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The Feminization of Deteriorated Labor Force Participation In Egypt: 1990 – 2024
Get PDFThe purpose of this thesis is to explain why female labor force participation deteriorated in quantity and in quality despite the recent rise in female educational attainment levels over the past three decades (1990 – 2024). On the one hand, labor participation declined, whereas on the other hand, female informal employment remains high in Egypt. This thesis dissertation utilizes a qualitative research methodology through both secondary data in the form of descriptive statistics on the phenomenon of female labor force participation as well as primary data in the form of six in-depth expert interviews with experts in the fields of gender, political economy, labor economics, public and social policy, development, and impact-assessment. The review of the literature addresses the main factors affecting the phenomenon of female labor force participation and the high presence of women in informal employment, identifying education as one of the most significantly positive factors affecting FLFP. This thesis contributes to the literature by expanding on the literature pertaining to the role played by labor regulating institutions and their policies on female formal labor force participation and subsequently female informal employment, through a gendered lens. This thesis argues that this phenomenon of low female labor force participation and high female presence in informality can be linked to Egypt’s educational institutional gender neutrality & non-gender inclusive higher and technical & vocational educational (TVET) policies, resulting in the prevalence of the “education-occupation mismatch” as well as the gendered ICT skills disparity — especially regarding gender integration, leading to a failure in the translation of increased female education into meaningful integration in the job market. In an effort to contribute to enhancing the Egyptian labor market for females, this thesis dissertation sheds light on the significance of setting forth gender-preferential regulatory frameworks and policies by labor-regulating state institutions – allowing for the translation of high female educational attainment levels to higher female formal labor force participation rates and lower female informal employment in vulnerable and precarious conditions
Knocking on Gelenbevī’s Door: A First Exploration of the Epistemological Overcoming of the Aristotelian Conception of Metaphysical Modalities in the Thought of Ismāʿīl Gelenbevī (d. 1790/1 C.E.)
Get PDFThis thesis is a first exploration of the epistemological turn in metaphysical modalities within Arabic philosophy, particularly within its post-classical period (circa 1100 – 1900 C.E.), which is the turn that highlights the Arabic post-classical philosopher’s attempt(s) to overcome the Aristotelian conception of metaphysical modalities. I here focus on some linguistic, philosophical, and theological nuances of this turn, by synoptically comparing the conceptions of metaphysical modalities of Ismāʿīl Gelenbevī (d. 1790/91) and Aristotle (d. circa 322 B.C.) as two points of culmination in their respective tradition’s reflections on modalities, which is the comparison that presents Gelenbevī’s said conception for the first time in the secondary literature
Organizational Change Management in Egypt; Contractors’ Perspective
Get PDFOrganizational change management in the construction industry is a vital process for companies to consider in their operations. Successful implementation of the process allows the companies to go a step further in the market due to their competitiveness derived from better performance and efficiency. However, applying change to the organization and introducing new structure is a challenge for any company seeking better performance, but worth it if it is implemented properly. In general, this research sheds light on the organizational change management implementation in construction contractors in Egypt. Where, this study aims to demonstrate the organizational change management initiatives and change practices carried out by contractors on their organization. In addition, the barriers hindering the changes, benefits from applying changes, the Egyptian’s culture aspect through changes were gathered and analyzed. Finally, recommendations for a successful framework was developed based on the research outcomes, which was then validated by experts. Nine interviews were conducted to gather insights on the research objectives then based on these interviews a questionnaire was prepared and distributed to 24 participants to substantiate the input gathered from the interview, with a total of 33 participants.
The results acknowledge that the organizational change management practices are taking place and being implemented by the contractors in Egypt although there are significant barriers and cultural aspect impacting the changes. Major barriers are classified into three elements; resistance to accept the change, lack of awareness of the change management concept and resource allocation consequences during change implementation. Additionally, the Egyptian’s culture dominant impact is classified into three elements fear of change and uncertainty, complacent behavior without the interest of change, and mistrust. Accordingly, several recommendations for a successful framework were portrayed tackling the barriers and Egyptian’s culture impact to achieve an effective change process. Finally, the framework was validated by conducting interviews with experts to ensure the practicality and effectiveness of adopting these recommendations to overcome the barriers during changes
Revisiting the Diffusion of Innovations Theory in the Digital Era: Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in Social Media
No full textThe present study aims at revisiting the applicability of Rogers’ diffusion of innovations theory in the digital era, particularly in relation to recent advancements in Artificial Intelligence and their use in social media. The role of generational differences in influencing the adoption and non-adoption of these technologies is also explored. Drawing on the rich insights of qualitative data, the researcher adopts a multi-method approach comprising seventeen interviews with academic and professional experts and four focus group discussions among different generations to collect first-hand insights on AI adoption in the present time. AI was itself used for qualitative data analysis, including generating and categorizing codes, themes, and excerpts. The findings of the study provide updated insights into the elements of the diffusion process, establishing potential grounds for modernizing the theory. Reasons for non-AI adoption and future perspectives on AI technologies are also highlighted. Overall, the study offers a theoretical contribution to the literature on technology and innovations adoption
Discretion, Deference, and Dysfunction: U.S. Refugee Resettlement from Egypt
Get PDFThis thesis investigates refugee resettlement from Egypt to the U.S., as facilitated by UNHCR Egypt and the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP). Accordingly, the research questions ask what factors determine the volume and profile of refugees UNHCR Egypt submits to USRAP for resettlement, as well as the related determining factors for refugees rejected from and accepted to USRAP. A fourth research question examines the impacts of U.S. refugee policy on the resettlement system in Egypt, including on UNHCR Egypt and refugees. To answer these questions, the thesis first delves into the history of U.S. immigration and refugee policies, with a particular emphasis on their exclusionary roots and strategic uses, then provides an overview of U.S. refugee admissions trends during the Obama, Trump, and Biden administrations (2009 to 2023) in the context of modern applications of U.S. refugee policy. It also discusses the refugee context of Egypt and offers insight into UNHCR Egypt’s procedures and capacity with respect to resettlement. The research employs a mixed-methods approach that involves analysis of USRAP and UNHCR Egypt resettlement data alongside semi-structured interviews with practitioners and refugees familiar with the U.S. resettlement process in Egypt. Findings suggest U.S. refugee policy impacts resettlement operations in Egypt to the extent UNHCR Egypt is aware of U.S. admissions criteria and submits a high number of refugees to USRAP because of the large U.S. resettlement quota allocation. Securitized USRAP adjudication policies, however, reduce the likelihood of USRAP acceptances and make discretionary rejections on security grounds effectively inviolable. What results is a resettlement system in Egypt that both defers to U.S. policy and is made more dysfunctional by it. For the U.S., the cumulative effect is a ‘selective first, humanitarian second’ approach that undermines USRAP as an asset to U.S. foreign policy and tool for burden-sharing. Critically, the impact of U.S. refugee policies imperils refugees in Egypt, instills fear toward USRAP, and compromises the U.S. global reputation
A critical review of the state-of-the-art on social policy, conflict and peace in the Middle East and North Africa region: Why social policy matters for peace and why it is also not enough
No full textThis article critically examines of the current state of knowledge on the conceptual and operational intersections between social policy and peace using a comprehensive desk-based review of the literature in the MENA region. Situating itself within the conceptual framework of positive peace, the paper critically assesses the role of social policy in a diversifying landscape of compounding risks, exacerbated by global climate change, environmental degradation, structural inequality, and state fragility, which negatively affect peace. Advocating for a broader and more critical perspective on the role of social policy in relation to peace building, the paper highlights the intrinsic value of social policy as a comprehensive framework for action − as opposed to the current emphasis in the peace literature on disparate elements of social policy: “welfare”, “protection”, “service delivery” (Richmond, 2011; Mcloughlin, 2018; Furness and Trautner, 2020; UN and World Bank, 2018). Such a framework can lead to more nuanced and contextual analysis of social policy solutions that address structural inequalities, encompass the notion of compound risk, and foster positive peace. At the same time, the paper addresses the mixed record of social policy in relation to processes and indicators of war and peace: social policy practice in MENA (as elsewhere in the world) can act as a positive peace-sensitive tool, but also be used to maintain law and order, sometimes reflecting a form of “hegemonic pacification”. These negative forms of peace (social control or political co-option) raise further questions about the nature of peace, and the extent to which social policy can support better governance of and pathways to peace (Chandler, 2016; Skocpol, 1992). In addition, the complex ideological nature of violent conflict, particularly in MENA, adds further layers of complexity. Our key argument is that despite these limitations., greater scope should be accorded to social policy as a critical contributor to shaping social conditions that foster positive peace. Beyond that, we recognise the need for greater interactions and dialogue between advocates of both security and social pathways to peace. Conclusions include suggestions for future research: a) greater focus on what types of social policy interventions work at key points in time and in what kinds of conflict situations, b) better understanding of the dynamics of peace-sensitive social policy indicators discussed in this paper
Re-defining the Women, Peace and Security Agenda in Libya
Get PDFThis project aims to examine the effectiveness of implementing the women, peace, and security (WPS) agenda in Libya during the armed conflict and through continuous political instability. After the 2011 uprising that took place, Libya has gone through several civil wars, which led the UN Security Council (UNSC) to dedicate a special mission to mediate the armed conflict and facilitate the democratic transition period while ensuring inclusivity. Also, the mission’s mandate is to pay attention to social inequalities and use a gender-sensitive approach to build peace again in Libya and ensure its sustainability. I am particularly interested in researching and assessing the implementation of the women, peace, and security agenda, which is mainly facilitated through the UN system. The agenda is concerned with including women in all decision making levels through political participation, prevention of conflict, protection from conflict, and the relief and recovery of women throughout the ongoing peace-building and political processes in Libya. Thus, how effective are the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) and the United Nations Special Mission in Libya (UNSMIL)’s work in implementing the women, peace, and security agenda in Libya
Menstrual Poverty in Egypt: Padding the Way to Period Equity
No full textWith approximately 800 million women menstruating daily worldwide, a significant portion of this demographic experiences barriers to accessing sanitary products. In Egypt, despite having around third of the population in reproductive age and menstruating monthly, an economic turmoil in 2017 opted the government to label menstrual products as luxury items and the prices have increased since then.
The current study aimed to investigate menstrual poverty in Egypt, focusing on the economic and social challenges faced by women during menstruation. Key objectives include assessing the financial challenges related to menstruation, exploring existing policies aimed at alleviating these challenges, and proposing evidence-based recommendations for public health policy to promote menstrual equity. The research employs a mixed-method approach, combining descriptive data analysis and qualitative insights through literature reviews and semi-structured interviews.
Findings reveal that menstrual poverty significantly impacts women\u27s physical, emotional, and social well-being. Nineteen Egyptian women from five different governorates were included in the study to represent different demographic and socioeconomic classes. The descriptive analysis showed that around 10% of salary is spent on menstrual related products and menstrual related issues such as missing workdays. While the qualitative thematic analysis highlighted the main issues such as the financial, educational and health impact. As participants reported salary deductions, missing school days and needing health interventions due to menstrual poverty.
The study underscores the need for comprehensive strategies to address both the economic and societal dimensions of menstruation in Egypt, advocating for policy changes that ensure equitable access to menstrual hygiene products and education. As tackling menstruation poverty can aid in the economic and social progress of the Egyptian population
Flexural Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams using NSM GFRP: Assessing Key Parameters
Get PDFThe structural integrity and longevity of Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams are critical to modern construction, influencing safety, usability, and maintenance costs over time. As civil engineering endeavors to meet the challenges posed by aging infrastructure and evolving usage demands, rehabilitating and strengthening RC structures have become essential practices globally. This research focuses on a prevalent yet innovative method of enhancing RC beams: the application of Near Surface Mounted (NSM) Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars.
GFRP is increasingly favored in structural engineering due to its superior properties to traditional materials. These include high tensile strength, resistance to corrosion, lightweight nature, and long-term durability. Among various reinforcement techniques, the NSM application of FRP stands out. This method involves embedding FRP bars or strips within grooves cut along the tension side of concrete beams. This technique not only enhances flexural strength but also preserves much of the original structural aesthetics and integrity.
The core objective of this research was to comprehensively understand how various parameters affect the flexural strengthening capacity of RC beams strengthened with NSM GFRP bars. An experimental program was designed, encompassing testing of twenty-two RC beams under controlled conditions to isolate and evaluate the impact of several key factors: the diameter of GFRP bars, their bonding length, the number of bars used, the techniques employed to enhance bond strength, the placement of bars within the concrete matrix, and the type of groove-filler material utilized in the grooves.
The research’s findings highlight the critical nature of GFRP bar diameter and bonding length in enhancing beam performance. Specifically, larger bar diameters (12 mm and 16 mm, adopted herein) significantly increased the beams\u27 load capacity, demonstrating a clear correlation between bar size and structural resilience. Conversely, smaller diameters (8 mm) were less effective, offering minimal improvements, which underscores the need for appropriate sizing in planning retrofit projects.
Bonding length emerged as another crucial factor, with results showing that beams adhering to the American Concrete Institute’s (ACI) recommended bonding lengths could fully utilize the GFRP bars’ tensile strengths. Inadequate bond lengths led to reduced load capacities and sudden failures, emphasizing the importance of precise calculations and adherence to established guidelines. The study also explored the effects of increasing the number of GFRP bars. While intuitively thought to improve strength, the benefits were marginal when the bond lengths were not optimized, suggesting that the quality of installation often outweighs quantity in composite reinforcement.
Furthermore, the research investigated bond enhancement techniques such as mechanical anchoring and the use of epoxy groove-filler. These methods were found to improve bond strength and delay failure modes, yet they could not fully compensate for the deficiencies in bonding length. The NSM technique, which incorporates additional mechanical or adhesive interventions, provided slight performance improvements. However, the ultimate efficacy of beam strengthening remained heavily contingent on correct adherence to bonding specifications.
In conclusion, this study not only substantiates the efficacy of NSM GFRP bars in enhancing the flexural performance of RC beams but also delineates the critical parameters that govern the success of such interventions. The insights garnered here pave the way for further research into refining bonding length equations and enhancing predictive modeling through advanced techniques like numerical (finite element) analysis. This will enable engineers and designers to more accurately predict outcomes and design more effective RC beam strengthening strategies, ultimately leading to safer, more durable structures
Levofloxacin Removal from Pharmaceutical Wastewater Using Advanced Oxidation Process
No full textAntibiotics are increasingly recognized as emerging pollutants in aquatic environments due to their persistence and potential to contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs). The widespread presence of these pollutants, particularly in wastewater, poses significant risks to both environmental and human health. Among these antibiotics, levofloxacin (LVX), a commonly used fluoroquinolone, has been frequently detected in wastewater streams. In addition to spreading ARG and ARBs, LVX can have toxic effects on aquatic organisms. Even at trace concentrations, it has the potential to destabilize microbial communities within aquatic ecosystems, thereby impairing ecological equilibrium. Therefore, this study investigates the removal efficiency of levofloxacin from pharmaceutical wastewater using a synthesized magnetically recoverable nanocomposite (CoFe2O4@ZnO) in photocatalytic advanced oxidation process (AOP). The conducted experimental work consisted of three phases, The first phase focused on the core-shell structured photo-catalyst synthesis and its characterization. In the second phase, the removal efficiency of LVX in a batch reactor system was studied alongside with optimizing the operating parameters including catalyst dosage, initial pH, and water turbidity at different initial LVX concentrations. Finally, the third phase tackled the feasibility of applying the obtained operating parameters in a fluidized-bed continuous flow system to investigate the removal efficiency of the LVX for seven continuous hours. The experimental results from phase 1 demonstrated that the obtained nanocomposites showed a successful formation of Cobalt Ferrite core surrounded by Zinc Oxide shell, with an average size 57 nm, and super paramagnetic properties. In phase 2, it was reported that the optimum pH for maximum LVX removal was 7 for various initial LVX concentrations ranging from 50 mg/L to 400 mg/L. It was also reported that a catalyst dosage of 1 g/l to 1.5 g/l was effective to remove LVX within 5 hours of exposing nanoparticles to UV light and that most of the removal takes place during the first 2 to 3 hours of the process. By testing high LVX concentrations, it was observed that high CNP dose and more time will be required for degradation. Moving to the impact of turbidity, by investigating 8 levels of turbidity, it was reported that the maximum allowable turbidity for the process is 140 NTU while values higher than this inhibited light penetration and hence reduced the removal efficiency. Finally, in third phase, it was concluded that the LVX followed a steady state degradation condition where it was degraded in the first 3 hours of the process with no further change in the concentration with a removal efficiency of 97%