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Drying and analysis of waste from potatoes, carrots, and chayote for food purposes
Get PDFVegetable peels are rarely used in food preparation, causing the loss of several nutrients. Such residues caproduce flour as a possible food source with added nutritional and economic value. Thus, the objective wasto evaluate the nutritional quality and the color of the flours obtained from the peels of potato, carrot, andchayote subjected to drying at the temperatures of 40, 50, 60, and 70 °C, as well as analyzing the dryingkinetics. The peels were removed, packed in an isothermal box with ice, and taken to the laboratory. Thenthey were washed in running water to remove dirt and unwanted parts and sanitized. After this stage, theywere broken into 2 cm lengths. The drying was carried out in 150 g of peels in triplicate for each raw material.Subsequently, nutritional quality, color, and drying models were determined. Flours obtained from drying athigher temperatures showed higher protein content and lower lipid content. The higher the temperature, theshorter the drying time for the flour. All flours presented excellent nutritional quality. Among the models studiedfor potato peels, Wang and Singh, Midilli, and Logarithmic are the most suitable. For chayote and carrot peels,the Midilli model is the most adequate. Using vegetable residues added to food formulations presents itself asan excellent nutritional source, besides adding flavor and texture to foods.Vegetable peels are rarely used in food preparation, causing the loss of several nutrients. Such residues caproduce flour as a possible food source with added nutritional and economic value. Thus, the objective wasto evaluate the nutritional quality and the color of the flours obtained from the peels of potato, carrot, andchayote subjected to drying at the temperatures of 40, 50, 60, and 70 °C, as well as analyzing the dryingkinetics. The peels were removed, packed in an isothermal box with ice, and taken to the laboratory. Thenthey were washed in running water to remove dirt and unwanted parts and sanitized. After this stage, theywere broken into 2 cm lengths. The drying was carried out in 150 g of peels in triplicate for each raw material.Subsequently, nutritional quality, color, and drying models were determined. Flours obtained from drying athigher temperatures showed higher protein content and lower lipid content. The higher the temperature, theshorter the drying time for the flour. All flours presented excellent nutritional quality. Among the models studiedfor potato peels, Wang and Singh, Midilli, and Logarithmic are the most suitable. For chayote and carrot peels,the Midilli model is the most adequate. Using vegetable residues added to food formulations presents itself asan excellent nutritional source, besides adding flavor and texture to foods
Diversity and ecological role of macro insects on cultivated chili pepper using barrier crops
Get PDFHabitat manipulation by planting plants in the land or around crops is a way to increase the diversity of insects. The homogeneity of the agricultural landscapes leads to a decrease in insect biodiversity and ecosystem services. This study focuses on examining the diversity and ecological role of macro insects in chili pepper using barrier crops. We use mung beans, tomatoes, and eggplant as a barrier crops in the practice of cultivating chili pepper. The results showed that the use of barrier crops is not significant to increase the diversity of insects but the use of mung bean barrier can increase the number of species. Chili pepper land with mung bean barrier shows the abundance of predators, parasitoids, and pollinators higher than land without barrier crops. On land without barrier crops, the composition of herbivore insects tends to be lower when compared to land using barrier crops. The number of natural enemy individuals (predators and parasitoids) on land with mung bean barrier tend to be higher compared to without barrier crops. In the practice of chili pepper cultivation, it is necessary to utilize mung beans as a barrier for pest management strategy and increased production of chili pepper and also for conservation strategy of natural enemiesHabitat manipulation by planting plants in the land or around crops is a way to increase the diversity of insects. The homogeneity of the agricultural landscapes leads to a decrease in insect biodiversity and ecosystem services. This study focuses on examining the diversity and ecological role of macro insects in chili pepper using barrier crops. We use mung beans, tomatoes, and eggplant as a barrier crops in the practice of cultivating chili pepper. The results showed that the use of barrier crops is not significant to increase the diversity of insects but the use of mung bean barrier can increase the number of species. Chili pepper land with mung bean barrier shows the abundance of predators, parasitoids, and pollinators higher than land without barrier crops. On land without barrier crops, the composition of herbivore insects tends to be lower when compared to land using barrier crops. The number of natural enemy individuals (predators and parasitoids) on land with mung bean barrier tend to be higher compared to without barrier crops. In the practice of chili pepper cultivation, it is necessary to utilize mung beans as a barrier for pest management strategy and increased production of chili pepper and also for conservation strategy of natural enemie
Pós-colheita de hastes de cártamo em diferentes períodos de pré-resfriamento e soluções conservantes
No full textSafflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), belonging to the Asteraceae family, originating in Asia, is considered one of the oldest agricultural crops, with records dating back to 4.500 BC, extraction of food, medicinal and biodiesel oil, animal feed, and floral stems for ornamentation. In Brazil, cultivation is still relatively new, requiring studies regarding the post-harvest of its floral stems, which have an ornamental character due to their beauty, rusticity and versatility of use. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the post-harvest quality and durability of safflower flower stems treated with different pre-cooling periods and preservative solutions. The experiment was conducted with a completely randomized design, organized in a 3x7 factorial scheme (pre-cooling periods and preservative solutions), with four replications, and each experimental unit consisted of five flower stems. The average diameters of the inflorescences and stems were evaluated, as well as the durability of a healthy and marketable aspect. It was observed that the durability of the safflower flower stems was favored with pre-cooling, and when combined with different preservative solutions, they present up to 12 days of pot life. Recommended treatment is a combination of preservative solution containing distilled water + 20 mg L-1 of citric acid and a pre-cooling period of 24 h.A cultura do cártamo (Carthamus tinctorius L.), pertencente à família Asteraceae, sendo originário da Ásia, é considerada uma das mais antigas produções agrícolas, com registros datado a 4.500 a.C. Cultivado para diversos fins, desde corante alimentício, artesanal, cosmético e têxtil, extração de óleo alimentar, medicinal e biodiesel, arraçoamento animal e hastes florais para ornamentação. No Brasil essa cultura ainda é relativamente nova, necessitando de estudos referente a pós-colheita das suas hastes florais, as quais apresentam caráter ornamental devido a sua beleza, rusticidade e versatilidade de uso. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade e a durabilidade em pós-colheita das hastes florais de cártamo em diferentes períodos de pré-resfriamento e soluções conservantes. O experimento foi conduzido com delineamento inteiramente casualizado, organizado em esquema fatorial 3x7 (períodos de pré-resfriamento e soluções conservantes), com quatro repetições e, cada unidade experimental foi constituída de cinco hastes florais. Avaliaram-se os diâmetros médios das inflorescências e das hastes, a vida de vaso foi avaliada pela durabilidade das mesmas com aspecto sadio e comercializável. Observou-se que a durabilidade das hastes florais de cártamo foram favorecidas com o pré-resfriamento, e quando combinados a diferentes soluções conservantes, chegam apresentam até 12 dias de vida de vaso. Assim, recomenda-se o uso da combinação da solução conservante contendo água destilada + 20 mg L-1 de ácido cítrico pelo período de pré-resfriamento de 24 h, para a conservação da durabilidade das hastes florais de cártamo
Plant growth regulator on micro-sprinkler for mango `Palmer’ floral induction in Brazilian Semiarid
No full textApplication of the plant growth regulator paclobutrazol (PBZ) to aid mango floral induction has been widely performed by mango producers. However, its application has been done manually, resulting in low uniformity of application and losses with labor. The objective of this study was to adjust the PBZ dose to be applied via micro-sprinkler system for floral induction, indicating an efficient management of ‘Palmer’ mango in the Brazilian semiarid. The experiment was conducted at Saúde Farm, located in Petrolina-PE, Brazil. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, with five doses of PBZ, applied via irrigation system (T1 - 0.56; T2 - 1.12; T3 -1.68; T4 - 2.24; and T5 - 2.80 g a.i. linear m-1 canopy) and a conventionally applied dose (T0 - 2.80 g a.i. linear m-1 of canopy, manually applied broadcast), with four replicates. The variables analyzed were: photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration, leaf temperature, number and length of panicles, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, yield, pulp firmness, titratable acidity and total soluble solids in the fruits. At the conventionally applied dose (2.8 g a.i. linear m-1 of canopy), PBZ application via micro-sprinkler irrigation system proved to be the most efficient way to reduce photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration. PBZ applied via micro-sprinkler irrigation system at a dose of 0.56 g a.i. linear m-1 of canopy promotes greater number of panicles and yield in ‘Palmer’ mango.Application of the plant growth regulator paclobutrazol (PBZ) to aid mango floral induction has been widely performed by mango producers. However, its application has been done manually, resulting in low uniformity of application and losses with labor. The objective of this study was to adjust the PBZ dose to be applied via micro-sprinkler system for floral induction, indicating an efficient management of ‘Palmer’ mango in the Brazilian semiarid. The experiment was conducted at Saúde Farm, located in Petrolina-PE, Brazil. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, with five doses of PBZ, applied via irrigation system (T1 - 0.56; T2 - 1.12; T3 -1.68; T4 - 2.24; and T5 - 2.80 g a.i. linear m-1 canopy) and a conventionally applied dose (T0 - 2.80 g a.i. linear m-1 of canopy, manually applied broadcast), with four replicates. The variables analyzed were: photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration, leaf temperature, number and length of panicles, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, yield, pulp firmness, titratable acidity and total soluble solids in the fruits. At the conventionally applied dose (2.8 g a.i. linear m-1 of canopy), PBZ application via micro-sprinkler irrigation system proved to be the most efficient way to reduce photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration. PBZ applied via micro-sprinkler irrigation system at a dose of 0.56 g a.i. linear m-1 of canopy promotes greater number of panicles and yield in ‘Palmer’ mango
Production of Beauregard Sweet Potato in vertical farming under different fertilization technologies
Get PDFIpomoea batatas, popularly known as sweet potato, is a species of the Convolvulaceae family, with probable origin between Mexico and northern South America. Among the genotypes with economic potential, the biofortified cultivar Beauregard (Ipomoea batatas) stands out due to its rusticity and easy handling. Controlled-release fertilizers were mostly used in studies developed in other countries, and their study being necessary in Brazilian soil and climatic conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the development of Beauregard biofortified cultivar, submitted to different fertilization technologies in vertical farming system. The plantlets received different doses of controlled-release fertilizer: 0.0 (control); 30; 60; 90; 120g and a dose of 40g per pit of NPK 13-13-28 of ready solubility. At 180 days, biometric and production parameter data were collected and submitted to regression analysis and variance analysis followed by the Scott-Knott test for mean separation. The application of controlled-release fertilizer showed a positive effect on the production of the studied cultivar, favoring the performance of the plants and promoting the increase especially in height, length of branches and number of leaves. The base application of controlled-release fertilizer at a dose of 30g per plant and traditional NPK fertilizer at a dose of 40g per plant promote higher yields of dry mass of shoots and root when compared to unfertilized plants in the cultivation of sweet potatoes in vertical farming
Variabilidade e correlações entre caracteres agronômicos em populacões mutantes de physalis
No full textThe physics populations cultivated in Brazil have a restricted genetic base, which makes the genetic progress of the species difficult. A tool available for variant variations is an associated with studies of favorable correlations or cultivar development. The objective was to characterize the variability in characters of was physalis and to obtain estimates of phenotypic correlations between agronomic importance. The gamma treatments were three physalis populations (Colombia, Lages and Fraiburgo), ingredients to irradiation (Co60) in seeds and three exposure times at M0 (0, 250 and 500 Grays). The experimental design used was randomized blocks, with three replications. They were the pH, a titratable total determination (ATT), the total soluble solids (SST), maturation index (IM, SST/ATT), the number of flowers (NDF) and fruits (NFR), the weight of fruits without boll (PDF, in g) and total productivity (PROD in kg ha-1). The results demonstrate that they exist as physical mutant populations when compared to their recognized populations (cultured populations) for the qualitative components (acidity and solids to be evaluated) and not for their proven results. There are positive results between fruits and solid materials, as well as selection it is possible to obtain results with more balanced flavor.As populações de physalis cultivadas no Brasil apresentam base genética restrita, o que dificulta o progresso genético da espécie. A ferramenta disponível para a obtenção de variantes é a mutação que associada aos estudos das correlações favorecem o desenvolvimento de novas cultivares. O objetivo foi caracterizar a variabilidade fenotípica em populações de physalis cultivadas e mutantes conjuntamente com a obtenção de estimativas de correlações fenotípicas e seus desdobramentos em efeitos diretos e indiretos entre caracteres de importância agronômica. Os tratamentos foram a combinação de três populações de physalis (Colômbia, Lages e Fraiburgo), submetidas à irradiação gama (Co60) em três tempos de exposição (0, 250 e 500 Grays-Gy) nas sementes. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Foram avaliados o pH, a acidez total titulável (ATT), os sólidos solúveis totais (SST, em °Brix), índice de maturação (IM, razão SST/ATT), o número de flores (NDF) e de frutos (NFR), o peso de frutos sem capulho (PDF, em g) e a produtividade total (PROD em kg ha-1). Os resultados demostraram que existe variação para as populações mutantes de physalis quando comparado as suas testemunhas (populações cultivadas) para os componentes qualitativos (acidez e sólidos totais) e não para os quantitativos. Existe correlação positiva entre acidez e sólidos totais, assim através de cruzamentos entre as populações contrastantes da seleção é possível obter genótipos com frutos de sabor mais equilibrad
Fitossociologia e períodos de interferência de plantas daninhas na cultura do abacaxizeiro cv. Pérola em função do espaçamento
No full textThe degree of weed interference depends on factors related to the crop, the weed community, theenvironment, the period of coexistence, and the available resources (water, nutrients, and light). Thus, theperiod of coexistence between the crop and weeds is a crucial factor in defining the potential for loss ofproductivity. This research aimed to carry out a phytosociological study and determine the periods of weedinterference in the pineapple crop as a function of spacing. The evaluated variables of the weed communitywere frequency, density, abundance, importance value index, and weed dry mass. Pineapple productivity and°Brix of fruits were determined for the periods of interference. The botanical families Asteraceae and Poaceaepresented the highest number of weed species. Digitaria insularis, Richardia grandiflora, Panicum maximum,Cyperus rotundus, and Cenchrus echinatus were the main weeds found. The pre-interference period, totalinterference prevention period, and critical interference prevention period were 35 days, 35 to 365 days, and330 days after planting, respectively. The reduction in productivity due to weed interference throughout thecycle can be higher than 80% for the pineapple crop.
O trabalho teve como objetivo realizar o estudo fitossociológico e a determinar os períodos de interferência das plantas daninhas na cultura do abacaxi em função do espaçamento. As variáveis avaliadas da comunidade infestante foram: a frequência, densidade, abundância, índice de valor de importância e massa seca das plantas daninhas. Para os períodos de interferência foram determinadas a produtividade do abacaxizeiro e ºBrix dos frutos. As famílias botânicas Asteraceae e Poaceae foram que apresentaram o maior número de espécies de plantas daninhas. Digitaria insularis, Richardia grandiflora, Panicum maximum, Cyperus rotundus e Cencrus echinatus foram as principais plantas daninhas encontradas. O período anterior à interferência, período total de prevenção à interferência e período crítico de prevenção à interferência foram de 35 dias, 35 dias aos 365 dias e 330 dias após o plantio, respectivamente. A redução devido à interferência das plantas daninhas por todo o ciclo pode ser maior que 80% para a cultura do abacaxizeiro
Yeast biocontrol against green mold in pear orange postharvest
Get PDFThe objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the enzyme β-1, 3-glucanase and the mechanisms of action produced by yeasts in the biological control ofgreen mold in post-harvest oranges of the pear variety. The Fully Casualized Delineation(FCD) was used. The results were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), in triplicate,compared with Tukey's test at a 5% probability level (p < 0.05), using the statisticalsoftware Sisvar. It was found that the killer activity was observed in 85.7% of the yeastsevaluated. The yeast Candida peltata URM4681 showed better production of β-1.3-glucanase, between 1.071 and 5.422 µg mL -1 . A factorial delineation 2 3 was used in amedium composed of yeast extract, soybean extract and meat extract to increaseenzymatic production, reaching an increase of 4.351 times comparing the assay of lowerand higher activity. The in situ assays showed a reduction in the number of infected fruitstreated with the enzymatic extract, being on average 78.5% when compared with thecontrol treatment (distilled water). As for sporulation, the enzymatic extract, which had anaverage of 8.4 spores, did not differ statistically from the IMZ and TBZ fungicides, both in apreventive and curative manner. Regarding the severity of the disease, it was noted thatthe fruits treated with enzymatic extract, had an average damage of 7.57 %, also notdiffering statistically from fungicides, both preventive and curative. Our studies suggestthat C. peltata URM4681, makes this a good candidate for biocontrol against green mold.Patógenos do gênero Penicillium spp. representam uma das principais doenças fúngicas durante a pós-colheita, o controle químico ainda é o método mais utilizado, no entanto, o uso de leveduras como agentes decontrole biológico vem sendo desenvolvido para reduzir o uso de fungicidas e o avanço da doença de formasustentável. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficiência da enzima β-1,3-glucanase e osmecanismos de ação produzidos por leveduras no controle biológico do bolor verde em pós-colheita delaranjas da variedade pera. Foi utilizado o Delineamento Inteiramente Casualizado (DIC). Os resultadosforam submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA), em triplicata, comparado com o teste de Tukey ao nívelde 5% de probabilidade (p < 0,05), empregando o software estatístico Sisvar. Constatou-se que a atividadekiller foi observada em 85,7% das leveduras avaliadas. A levedura Candida peltata URM4681 apresentoumelhor produção de β-1,3-glucanase, entre 1,071 e 5,422 µg mL -1 . Foi empregado um delineamento fatorial2 3 em meio composto por extrato de levedura, extrato de soja e extrato de carne para aumento da produçãoenzimática, alcançando um aumento de 4,351 vezes comparando o ensaio de menor e maior atividade. Osensaios in situ, mostraram uma redução do número de frutos infectados tratados com o extrato enzimático,sendo em média 78,5% quando comparado com o tratamento controle (água destilada). Quanto àesporulação, o extrato enzimático, que teve média 8,4 esporos, não diferindo estatisticamente dos fungicidasIMZ e TBZ, tanto de forma preventiva quanto curativa. Com relação à severidade da doença, notou-se que osfrutos tratados com extrato enzimático, apresentaram dano de em média 7,57 %, também não diferindoestatisticamente dos fungicidas, tanto preventiva quanto curativa. Nossos estudos sugerem que os múltiplosmodos de ação apresentados pela levedura C. peltata URM4681, tornam esse micro-organismo um bomcandidato como agente de biocontrole
Native bacteria from the caatinga biome mitigate the effects of drought on melon (Cucumis melo L.)
Get PDFPlant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) from drylands are promising biological resources to mitigate thenegative effects induced by water deficit. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of bacteria nativefrom the Caatinga biome on the initial growth of melon plants subjected to water deficit. Nine bacteria (M1.1,T11.2, PH5.2, T11.1, T2.1, T1.1, M7.1, XX6.9 and XX6.6) isolated from Caatinga soils were tested in two varietiesof melons (Cantaloupe and Yellow) cultivated under two water availability scenarios (50% irrigation and 100%irrigation of the crop evapotranspiration - ETc). In the control treatment, no inoculation was performed. Theeffects of the treatments on shoot length (SL), shoot dry mass (SDM), root length (RL) and root dry mass (RDM)were evaluated. In the scenario without water deficit (100% ETc replacement), the isolates PH5.2, T2.2, M7.1,XX6.9 promoted (p<0.05) the root and shoot biomasses in the Cantaloupe variety, while in the Yellow variety,growth promotion was sporadic, with three isolates (M1.1, M7.1 and XX6.9) promoting at least one parameterevaluated. In the scenario with a water deficit (50% ETc replacement), isolates T1.1 and XX6.9 promoted thetotal biomasses (SDM and RDM) of the Cantaloupe and Yellow varieties, respectively. All isolates stimulated RL inthe Cantaloupe variety. Bacteria isolated from the Caatinga promote growth and reduce the effects of waterdeficit in melon and thus are potential inoculants to enhance production in the early stages of melon cultivationin semiarid regions.Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) from drylands are promising biological resources to mitigate thenegative effects induced by water deficit. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of bacteria nativefrom the Caatinga biome on the initial growth of melon plants subjected to water deficit. Nine bacteria (M1.1,T11.2, PH5.2, T11.1, T2.1, T1.1, M7.1, XX6.9 and XX6.6) isolated from Caatinga soils were tested in two varietiesof melons (Cantaloupe and Yellow) cultivated under two water availability scenarios (50% irrigation and 100%irrigation of the crop evapotranspiration - ETc). In the control treatment, no inoculation was performed. Theeffects of the treatments on shoot length (SL), shoot dry mass (SDM), root length (RL) and root dry mass (RDM)were evaluated. In the scenario without water deficit (100% ETc replacement), the isolates PH5.2, T2.2, M7.1,XX6.9 promoted (p<0.05) the root and shoot biomasses in the Cantaloupe variety, while in the Yellow variety,growth promotion was sporadic, with three isolates (M1.1, M7.1 and XX6.9) promoting at least one parameterevaluated. In the scenario with a water deficit (50% ETc replacement), isolates T1.1 and XX6.9 promoted thetotal biomasses (SDM and RDM) of the Cantaloupe and Yellow varieties, respectively. All isolates stimulated RL inthe Cantaloupe variety. Bacteria isolated from the Caatinga promote growth and reduce the effects of waterdeficit in melon and thus are potential inoculants to enhance production in the early stages of melon cultivationin semiarid regions
Fontes de zinco no enriquecimento e na produtividade de cultivares de alface
No full textZinc is an important element of plant metabolism, playing roles in several enzymatic reactions. Biofortifyinglettuce with Zn is a strategy to meet the demand for this nutrient via food. This work aimed to evaluate the effectof foliar fertilization with different sources of zinc on the agronomic biofortification of special lettuce cultivarsunder low-altitude tropical conditions. The experiments were carried out in two seasons in a randomized blockdesign, in a factorial scheme (4 x 3) + 1, composed of four lettuce cultivars (SVR 2005®, Romanela®, Crocantela®,and Rubinela®), three sources of Zn (Zn sulfate, Zn oxide, and Zn chelate), and a control without zinc application,with four replications. The following characteristics were evaluated: head diameter (in cm); fresh leaf mass(in g plant-1); head volume (in cm³); yield (in t ha-1), and Zn content (in mg kg-1). The special lettuce cultivarspresented head diameters within the commercial requirement. ‘Romanela’ showed the best results for headdiameter, head volume, number of commercial leaves, fresh leaf mass, and yield. The Zn oxide was the bestsource to biofortify the special lettuces with foliar content of 260 mg kg-1 for ‘Rubinela’.O zinco é um importante elemento do metabolismo vegetal, desempenhando papéis em diversas reações enzimáticas. A biofortificação na cultura da alface com Zn é uma forma de suprir a demanda deste nutriente via alimentação. Avaliar o efeito da adubação foliar com diferentes fontes de zinco na biofortificação agronômica de cultivares especiais de alface sob condições tropicais de baixa altitude foi o objetivo desse trabalho. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em duas safras em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial (4 x 3) + 1, composto por quatro cultivares de alface (SVR 2005®, Romanela®, Crocantela® e Rubinela®), três fontes de Zn (sulfato de Zn , óxido de Zn e quelato de Zn) e uma testemunha sem aplicação de zinco, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: diâmetro da cabeça (em cm); massa foliar fresca (em g planta-1); volume da cabeça (em cm3); produtividade (em ton ha-1) e teor de Zn (em mg kg-1). As cultivares especiais de alface apresentaram diâmetro de cabeça dentro da exigência comercial. As cultivares Romanela e Crocantela apresentaram os melhores resultados para as características volume de cabeça, massa fresca foliar e produtividade. O teor de zinco na matéria seca foliar foi maior nas cultivares Rubinela e SVR 2005. A fonte de óxido de zinco foi a melhor para biofortificar as alface especial com teores foliares de 260 mg kg-1