traits. The factor analysis was efficient in reducing the 11 characteristics in three factors. Based on the factor analysis and the distance between genotype-ideotype, nine genotypes were selected for presenting means close to those of the ideotype, for all the characteristics evaluated.A obtenção de uma variedade com características de alto desempenho é o foco principal de um programa de melhoramento. É de interesse do criador uma planta de ideótipo que contém todas as características de interesse para comercialização. Com o objetivo de avaliar o potencial dos genótipos de Capsicum annuum, com características desejáveis de ornamentação, foram avaliados 29 genótipos de C. annuum. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação no delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com 29 tratamentos (genótipos) e cinco repetições. Foram avaliadas onze características de plantas, flores e frutos. A cultivar Calypso foi escolhida como ideótipo por possuir caracteres altamente desejáveis no mercado de ornamentação. Variabilidade genética foi observada para todas as características. A análise fatorial foi eficiente na redução das 11 características em três fatores. Com base na análise fatorial e na distância entre o genótipo-ideótipo, nove genótipos foram selecionados por apresentar médias próximas às do ideótipo, para todas as características avaliadas
Prediction of genetic potential of ornamental pepper parents
Get PDFParental choice is very important in breeding programs. Better results are obtained when in the base population, a large genetic variability is combined with high average for traits. The objective was to estimate averages, heritabilities and genetic diversity among eight Capsicum annuum ornamental lines based on fruit and plant characteristics and to determine the correlation between these traits and their contribution to genetic variability in order to predict the potential of these accessions as genitors. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were grouped by Scott- Knott method at 5% probability. Estimates of heritabilities and genetic (CVg) and environmental (CVe) variances were obtained. Tocher\u27s and canonical variables analysis were used to evaluate genetic divergence. The importance of variables for estimating genetic divergence was determined by the Singh’s method, by canonical analysis and based on genotypic correlations. CVg/CVe ratio indicated greater importance of genetic variation in relation to environmental variation. Heritabilities ranged from 70% to 99.87%. Due to genotypic correlations, selection to increase the number of fruits leads to desirable increases in canopy diameter, leaf length and width and to undesirable increases in plant height and days for flowering and fruiting. Based on averages and on Tocher’s and canonical variables methods, crossings between UFSJ 7 and UFSJ 4, UFSJ 5 and UFSJ 6 were recommended. Dry matter fruit content and days for flowering contributed least to genetic divergence, and should be suppressed in future works, and leaf length and width contributed most to this estimate.A escolha dos parentais é muito importante nos programas de melhoramento genético. Resultados melhores são obtidos quando na população base existe uma ampla diversidade genética aliada a uma media alta para os caracteres sob seleção. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estimar as médias, as herdabilidades e a diversidade genética entre oito linhas ornamentais de Capsicum annuum com base em características dos frutos e das plantas e determinar as correlações entre esses caracteres e suas contribuições para a variabilidade genética, com vistas a predizer o valor desses acessos como genitores no programa de melhoramento da pimenteira ornamental na UFSJ. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as medias foram agrupadas pelo critério de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. As estimativas das herdabilidades e dos coeficientes de variação genética e ambiental foram obtidas. Os métodos de Tocher e das variáveis canônicas foram usados para estimar a variabilidade genética. A contribuição das variáveis para as estimativas da diversidade genética foram determinadas pelos métodos de Singh, por variáveis canônicas e com base nas correlações genotípicas. A relação CVg/CVe indicou maior importância da variação genética em relação à variação ambiental. As herdabilidades variaram de 70% a 99.87%. Devido às correlações genotípicas, a seleção para incremento do número de frutos leva a incrementos desejáveis no diâmetro da copa, comprimento e largura da folha, mas leva também a incrementos indesejáveis na altura da planta e nos dias para floração e frutificação. Com base nas médias e nos métodos de Tocher e das variáveis canônicas, os cruzamentos entre UFSJ 7 e UFSJ 4, UFSJ 5 e UFSJ 6 foram recomendados. O conteúdo de matéria seca do fruto e os dias para florescimento e frutificação contribuíram menos para a divergência genética e deverão ser suprimidos em trabalhos futuros e o comprimento e a largura das folhas foram os caracteres que mais contribuíram para a estimativa da diversidade genética
Pear production in Brazil: a review
Get PDFThe cultivation of pear trees in Brazil started with a larger harvested area than apple trees, however, it did not have the same development. The production of pears has not been as promising as expected, being considered one of the temperate-climate fruits of less commercial interest in Brazil, due to several factors that are discussed in this paper. However, the pear has great economic importance in Brazil as it is the main item in the Brazilian fresh fruit import agenda. Aspects related to the main scientific advances and applied technologies are also described in this paper, mainly regarding rootstocks, cultivars, management techniques and, finally, some considerations about what is missing to produce more pears in Brazil.The cultivation of pear trees in Brazil started with a larger harvested area than apple trees, however, it did not have the same development. The production of pears has not been as promising as expected, being considered one of the temperate-climate fruits of less commercial interest in Brazil, due to several factors that are discussed in this paper. However, the pear has great economic importance in Brazil as it is the main item in the Brazilian fresh fruit import agenda. Aspects related to the main scientific advances and applied technologies are also described in this paper, mainly regarding rootstocks, cultivars, management techniques and, finally, some considerations about what is missing to produce more pears in Brazil
Physiological responses of beet plants irrigated with saline water and silicon application
Get PDFAlthough not considered an essential element, silicon can be used to increase crop productivity, especially under stress conditions. In this sense, the objective was to evaluate the gas exchange of beet plants irrigated with saline water depending on the application of silicon. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, in a 5 x 5 factorial, referring to five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw): (0.5; 1.3; 3.25; 5.2 and 6.0 dS m-1) and five doses of silicon (0.00; 2.64; 9.08; 15.52 and 18.16 mL L-1), with six beet plants as an experimental unit. The effect of treatments on beet culture was evaluated at 30 and 60 days after irrigation with saline water from measurements of internal carbon concentration, stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis rate, instantaneous water use efficiency and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency using the LCpro+Sistem infrared gas analyzer (IRGA). Irrigation with saline water reduced the gas exchange of beet plants at 60 days after irrigation, but at 30 days after irrigation, the use of saline water increased stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and internal carbon concentration. The application of silicon decreased stomatal conductance, internal carbon concentration and efficiency in the use of water, but increased the rate of net photosynthesis, the rate of transpiration and instantaneous efficiency of carboxylation at 30 and 60 days after irrigation.Although not considered an essential element, silicon can be used to increase crop productivity, especially under stress conditions. In this sense, the objective was to evaluate the gas exchange of beet plants irrigated with saline water depending on the application of silicon. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, in a 5 x 5 factorial, referring to five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw): (0.5; 1.3; 3.25; 5.2 and 6.0 dS m-1) and five doses of silicon (0.00; 2.64; 9.08; 15.52 and 18.16 mL L-1), with six beet plants as an experimental unit. The effect of treatments on beet culture was evaluated at 30 and 60 days after irrigation with saline water from measurements of internal carbon concentration, stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis rate, instantaneous water use efficiency and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency using the LCpro+Sistem infrared gas analyzer (IRGA). Irrigation with saline water reduced the gas exchange of beet plants at 60 days after irrigation, but at 30 days after irrigation, the use of saline water increased stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and internal carbon concentration. The application of silicon decreased stomatal conductance, internal carbon concentration and efficiency in the use of water, but increased the rate of net photosynthesis, the rate of transpiration and instantaneous efficiency of carboxylation at 30 and 60 days after irrigation
Phenolic compounds and fatty acids content of some West Algerian olive oils
Get PDFOlive represents the most widespread fruit cultivated in Algeria. Olive oil is the primary source of added fat in the Mediterranean diet with health benefits of which have been verified for millennia. Interest in phenolic compounds in olive oil has increased due to its antioxidant activity, which plays a very important role in human health. The present study is carried out to study the phenolic compounds and fatty acids profile of some olive oils from western Algeria. The quality parameters (acidity, peroxide value, K232, K270), tocopherol analysis, fatty acid composition and phenolic profile were determined by High performance chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that chemlal oil (SBA) recorded the highest level of tocopherol-α with 228.12 mg/Kg. Regarding the fatty acid composition, oleic acid was the most dominant, oil Oleaster (Bensekrane) records the highest percentage (72.80%) of oleic acid. The quantitative data on the phenolic content of the seven samples revealed that chemlal oil (SBA) had the highest level of polyphenols (328.99 mg/Kg). However, Sigoise oil (Sebra1) was characterized by the highest levels of tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol (15.89 mg/kg and 22.42 mg/kg, respectively). The highest concentrations of oleuropein derivatives and ligstroside derivatives were observed in chemlal oil (SBA) and the recoreded values were 105.97 mg/Kg and 83.49 mg/Kg, respectively. Chemlal oil (SBA) was characterized by the highest amount of lignans (35.93 mg/Kg), luteolin (10.16 mg/Kg) and apigenin (5.44 mg/Kg). Oleocanthal was found in all the tested samples and it was higher in Chemlal oil (102.43 mg/kg).Olive represents the most widespread fruit cultivated in Algeria. Olive oil is the primary source of added fat in the Mediterranean diet with health benefits of which have been verified for millennia. Interest in phenolic compounds in olive oil has increased due to its antioxidant activity, which plays a very important role in human health. The present study is carried out to study the phenolic compounds and fatty acids profile of some olive oils from western Algeria. The quality parameters (acidity, peroxide value, K232, K270), tocopherol analysis, fatty acid composition and phenolic profile were determined by High performance chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that chemlal oil (SBA) recorded the highest level of tocopherol-α with 228.12 mg/Kg. Regarding the fatty acid composition, oleic acid was the most dominant, oil Oleaster (Bensekrane) records the highest percentage (72.80%) of oleic acid. The quantitative data on the phenolic content of the seven samples revealed that chemlal oil (SBA) had the highest level of polyphenols (328.99 mg/Kg). However, Sigoise oil (Sebra1) was characterized by the highest levels of tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol (15.89 mg/kg and 22.42 mg/kg, respectively). The highest concentrations of oleuropein derivatives and ligstroside derivatives were observed in chemlal oil (SBA) and the recoreded values were 105.97 mg/Kg and 83.49 mg/Kg, respectively. Chemlal oil (SBA) was characterized by the highest amount of lignans (35.93 mg/Kg), luteolin (10.16 mg/Kg) and apigenin (5.44 mg/Kg). Oleocanthal was found in all the tested samples and it was higher in Chemlal oil (102.43 mg/kg)
Alternative substrates and controlled-release fertilizer in the production of yellow passion fruit seedlings
Get PDFThere are many residues that can be used for agriculture, especially as a substrate. However, it is often necessary to fertilize the growing media so that the seedlings can be produced with quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of alternative and commercial substrates associated with different controlled-release fertilizer levels in producing yellow passion fruit seedlings. The experiment was conducted at the Embrapa Acre seedling nursery, with 50% luminosity. We used a randomized block experimental design in a 5 x 3 factorial scheme with 15 treatments, 4 replicates, and 10 plants per plot. The treatments consisted of five controlled-release fertilizer levels (0 kg m-3, 3 kg m-3, 6 kg m-3, 9 kg m-3, and 12 kg m-3) combined with lumps of acerola fruits (LAF), Brazil nut peel (BNP), and commercial (CS) substrates. The evaluated variables were seed height, stem diameter, number of leaves, shoot dry mass (SDM), root dry mass (RDM), total dry mass (TDM), and seedling quality index (SQI). Use of the alternative lumps of acerola fruit (LAF) substrate associated with the 10 kg m-³ level of controlled-release fertilizer promoted the best results. BNP has potential for use as a substrate for passion fruit seedlings, however adjustments are necessary to achieve an adequate composition.There are many residues that can be used for agriculture, especially as a substrate. However, it is often necessary to fertilize the growing media so that the seedlings can be produced with quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of alternative and commercial substrates associated with different controlled-release fertilizer levels in producing yellow passion fruit seedlings. The experiment was conducted at the Embrapa Acre seedling nursery, with 50% luminosity. We used a randomized block experimental design in a 5 x 3 factorial scheme with 15 treatments, 4 replicates, and 10 plants per plot. The treatments consisted of five controlled-release fertilizer levels (0 kg m-3, 3 kg m-3, 6 kg m-3, 9 kg m-3, and 12 kg m-3) combined with lumps of acerola fruits (LAF), Brazil nut peel (BNP), and commercial (CS) substrates. The evaluated variables were seed height, stem diameter, number of leaves, shoot dry mass (SDM), root dry mass (RDM), total dry mass (TDM), and seedling quality index (SQI). Use of the alternative lumps of acerola fruit (LAF) substrate associated with the 10 kg m-³ level of controlled-release fertilizer promoted the best results. BNP has potential for use as a substrate for passion fruit seedlings, however adjustments are necessary to achieve an adequate composition
‘Pele de sapo’ melon grown under different irrigation depths and bioestimulant rates in the Semiarid region of Brazil
Get PDFThe objective of this work was to evaluate physiological and biochemical responses of Pele de sapo melon to different irrigation depths (ID) and bioestimulant rates (BTM) to improve its production efficiency. The experiment was conducted in an experimental field in Juazeiro, BA, Brazil. A randomized block design in split split-plot arrangement was used, with four ID (60, 80, 100, and 120% of crop evapotranspiration – ETc) in the plots; five (BTM) (Stimulate® at 0, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4, and 4.8 L ha-1 applied via irrigation system during the flowering stage and after the fruiting stage) in the subplots; and two crop seasons (hot season, 23 to 39 °C; and cold season, 15 to 30 °C) in the sub-subplots. The plants were under daily drip irrigation and spacing of 2.0 × 0.3 m. The variables evaluated were: gas exchange, water use efficiency, chlorophyll a and b, relative water, sugar, and amino acid contents, and fruit yield. The results showed that the ID of 60% ETc resulted in water deficit, denoted by increases in solute concentrations, whereas the ID of 80% and 100% resulted in plants with good performance for biochemical, physiological, and production parameters in both crop seasons. The hot season, ID of 120% ETc, and BTM of 2.4 L ha-1 are recommended for Pele de sapo melon crops, since they result in the best physiological responses and fruit yields.The objective of this work was to evaluate physiological and biochemical responses of Pele de sapo melon to different irrigation depths (ID) and bioestimulant rates (BTM) to improve its production efficiency. The experiment was conducted in an experimental field in Juazeiro, BA, Brazil. A randomized block design in split split-plot arrangement was used, with four ID (60, 80, 100, and 120% of crop evapotranspiration – ETc) in the plots; five (BTM) (Stimulate® at 0, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4, and 4.8 L ha-1 applied via irrigation system during the flowering stage and after the fruiting stage) in the subplots; and two crop seasons (hot season, 23 to 39 °C; and cold season, 15 to 30 °C) in the sub-subplots. The plants were under daily drip irrigation and spacing of 2.0 × 0.3 m. The variables evaluated were: gas exchange, water use efficiency, chlorophyll a and b, relative water, sugar, and amino acid contents, and fruit yield. The results showed that the ID of 60% ETc resulted in water deficit, denoted by increases in solute concentrations, whereas the ID of 80% and 100% resulted in plants with good performance for biochemical, physiological, and production parameters in both crop seasons. The hot season, ID of 120% ETc, and BTM of 2.4 L ha-1 are recommended for Pele de sapo melon crops, since they result in the best physiological responses and fruit yields
Pineapple quality in a traditional cultivation system in different soil classes
Get PDFPineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merril) is considered one of the most important fruits of the tropical and subtropical regions, and the third most-produced in the world due to its high commercial expansion in the world market, in recent years. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the influence of landscape position on pineapple quality. The work was developed at the Providência Farm, located in the municipality of Miracema do Tocantins. The following soil parameters were evaluated: hydraulic conductivity - KS, soil bulk density – DS, and total porosity – TP, as well as the following quality attributes: titratable acidity - TA, length and diameter of infructescences, total fresh mass - TM, fresh mass of infructescences – IM, and soluble solids – SS. The analyses were performed at the Agri-Environmental Laboratory of the Agricultural Sciences Complex of the Federal University of Tocantins. Less massive infructescences developed on more porous soils. The variation in the mass of infructescences is not associated with soil types, but rather with soil porosity. Soils with higher KS tend to increase the chances of producing infructescences with high acidity and high levels of soluble solids. The DS did not result in a significant association with the pineapple quality attributes. The infructescences were not affected by the landscape position. No position in the landscape influenced fruit quality. In general, the infructescences showed low acidity and low levels of soluble solids, with length and diameter of infructescences below the standard of the cultivar ‘Pérola’.Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merril) is considered one of the most important fruits of the tropical and subtropical regions, and the third most-produced in the world due to its high commercial expansion in the world market, in recent years. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the influence of landscape position on pineapple quality. The work was developed at the Providência Farm, located in the municipality of Miracema do Tocantins. The following soil parameters were evaluated: hydraulic conductivity - KS, soil bulk density – DS, and total porosity – TP, as well as the following quality attributes: titratable acidity - TA, length and diameter of infructescences, total fresh mass - TM, fresh mass of infructescences – IM, and soluble solids – SS. The analyses were performed at the Agri-Environmental Laboratory of the Agricultural Sciences Complex of the Federal University of Tocantins. Less massive infructescences developed on more porous soils. The variation in the mass of infructescences is not associated with soil types, but rather with soil porosity. Soils with higher KS tend to increase the chances of producing infructescences with high acidity and high levels of soluble solids. The DS did not result in a significant association with the pineapple quality attributes. The infructescences were not affected by the landscape position. No position in the landscape influenced fruit quality. In general, the infructescences showed low acidity and low levels of soluble solids, with length and diameter of infructescences below the standard of the cultivar ‘Pérola’
Estimation of the genetic diversity of jabuticaba trees and association among fruit characters
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic dissimilarity of different jabuticaba tree accessions from Prudente de Moraes, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, based on fruit characters. The genetic diversity study was carried out based on characters evaluated in fruits, and with the elimination of redundant descriptors, nine characters were selected to estimate genetic divergence and perform clustering. The Standardized Mean Euclidian Distance was used as dissimilarity measure. The clustering methods used were Tocher and the nearest neighbor. Correlation analysis among characters was performed by Pearson correlation (p> 0.05). Accessions 4, 5, 7 and 12 have potential for in improvement programs aiming for productivity. The character that contributed most to the genetic diversity of the accessions were the soluble solids important for the processing industry and for fresh consumption. Genotypes showed variability for most characters analyzed showing the possibility of selection and identification of parents that will be used in future crossings.The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic dissimilarity of different jabuticaba tree accessions from Prudente de Moraes, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, based on fruit characters. The genetic diversity study was carried out based on characters evaluated in fruits, and with the elimination of redundant descriptors, nine characters were selected to estimate genetic divergence and perform clustering. The Standardized Mean Euclidian Distance was used as dissimilarity measure. The clustering methods used were Tocher and the nearest neighbor. Correlation analysis among characters was performed by Pearson correlation (p> 0.05). Accessions 4, 5, 7 and 12 have potential for in improvement programs aiming for productivity. The character that contributed most to the genetic diversity of the accessions were the soluble solids important for the processing industry and for fresh consumption. Genotypes showed variability for most characters analyzed showing the possibility of selection and identification of parents that will be used in future crossings