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Ambiência agrícola e estresse salino na produção de mudas de maracujazeiro amarelo
No full textThe objective was to evaluate the initial growth and gas exchange of yellow passion fruit seedlings irrigated with saline water under different environments. The experiment was conducted of the University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusophony, Redenção-CE. The experimental design used was entirely randomized, in factor arrangement 4 x 2, referring to four environments with different shade screens (black screen; whitescreen; red screen; all with 50% shading; and full sun) and the values of electrical conductivity of irrigationwater (0.3 and 3.0 dS m-1), with five repetitions. The following variables were evaluated: number of leaves, plant height, leaf area, photosynthesis, transpiration, stomach conductance, instantaneous water use efficiency, electrical conductivity of the saturation extract and soil pH. The environment with black screen provides greater performance in leaf area, plant height and root length and was more efficient for the production of dry mass of the aerial part and the root of passion fruit seedlings in both irrigation waters. The red screen environment stimulates greater photosynthesis, transpiration, stomach conductance and chlorophyll in passion fruit seedlings irrigated with low salinity water, while the black screen mitigated saline stress for these variables. The full sun environment provided greater instantaneous water use efficiency in passion fruit seedlings for treatment with low salinity water and the black screen environment with high salinity water.O objetivo foi avaliar o crescimento inicial e as trocas gasosas de mudas de maracujá-amarelo irrigadas com água salina em diferentes ambientes. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade de Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Redenção-CE. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 4 x 2, referente a quatro ambientes com telas de diferentes tonalidades (tela preta; tela branca; tela vermelha; todas com 50% de sombreamento; e pleno sol) e os valores de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (0,3 e 3,0 dS m-1), com cinco repetições. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: número de folhas, altura da planta, área foliar, fotossíntese, transpiração, condutância estomática, eficiência instantânea do uso da água, condutividade elétrica do extrato de saturação e pH do solo. O ambiente com tela preta oferece maior desempenho em área foliar, altura de planta e comprimento de raiz e foi mais eficiente para a produção de massa seca da parte aérea e raiz de mudas de maracujá em ambas as águas de irrigação. O ambiente da tela vermelha estimula maior fotossíntese, transpiração, condutância estomática e clorofila em mudas de maracujá irrigadas com água de baixa salinidade, enquanto a tela preta mitigou o estresse salino para essas variáveis. O ambiente a pleno sol proporcionou maior eficiência no uso instantâneo da água em mudas de maracujá para tratamento com água de baixa salinidade e o ambiente tela preta com água de alta salinidade. altura de planta e comprimento de raiz e foi mais eficiente para a produção de massa seca da parte aérea e raiz de mudas de maracujá em ambas as águas de irrigação. O ambiente da tela vermelha estimula maior fotossíntese, transpiração, condutância estomática e clorofila em mudas de maracujá irrigadas com água de baixa salinidade, enquanto a tela preta mitigou o estresse salino para essas variáveis. O ambiente a pleno sol proporcionou maior eficiência no uso instantâneo da água em mudas de maracujá para tratamento com água de baixa salinidade e o ambiente tela preta com água de alta salinidade. altura de planta e comprimento de raiz e foi mais eficiente para a produção de massa seca da parte aérea e raiz de mudas de maracujá em ambas as águas de irrigação. O ambiente da tela vermelha estimula maior fotossíntese, transpiração, condutância estomática e clorofila em mudas de maracujá irrigadas com água de baixa salinidade, enquanto a tela preta mitigou o estresse salino para essas variáveis. O ambiente a pleno sol proporcionou maior eficiência no uso instantâneo da água em mudas de maracujá para tratamento com água de baixa salinidade e o ambiente tela preta com água de alta salinidade. enquanto a tela preta atenua o estresse salino para essas variáveis. O ambiente a pleno sol proporcionou maior eficiência no uso instantâneo da água em mudas de maracujá para tratamento com água de baixa salinidade e o ambiente tela preta com água de alta salinidade. enquanto a tela preta atenua o estresse salino para essas variáveis. O ambiente a pleno sol proporcionou maior eficiência no uso instantâneo da água em mudas de maracujá para tratamento com água de baixa salinidade e o ambiente tela preta com água de alta salinidade
Marcha de absorção de nutrientes e crescimento do meloeiro ‘Gladial®’ fertirrigado
No full textThe use of fertigation in melon cultivation is becoming increasingly common, and there is a need to optimize the doses of applied fertilizers. Knowledge of the nutritional demands of the crop and its rate of uptake is essential for determining the amount of nutrients required at different phenological stages. The objective of this study was to determine the rate of macronutrient and micronutri ent uptake in fertigated melons, as well as the accumulation of fresh and dry matter in leaves, stems, and fruits. This study was performed in Petrolina-PE, in an entirely randomized experimental design with nine evaluation periods and six repetitions. Plants were collected at 7, 14, 21, 28, 36, 43, 50, 57, and 64 days after emergence (DAE). The accumulation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe,Mn, Zn, Cu, dry matter, and fresh matter in the leaves, stems, fruits, and total matter accumulation throughout the cycle was analyzed. Dry matter increases at 64 DAE. Nutrient accumulation was in the following order of micronutrients: K>Ca>N>Mg>P and Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu.A utilização da fertirrigação no cultivo de meloeiro torna-se crescente e comum, havendo necessidade da otimização de doses de fertilizantes aplicados. O conhecimento das demandas nutricionais da cultura, por meio da marcha de absorção é um ponto importante, para determinação das quantidades exigidas de nutrientes em diferentes estágios fenológicos. Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar a marcha de absorção dos macronutrientes e micronutrientes em meloeiro fertirrigado, bem como os acúmulos de matéria fresca e seca nas folhas, caules e frutos. O trabalho foi realizado em Petrolina-PE, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com nove períodos de avaliação e seis repetições. As coletas das plantas foram realizadas aos 7, 14, 21, 28, 36, 43, 50, 57, e 64 dias após a emergência (DAE). Foram analisados o acúmulo de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, matéria seca e fresca na folha, caule, fruto e total ao longo do ciclo. A produção de matéria seca aumenta em 64 DAE. Já a marcha de acúmulo de nutrientes seguiu a seguinte ordem para macronutrientes: K>Ca>N>Mg>P e Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu para micronutrientes
General aspects of tomato culture and phosphate fertilization: a systematic review
No full textO tomate ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) is at the top of the ranking among the most consumed vegetables in the world and can be grown in open fields and, mainly, in agricultural greenhouses. Therefore, the adjustment of phosphate fertilizer in its cultivation can influence higher yields, fruit quality and nutritional status. In view of the socioeconomic importance of tomatoes due to their antioxidant properties, bioactive compounds, carbohydrates, proteins, minerals and the guarantee of jobs for farmers, this literature review seeks to present a study that provides technical and scientific data on general and the important role of phosphate fertilization in tomato cultivation. The main focus of this study is justified by the absence of studies that analyze the general aspects and the responses of the tomato in function of the water deficit and doses and sources of phosphorus. Through the analysis of secondary data available in the literature related to the theme, there is a difficulty in adjusting the phosphate fertilizer according to the appropriate choice of doses and sources to be applied. Furthermore, as it is a vegetable sensitive to water deficit, fruit yield and quality can be influenced by the amount of water that is applied and the management of irrigation in combination with the correct amount of fertilizer.O tomate ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) is at the top of the ranking among the most consumed vegetables in the world and can be grown in open fields and, mainly, in agricultural greenhouses. Therefore, the adjustment of phosphate fertilizer in its cultivation can influence higher yields, fruit quality and nutritional status. In view of the socioeconomic importance of tomatoes due to their antioxidant properties, bioactive compounds, carbohydrates, proteins, minerals and the guarantee of jobs for farmers, this literature review seeks to present a study that provides technical and scientific data on general and the important role of phosphate fertilization in tomato cultivation. The main focus of this study is justified by the absence of studies that analyze the general aspects and the responses of the tomato in function of the water deficit and doses and sources of phosphorus. Through the analysis of secondary data available in the literature related to the theme, there is a difficulty in adjusting the phosphate fertilizer according to the appropriate choice of doses and sources to be applied. Furthermore, as it is a vegetable sensitive to water deficit, fruit yield and quality can be influenced by the amount of water that is applied and the management of irrigation in combination with the correct amount of fertilizer
Jambolão extract and potassium sorbate as antimicrobial components in active packaging
Get PDFThis study aimed to use the raw extract of jambolão (Syzygium cumini L.) and potassium sorbate as antimicrobial components in cellulose acetate films and evaluate their potential for application as active packaging forsugar-free banana preserve. The films were prepared using the casting method and evaluated for thickness and inhibition potential. The efficiency of the films as active packaging, in situ, was evaluated through the enumeration of aerobic mesophiles and mold and yeast over 36 days of storage of banana preserves.Furthermore, in order to analyze the fungicidal effect of the films against banana preserve with an initial load of microorganisms, mold and yeast were counted for 25 days of storage. The results showed that the incorporation of crude jambolão extract increased the film thickness, and its inhibition potential was similar to the film with incorporated potassium sorbate. Furthermore, the film with crude jambolão extract reduced mold and yeast growth by up to 1 log cycle over 36 days of storage. Furthermore, the use of the film with potassium sorbate promoted the same effect as this preservative added directly to the fruit preserve and proved to be efficient even with relevant initial contamination. Thus, the use of these active packagings presents an opportunity for industries as they reduce health risks and improve the safety and quality of preserves.This study aimed to use the raw extract of jambolão (Syzygium cumini L.) and potassium sorbate as antimicrobial components in cellulose acetate films and evaluate their potential for application as active packaging forsugar-free banana preserve. The films were prepared using the casting method and evaluated for thickness and inhibition potential. The efficiency of the films as active packaging, in situ, was evaluated through the enumeration of aerobic mesophiles and mold and yeast over 36 days of storage of banana preserves
Agronomic potential, pest resistance, and fruit quality in BC1F3 dwarf round tomato populations
Get PDFCombining broad pest resistance, high yield, and nutritional quality of fruit in the same hybrid is a challenge for round tomato breeders. Thus, development of a dwarf round tomato line for obtaining hybrids may be an excellent alternative for achieving such objectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agronomic potential, fruit quality, and pest resistance of BC1F3 dwarf round tomato populations. We evaluated 13 treatments and 4 replications. Treatments consisted of 10 BC1F3 dwarf populations originating from self-fertilization of dwarf populations selected in BC1F2, plus both parents (recurrent and donor) and a commercial hybrid. The traits evaluated were yield, number of fruit, mean weight, number of locules, shape, pulp thickness, longitudinal and transverse diameter of the fruit, precocity index, and soluble solids, β-carotene, lycopene, and acylsugar content. The data were analyzed through the means test. In general, there was an increase of up to 1035% in average fruit weight of the dwarf populations in relation to the donor parent. In addition, some dwarf populations had fruit with 49% more lycopene compared to the commercial hybrid, as well as greater acylsugar content in the leaves (273%). The UFU-DW22 dwarf population stood out with good agronomic potential, higher lycopene content in the fruit, and high acylsugar content, which provides pest resistance. To continue this research, a second backcross is suggested in order to obtain lines and, posteriorly, hybrids with round fruits and compact plants, pest resistance and nutritional quality of fruit
Physical-Chemical characteristics of alternative substrates and fertilization on the growth and quality of Spondias macrocarpa seedlings
No full textThe objectives were to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of different substrates, and assess the influence of different substrates, with and without the addition of controlled-release fertilizer, on the growth and morphological quality of taperebá (Spondias macrocarpa) seedlings. The experimental design adopted was a 2 x 6 factorial scheme, with the presence and absence of 8.0 g L-1 of encapsulated controlled-release fertilizer and six substrates [Sub1= soil; Sub2= soil + carbonized rice husk (2:1 v/v); Sub3= soil + organic compos (2:1 v/v); Sub4= soil + carbonized rice husk + organic compost (1:1:1); Sub5= soil + carbonized rice husk + organic compost (2:1:1); Sub 6= soil + carbonized rice husk + organic compost (2:2:1)], with five replicates, composed of 10 seedlings (one in each container). Formulations of substrates containing soil + carbonized rice husk + organic compost (1:1:1) and soil + organic compost (2:1 v/v) had total porosity ranging from 0.88 to 0.91 m3 m-3, aeration space from 0.33 to 0.35 m3 m-3 and available water from 0.27 to 0.29 m3 m-3, hence being suitable to obtain taperebá seedlings with superior quality. The substrate Cerrado soil (Sub1) is not viable for the production of taperebá seedlings, since it has acidic pH, an undesirable chemical characteristic for the cultivation of this species. Incorporation of controlled-release fertilizer into the substrates used in the present study led to better morphological characteristics, so it is indicated as an input for fertilization in the initial stage of growth of taperebá seedlings
Adubação orgânica em cobertura na produção de jambu
No full textIn the state of São Paulo, jambu has been grown with a view to its industrial uses. However, there are few works involving mineral nutrition and organic fertilization in jambu, which leads farmers to use fertilizer recommendations intended for other similar leafy crops and several different fertilizers. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate different sources of organic fertilizers in top dressing in the production of jambu under organic management.The experiments were carried out at the Experimental Farm of São Manuel, SP, and at the Zodíaco farm, located in the Demétria district, Botucatu, SP. Six treatments (organic fertilizers in top dressing: ferticel®, provaso, castor bean cake, bokashi, hoof and horn powder, and a control without top dressing) were evaluated, using a randomized block design with five replicates. From two harvests in each location, the following characteristics were evaluated: the fresh weight of vegetative parts (FWVP) and of inflorescences (FWI), the total fresh weight (TFW), the number of inflorescences (NI), and the average weight per inflorescence (AWI). The results show an increase of 158% and 78%; 103 and 101%; 143 and 86%; and 144 and 85%, in FWVP, FWI, NI, and TFW, respectively, with the use of hoof and horn powder (the best treatment, not differing from castor bean cake) compared to the control at Zodíaco farm and at the Experimental Farm of São Manuel, respectively. These results indicate that hoof and horn powder and castor bean cake were the best fertilizers in both harvests and locations, with higher production of both fresh and dry weight of the vegetative and reproductive parts of jambu.No estado de São Paulo, o jambu tem sido plantado visando a sua utilização industrial. No entanto, são poucos os trabalhos envolvendo a nutrição mineral e a adubação orgânica no jambu, fazendo com que os agricultores utilizem recomendações de adubação para outras culturas folhosas semelhantes e diferentes adubos. Com isso, objetivou-se avaliar diferentes fontes de adubos orgânicos em cobertura na produção de jambu sob manejo orgânico. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na Fazenda Experimental de São Manuel, SP e no sítio Zodíaco, situado no bairro Demétria, município de Botucatu, SP. Foram avaliados seis tratamentos (adubos orgânicos em cobertura: ferticel®, provaso, torta de mamona, bokashi, farinha de casco e chifre e uma testemunha sem cobertura), utilizando delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições. Foram avaliadas, em duas colheitas em cada local: massa da matéria fresca da parte vegetativa (MFPV), das inflorescências (MFINF) e total (MFT), número de inflorescências (NINF) e massa média por inflorescência (MMI). Foram obtidos aumentos de 158 e 78%; 103 e 101%; 143 e 86%; 144 e 85%, na MFPV, MFINFL, NINFL e MFT, respectivamente, com a utilização da farinha de casco e chifre (melhor tratamento, sem diferir da torta de mamona) em comparação ao controle no Sítio Zodíaco e Fazenda Experimental de São Manuel, respectivamente. Os resultados indicam que a farinha de casco e chifre e a torta de mamona foram os melhores adubos em ambos os cortes e localidades, com maior produção tanto de massa fresca como seca das partes vegetativas e reprodutivas do jambu
Resposta de genótipos de pimentão ao estresse salino
No full textBell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is the third most cultivated Solanaceae species in Brazil and is highly sensitive to osmotic stresses. The increasing soil salinity is a frequent problem that hinders the plant absorption of water and nutrients by the roots, limiting agricultural production. Therefore, this study’s objectives were to evaluate the germination, vigor, and development of bell pepper commercial cultivars after NaCl treatments to simulate osmotic stress. Five cultivars (Yolo wonder, SF134 yellow, Marta, All big red, Cascadura) were submitted to four osmotic potentials (salt stresses of 0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9 MPa) in a factorial scheme of 5×4, with four repetitions. The results indicated that the bell pepper germination is highly affected according to the presence of NaCl. The bell pepper germination supports NaCl concentrations equal to or higher than -0.3 MPa osmotic potential. Significant reductions in germination, germination speed index, seedling length, and dry mass as the salinity increases - osmotic potential decrease. The yellow bell pepper ‘SF134’ presented similar germination down to -0.6 MPa and can be cultivated in regions with salinity problems. The green bell pepper ‘Cascadura’ presented great germination, germination speed index and dry mass, and superior seedling length, being indicated for cultivation in more diverse environments.O pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) é a terceira espécie de Solanaceae mais cultivada no Brasil e é altamente sensível ao estresse osmótico. O aumento da salinidade do solo é um problema frequente que dificulta a absorção pela planta de água e nutrientes pelas raízes, limitando a produção agrícola. Portanto, os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a germinação, o vigor e o desenvolvimento de cultivares comerciais de pimentão após tratamentos com NaCl para simular o estresse osmótico. Cinco cultivares (Yolo wonder, SF134 yellow, Marta, All big red, Cascadura) foram submetidas a quatro potenciais osmóticos (estresse salino de 0, -0,3, -0,6, -0,9 MPa) em um esquema fatorial de 5 × 4, com quatro repetições. Os resultados indicaram que a germinação do pimentão é altamente afetada de acordo com a presença de NaCl. A germinação do pimentão suporta concentrações de NaCl iguais ou superiores a -0,3 MPa de potencial osmótico. Reduções significativas na germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento da muda e massa seca conforme a salinidade aumenta - diminuição do potencial osmótico. O pimentão amarelo ‘SF134’ apresentou germinação semelhante até -0,6 MPa e pode ser cultivado em regiões com problemas de salinidade. O pimentão verde ‘Cascadura’ apresentou ótima germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação e massa seca, e comprimento de muda superior, sendo indicado para cultivo em ambientes mais diversos
Homeopathic solutions induce production of winged forms in aphid
Get PDFThe aphids control (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) is one of the main challenges for its production. This obstacle becomes greater in agroecological production systems. Thus, the objective of this study was to verify the formation of winged individuals in colonies of B. brassicae aphids, when exposed to kale treated with homeopathic solutions. The treatments were resistant 5CH, susceptible attacked 5CH, aphid nosode 30CH, and the controls that are water (without dynamization) and distilled water + 70% ethanol 5CH, being applied every day for 15 days. Kale plants were inoculated with aphids and irrigated using homeopathic solutions. After 15 days of inoculation, the plants were removed from the bag and the number of winged forms and nymphs of B. brassicae was counted. Homeopathic preparation Resistant 5CH provided a smaller number of winged individuals and a larger number of nymphs per colony. The plants treated with the susceptible attacked 5CH homeopathy showed a higher number of winged aphids, but a reduced number of nymphs. Aphid nosode 30CH treatment was promising to Brevicoryne brassicae control in kale plants, as it induced polymorphism, presenting a greater number of winged aphids and a reduced number of nymphs per colony.The aphids control (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) is one of the main challenges for its production. This obstacle becomes greater in agroecological production systems. Thus, the objective of this study was to verify the formation of winged individuals in colonies of B. brassicae aphids, when exposed to kale treated with homeopathic solutions. The treatments were resistant 5CH, susceptible attacked 5CH, aphid nosode 30CH, and the controls that are water (without dynamization) and distilled water + 70% ethanol 5CH, being applied every day for 15 days. Kale plants were inoculated with aphids and irrigated using homeopathic solutions. After 15 days of inoculation, the plants were removed from the bag and the number of winged forms and nymphs of B. brassicae was counted. Homeopathic preparation Resistant 5CH provided a smaller number of winged individuals and a larger number of nymphs per colony. The plants treated with the susceptible attacked 5CH homeopathy showed a higher number of winged aphids, but a reduced number of nymphs. Aphid nosode 30CH treatment was promising to Brevicoryne brassicae control in kale plants, as it induced polymorphism, presenting a greater number of winged aphids and a reduced number of nymphs per colony
The Physical and fruit region characterization of araticum and seed germination as a result of accesses
No full textThe physical characteristics of the fruits are of great importance for the identification and selection of superior genetic materials, appropriate for commercialization or industrial use. Given the above, the objective was to physically characterize the araticum fruit and to verify the influence of accessions and fruit region under seed germination. The work was developed at Unioeste, Marechal Cândido Rondon Campus (PR), and conducted at the University Laboratory of Post-Harvest Technology. Ripe fruits of araticum (Annona sylvatica) were collected from four native plants (accessions A1, A 2, A3, and A4) at the Experimental Farm of the University in February 2019. As for the physical evaluation of the fruits, four repetitions of 10 randomly chosen ripe fruits per access were evaluated. The longitudinal diameter, transversal diameter, fruit biomass, epicarp biomass, fruit pulp, number of seeds, and mass of 100 seeds were the characteristics evaluated. The experimental design used for the germination test was completely randomized, in a factorial scheme 4 x 2 [4 accessions (A1, A2, A3, and A4) x 2 regions of the fruit (proximal and distal) in 500 mg L-1 of acid gibberellic (GA3)], containing 4 repetitions and 25 seeds per repetition. The evaluations were carried out from the 15th day of the experiment setup until 105 days. The characteristics evaluated were: first germination count (%), germination percentage (%), germination speed index, and average germination time (days). The fruits had an average biomass of 63.41 g, an average of 38 seeds per fruit, and fruit pulp with an average of 39.63 g. The germination of araticum seeds was not influenced by the accessions and fruit region.The physical characteristics of the fruits are of great importance for the identification and selection of superior genetic materials, appropriate for commercialization or industrial use. Given the above, the objective was to physically characterize the araticum fruit and to verify the influence of accessions and fruit region under seed germination. The work was developed at Unioeste, Marechal Cândido Rondon Campus (PR), and conducted at the University Laboratory of Post-Harvest Technology. Ripe fruits of araticum (Annona sylvatica) were collected from four native plants (accessions A1, A 2, A3, and A4) at the Experimental Farm of the University in February 2019. As for the physical evaluation of the fruits, four repetitions of 10 randomly chosen ripe fruits per access were evaluated. The longitudinal diameter, transversal diameter, fruit biomass, epicarp biomass, fruit pulp, number of seeds, and mass of 100 seeds were the characteristics evaluated. The experimental design used for the germination test was completely randomized, in a factorial scheme 4 x 2 [4 accessions (A1, A2, A3, and A4) x 2 regions of the fruit (proximal and distal) in 500 mg L-1 of acid gibberellic (GA3)], containing 4 repetitions and 25 seeds per repetition. The evaluations were carried out from the 15th day of the experiment setup until 105 days. The characteristics evaluated were: first germination count (%), germination percentage (%), germination speed index, and average germination time (days). The fruits had an average biomass of 63.41 g, an average of 38 seeds per fruit, and fruit pulp with an average of 39.63 g. The germination of araticum seeds was not influenced by the accessions and fruit region