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Process evaluation of a school-based vaccination intervention to improve HPV vaccine coverage: A mixed-method study embedded in the French PrevHPV cluster randomized controlled trial
No full textInternational audienceBackgroundHuman papillomavirus vaccine coverage (HPV VC) remains suboptimal in many countries. French authorities launched the PrevHPV research program, which included a cluster randomized controlled trial (cRCT) to evaluate the effectiveness of an ‘at-school vaccination’ intervention. Within this trial, we conducted a process evaluation of this intervention, specifically analyzing (i) its implementation, (ii) its mechanisms of impact, and (iii) the contextual factors influencing implementation (facilitators/barriers).MethodWe conducted a mixed-method study embedded in the PrevHPV cRCT (April 2021–April 2022). ‘At-school vaccination’ consisted of vaccination day(s) on school premises where mobile vaccination teams (MVTs) initiated HPV vaccination free of charge for eligible adolescents (i.e., non-vaccinated adolescents aged 11+). Quantitative data were collected through activity reports and self-administered questionnaires of adolescents and school staff. Qualitative data collected through six focus groups with school staff and MVTs were analyzed using thematic analysis.ResultsOf the 31 schools (14,772 adolescents) randomized to implement ‘at-school vaccination’, 12 (39 %) dropped out. Among the participating schools, analysis of implementation showed that 17 % of adolescents returned valid consent forms, of whom 89 % initiated vaccination. MVTs played a central role in implementing vaccination day(s), supported by several school staff (e.g., school nurses, education assistants). Regarding mechanisms of impacts, satisfaction with the vaccination days was high among adolescents and school staff. The intervention generated both positive and negative group effects among adolescents. Contextual factors that facilitated implementation included the preparation of a list of adolescents to be vaccinated and the availability and motivation of school staff. The main barriers related to the management of consent forms and missing health records.ConclusionWe formulated recommendations for implementing at-school vaccination, which may be particularly helpful for the French school HPV vaccination campaigns that were scaled up nationally in 2023. We also discussed potential macro-level improvement strategies, involving modifications to the legislative framework
Locating enzyme activities and nutrients in the rhizosphere: Combining zymography and DET methods
No full textInternational audienceOrganic fertilization is a recognized sustainable practice in agriculture and represents a major nutrient source for microbes and plants in these systems. Microbes produce hydrolytic enzymes to mineralize nutrients from organic forms into mineral forms to satisfy their own needs, and thus can compete with plants for these mineralized nutrients. Thus, interactions between plants and microbes in the rhizosphere determine nutrient availability and flows. We investigated these relations, using a spatial approach that combined zymography with the method of diffusive equilibrium in thin films (DET) to localize enzyme activity and N and P availabilities simultaneously. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) was grown in rhizoboxes filled with an organo-mineral crop soil (MS) or 100 % organic peat soil (OS) that was unfertilized or fertilized locally with horn meal for 20 days. In general, enzyme activities were higher in MS than in OS, but the stimulation of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity and associated decrease in nutrient availability was 2 times as strong in OS as in MS. A rhizosphere effect, in which rhizodeposits stimulated enzyme activity, was clearly observed in OS. Fertilization increased LAP activity and nutrient availability near the location of fertilization, which increased basil growth in OS but not in MS. β-glucosidase, acid phosphatase and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activities responded weakly to fertilization and the rhizosphere. By relating enzyme activities mapped by zymography to nutrient availability mapped by DET, we identified microbial hotspots in the rhizosphere where most nutrient mobilization processes and competition between plants and microbes occurred
The High Voltage Splitter board for the JUNO SPMT system
No full textInternational audienceThe Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) in southern China is designed to study neutrinos from nuclear reactors and natural sources to address fundamental questions in neutrino physics. Achieving its goals requires continuous operation over a 20-year period. The small photomultiplier tube (small PMT or SPMT) system is a subsystem within the experiment composed of 25600 3-inch PMTs and their associated readout electronics. The High Voltage Splitter (HVS) is the first board on the readout chain of the SPMT system and services the PMTs by providing high voltage for biasing and by decoupling the generated physics signal from the high-voltage bias for readout, which is then fed to the front-end board. The necessity to handle high voltage, manage a large channel count, and operate stably for 20 years imposes significant constraints on the physical design of the HVS. This paper serves as a comprehensive documentation of the HVS board: its role in the SPMT readout system, the challenges in its design, performance and reliability metrics, and the methods employed for production and quality control
Study on the equation-of-state with light clusters and hypernuclei
No full textInternational audienceHeavy-ion collision experiments offer a unique opportunity to explore the early stages of the Universe by creating matter under extreme conditions of high temperature and baryon density. The properties of such matter are governed by the equation-of-state (EoS), which remains a central focus of investigation from both experimental and theoretical perspectives. Flow harmonics are among the most sensitive observables for probing the EoS, as they strongly reflect the underlying interactions and degrees of freedom of the system. In this article, we review the current status of our understanding of the EoS based on microscopic transport models, emphasizing comparisons with experimental data in the few GeV energy range
Practical management of rheumatic immune-related adverse events occurring with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A narrative review
No full textInternational audienceImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have dramatically changed the management of cancer and their indications are expanding, leading to an increase in immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Recently, attention has focused on previously underestimated rheumatic irAEs, including inflammatory arthritis (IA), polymyalgia rheumatica-like phenotypes and Sicca syndrome, but also fasciitis, and rare but severe immune mediated myositis, with a possible association with myasthenia-like symptoms or myocarditis. Rheumatic irAEs may have a prolonged course and affect a patient's quality of life. Patients with IA or systemic autoimmune disease prior to ICI initiation are also at risk of flares. Current management of rheumatic toxicities relies on the opinion of experts, mostly based on the management of the classical rheumatic conditions they mimic. Due to the lack of high-quality data in the literature, few recommendations are available, with remaining concerns regarding the impact of immunosuppressive drugs on cancer response. The aim of this article is to provide practical guidelines to help rheumatologists and oncologists in their daily practice to deal with ICI related inflammatory rheumatic conditions, from the introduction of an ICI in the case of preexisting autoimmune disease, to the occurrence of rheumatic toxicity, as well as discussions concerning ICI rechallenge after a severe rheumatic irAE
Energy and momentum dependence of the soft-axion interaction rate
No full textInternational audienceAxions coupled to thermal non-Abelian gauge fields may have cosmological significance. As the heat bath defines a frame, its influence depends separately on energy and momentum. A light-like momentum () is relevant for the axion contribution to the effective number of light neutrinos, , whereas a vanishing momentum () plays a role for warm natural inflation or ultralight dark matter, and has been employed in lattice estimates (both classical and quantum-statistical) of the strong sphaleron rate. Focussing on soft energies (), we carry out an HTL computation to show how the domains and interpolate to each other. We then compare with lattice data at , and connect our analysis to NLO computations at . Assembling the current best input, we re-investigate light QCD axion decoupling dynamics at MeV, showing that efficient interactions in the ultrasoft domain increase from to at GeV
À quelles conditions l'arrêté de cessibilité est-il susceptible de faire l'objet d'un référé-suspension ?
No full textInternational audienceConseil d'État, 22 juillet 2025, no 501042, M. et Mme B… et C… A… c/ Préfet de Haute-Savoie et commune de Faucigny, inédi
Sliding Mode Differentiator versus Sliding Mode Observer: the third way for particular cases
No full textThis paper highlights the comparison, in terms of advantages and drawbacks, between sliding mode differentiators and sliding mode observers. Beyond the case where the signal to be derived comes from an unknown system, for which a differentiator is obviously required, the choice between a differentiator and an observer is not so simple. This is even more true considering that, in information theory, any unused information is lost information.This issue has been addressed indirectly in Kalman filtering, where both the degree of confidence in the model and the quality of the signal are taken into account. However, this approach still relies on the availability of a model and on assumptions of linearity (even though nonlinear versions exist). In this note, we focus on nonlinear settings and discuss several scenarios illustrating how differentiators and observers can be combined or selected to optimally exploit available information
Automédication
No full textInternational audienceL'automédication correspond à l'utilisation d'un ou de plusieurs médicaments sans l'intervention d'un médecin ni nécessairement le conseil d'un pharmacien ou d'un autre professionnel de santé, dans l'objectif de se soigner en autonomie. L'automédication s'est développée dans les années 1970 - 1980, avant de connaître une croissance progressive sous l'impulsion des industriels du médicament, du développement et regroupement des pharmacies officinales, de la publicité grand public et de campagnes de déremboursement successives. L'automédication est un phénomène extrêmement fréquent et concerne 50 à 75 % de la population. Les risques théoriques liés à l'automédication sont nombreux, mais le risque réel semble en pratique faible. Moins de 5 % des effets indésirables médicamenteux seraient liés à l'automédication. Les classes de médicaments utilisés en automédication les plus fréquemment responsables d'effets indésirables sont les anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens, les antalgiques (dont le paracétamol) et les psycholeptiques. La mise en vente libre en officine des autotests va possiblement modifier les parcours d'autosoin/autoprise en charge, avec comme possibilité une médicalisation et médicamentation de domaines de la santé jusqu'à présent peu investis par les usagers en autonomie