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    Pour une histoire du droit de la haie

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    Aux marges de l’économie circulaire à Barcelone : entre chatarreros informels et mouvement maker dans le quartier de Poblenou

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    International audienceIn the neighbourhood of Poblenou, Barcelona, two profoundly different urban realities coexist, both linked to waste materials. On the one hand, the chatarreros collect scrap metal left on the streets and scour the neighbourhood to sell it to wholesalers based there, providing largely informal but necessary work for local sorting and the recycled metal industry in Catalonia. On the other hand, it is in this same neighbourhood of Poblenou that a project led by Fab Lab Barcelona has been rolled out, in which makers and designers have developed innovative biomaterials made from organic waste that are entirely biodegradable. Although the volumes involved are minimal, the aim is nonetheless to invent a radical circular economy for tomorrow, just a few streets or even a few meters away from those who, in working conditions imposed by social and economic marginalization, are driving an essential part of today's circular economy. This juxtaposition highlights the constants imposed by working with waste materials: collecting and sorting, processing and transforming, and the knowledge and skills this requires. It also highlights profound differences, which call for greater consideration and recognition of the work carried out by chatarreros by the local and institutional circular economy, in relation to which these two realities are, each in their own way, on the margins.Dans le même quartier de Poblenou, à Barcelone, coexistent deux réalités urbaines profondément dissemblables mais toutes deux liées aux matières détritiques. Les chatarreros, d’une part, qui collectent dans les rues la ferraille abandonnée, sillonnent le quartier pour la vendre aux grossistes qui y ont leurs locaux, assurant ainsi un travail en grande partie informel mais nécessaire au tri local et à la filière du métal recyclé en Catalogne. D’autre part, c’est dans ce même quartier de Poblenou que s’est déployé un projet porté par le Fab Lab Barcelona dans lequel des makers et designers ont développé des biomatériaux innovants fabriqués à partir de déchets organiques et entièrement biodégradables. Si les volumes concernés sont minimes, l’objectif n’en est pas moins d’inventer une économie circulaire radicale pour demain, à quelques rues voire quelques mètres de ceux qui, dans les conditions de travail imposées par une marginalisation sociale et économique, font tourner un rouage essentiel de l’économie circulaire d’aujourd’hui. De cette juxtaposition ressortent les invariants qu’impose le travail de la matière détritique : collecte et tri, traitement et transformation, savoirs et savoir-faire à mobiliser. En ressortent également des différences profondes, qui appellent à une meilleure prise en compte et reconnaissance du travail effectué par les chatarreros par l’économie circulaire locale et institutionnelle, par rapport à laquelle ces deux réalités se situent, chacune à leur manière, en marge

    Le rôle de la polarisabilité explicite dans la modélisation moléculaire des interfaces argile–eau selon l’état d’hydratation

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    International audienceClay minerals play a central role in soils by controlling fluid structure and transport at the nanoscale. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are powerful tools to investigate these processes, but their predictive capability strongly depends on the chosen force field. This work presents a comparative MD study of a montmorillonite mesopore at varying water saturation levels, from fully saturated systems to conditions with only an adsorbed water layer. Simulations were performed using both the polarizable ion model (PIM) force field and the non-polarizable ClayFF reference.The results reveal significant differences in ion distribution, water structuring, and interfacial dynamics between the two approaches. Under saturated conditions, PIM predicts enhanced ion pairing and long-range organization within the diffuse layer, whereas ClayFF yields smoother profiles consistent with continuum descriptions. At low saturation, polarizability-induced surface deformation in PIM leads to a more homogeneous hydration and partial exclusion of cations from adsorption sites, while ClayFF favors localized cation trapping and heterogeneous surface dehydration. Although average in-plane water diffusion coefficients are similar, ClayFF exhibits strong diffusion anisotropy under desaturated conditions, in contrast to the more isotropic dynamics observed with PIM. These results highlight the importance of explicit polarizability for accurately describing clay–water interfaces under environmentally relevant unsaturated conditions.Les minéraux argileux jouent un rôle central dans les sols en contrôlant la structure et le transport des fluides à l’échelle nanométrique. Les simulations de dynamique moléculaire (DM) constituent des outils puissants pour étudier ces processus, mais leur capacité prédictive dépend fortement du choix du champ de force. Ce travail présente une étude comparative par DM d’un mésopore de montmorillonite à différents niveaux de saturation en eau, allant de systèmes entièrement saturés à des conditions ne comportant qu’une couche d’eau adsorbée. Les simulations ont été réalisées à l’aide du champ de force polarisable basé sur le modèle ionique (PIM) et du champ de force de référence non polarisable ClayFF.Les résultats mettent en évidence des différences marquées entre les deux approches en termes de distribution ionique, de structuration de l’eau et de dynamique interfaciale. En conditions saturées, le modèle PIM prédit un appariement ionique renforcé ainsi qu’une organisation à longue portée au sein de la couche diffuse, tandis que ClayFF conduit à des profils plus lisses, en accord avec les descriptions continues. À faible saturation, les déformations de surface induites par la polarisabilité dans les simulations PIM entraînent une hydratation plus homogène et une exclusion partielle des cations des sites d’adsorption, alors que ClayFF favorise un piégeage localisé des cations et une déshydratation hétérogène de la surface. Bien que les coefficients de diffusion moyens de l’eau dans le plan soient similaires, ClayFF présente une forte anisotropie de diffusion en conditions désaturées, contrairement à la dynamique plus isotrope observée avec PIM. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance de la prise en compte explicite de la polarisabilité pour décrire avec précision les interfaces argile–eau dans des conditions non saturées pertinentes pour l’environnement

    The Arrival of Exome Sequencing in French Prenatal Diagnosis: An Exploratory Qualitative Study Among Professionals in Prenatal Diagnosis Centers: Prenatome-SHS

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    International audienceOBJECTIVE: Following the first French multicenter pilot study (AnDDI-Prenatome) focused on the implementation of prenatal exome sequencing (pES), this ancillary study aims to explore the ethical and clinical issues raised by pES within multidisciplinary prenatal diagnosis centers. METHODS: 33 healthcare professionals involved in the management of couples undergoing prenatal diagnosis (PND) took part in focus groups (2 with clinical geneticists, 3 with professionals from multidisciplinary prenatal diagnosis centers (MPDC), 1 with biologists). Each focus group was analyzed using the thematic analysis method. RESULTS: Professionals emphasized the importance of having a clear understanding of pES and the criteria for its prescription. Geneticists highlighted the need for a framework to clarify the implications of consent for patients and stressed the importance of offering structured support to assist couples in their decision-making process. Biologists and geneticists expressed a desire for effective multidisciplinary coordination of the care pathway, particularly in situations where the results were uncertain. CONCLUSION: These results will help to establish French recommendations for the prescription of pES

    Invited Paper: On the Equivalence of Snapshot/Append Objects and Broadcast Abstractions under Byzantine Failures

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    International audienceAbstractions play a central role in distributed computing, as they capture essential synchronization properties. Equivalence results among abstractions clarify their relative computational power. While many such equivalences are well established in crash-prone systems, far less is known about Byzantine-prone environments, where faulty processes may behave arbitrarily.This paper revisits the equivalence landscape in Byzantine systems, with a particular focus on shared registers and broadcast abstractions. We establish three new reductions.Specifically, we prove that the broadcast abstraction called Byzantine Set-Constrained Delivery Broadcast (BSCD-Broadcast) can implement a Snapshot/Append object and vice versa (I.e., a two-way reduction), and that the FIFO variant of the renowned Byzantine Reliable Broadcast (BRB-Broadcast) can implement BSCD-Broadcast under a majority of correct processes. Interestingly, this assumption mirrors the one required in crash-prone systems for a similar transformation

    Réussir l’inclusion des travailleurs handicapés

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    National audienc

    L’Euripide de Melanchthon à Strasbourg (1578): Réimpression, remaniement, représentation

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    International audienceEn 1578, l’imprimeur strasbourgeois Nicolaus Wyriot publie une unique pièce d’Euripide, Les Troyennes, et sa traduction latine par Melanchthon, déjà parue une vingtaine d’années auparavant. Cet ouvrage étonne à plus d’un titre : pourquoi choisir cette tragédie, par ailleurs assez impopulaire à la Renaissance ? Qu’est-ce qui justifie la réimpression de travaux antérieurs (le texte grec dans l’édition de Canter, datant de 1571, et la traduction de Melanchthon de 1558) ?Sans autre paratexte que la page de titre, il faut se confronter à la matière même du texte pour relever un certains nombre d’éléments qui suggèrent qu’il ne s’agit pas d’une simple réimpression mais plutôt d’un remaniement. En plus de la juxtaposition, en soi inédite, de travaux précédents, on relève des retouches structurelles (comme la division en cinq actes) ou des variantes textuelles dans la version latine qui pourraient suggérer que ce texte reflète un travail à la fois philologique et scénique. Une telle interprétation peut être corroborée par le contexte strasbourgeois, tant au niveau de l’imprimerie de Wyriot, qui publie aussi bien du théâtre que des manuels scolaires, que de l’école de Jean Sturm et Melchior Junius où se déroulent de nombreuses représentations théâtrales parmi lesquelles des tragédies grecques en traduction latine. En faisant converger les analyses de texte et l’étude du contexte, nous tenterons de rendre compte de cet unicum qui témoigne de l’état de la réception d’Euripide à la fin du xvie siècle, entre philologie et dramaturgie

    Memory Function and Huntington’s Disease: A Systematic Review

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    International audienceThis systematic review aimed to identify preserved and impaired memory processes in Huntington’s disease (HD), with consideration of disease stage and the specific memory subsystems assessed. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar up to March 11, 2025. Eligible studies had to be peer-reviewed, had to involve participants aged 18 or older, had to include patients with genetically or clinically confirmed HD, and had to be published in English or French. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool. A structured narrative synthesis was performed across seven memory subsystems and clinical stages (pre-manifest vs. manifest), and findings were summarized using tables and figures. A total of 136 studies were included. Verbal episodic memory impairments were consistently observed from early stages, particularly in free recall, while recognition was initially preserved. Visual episodic memory showed progressive deficits. Olfactory memory, though rarely examined, appeared to be impaired early. Autobiographical memory was underinvestigated but showed signs of disruption, seemingly independent of executive dysfunction. Semantic memory was generally preserved but showed reduced access without cues. Early-stage impairments were also reported in working memory. Priming was preserved, while complex procedural learning tasks showed variable deficits. Many studies presented methodological limitations, including confounding and lack of blinding. Memory profiles in HD appear heterogeneous and subsystem-specific. Autobiographical memory may constitute a distinct cognitive marker. Improved characterization of memory deficits is crucial to guide the development of targeted cognitive interventions

    Intracellular Membrane Repair Dysregulation and Accumulation of Mature Myostatin Protein are Novel Markers of Muscle Pathophysiology in Pompe Disease

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    International audiencePompe disease is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder resulting from acid alpha-glucosidase deficiency. Clinically, it is defined by progressive skeletal muscle weakness and respiratory failure. In skeletal and cardiac muscles, it is characterized by an aberrant glycogen accumulation within lysosomes, which is associated with autophagic build-up, mitochondrial alterations, and myofibrillar disorganization. Despite increasing tissue damage, satellite cells (SCs), which are the main actor responsible for muscle repair processes, surprisingly fail to activate. This study aimed to investigate the phenotypic features of affected muscle, with particular focus on membrane repair, since membrane disruption is a central trigger for SC activation. A longitudinal transcriptomic analysis in a Pompe disease mouse model, supplemented by immunohistochemical and biochemical approaches, revealed early and persistent overexpression of key membrane repair proteins: dysferlin, annexin A2 and AHNAK2. Strikingly, these proteins displayed abnormal subcellular distribution with accumulation of dysferlin, annexin A2 and AHNAK2 at lysosomes, autophagosomes and T-tubules, respectively. Such mislocalization suggests a compensatory response aimed at maintaining intracellular structural integrity rather than canonical sarcolemmal repair. Analysis of muscle biopsies from late-onset Pompe disease patients confirmed these findings, showing sarcoplasmic accumulation of these proteins, which correlated with the severity of histopathological lesions. Furthermore, a persistent post-transcriptional accumulation of mature myostatin, a key negative regulator of muscle growth, was detected in the mouse model. This deregulation may contributes to defective SC activation and explains the absence of regenerative responses despite pronounced muscle injury.Overall, we found that Pompe disease muscle displays altered expression and subcellular distribution of membrane repair proteins, combined with deregulated myostatin signaling. These events emerge as critical factors in disease progression, accounting for defective regenerative capacity. These insights highlight novel therapeutic avenues, including enhancement of membrane repair mechanisms and modulation of myostatin pathway, to mitigate muscle damage and improve clinical outcomes in Pompe disease

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