Portail HAL Nantes Université
Not a member yet
120169 research outputs found
Sort by
Emerging Practices for Scattering Ashes in the Natural Environment in France: Towards New Forms of Nature Veneration?
No full textInternational audienceCompared with Northern Europe or countries such as India, where cremation is rooted in local culture and religion, the practice of cremation in France started rather late, but it now accounts for more than half of funerals in most large French cities (national average rising from 1% in 1980 to 46% in 2024). This practice initially led to the creation of columbaria, which are structures designed for storing urns in superimposed niches. These structures date back to Roman antiquity and were revived with the construction of the first crematoria at the end of the 19th century. Columbaria are located in cemeteries or crematoria cinerary gardens, and in recent decades they have been supplemented by other facilities, such as scattering lawns and wells. However, these offerings from public funeral services do not seem to fulfil all desires, as evidenced by the recent surge in scatterings outside cemeteries in open countryside. This unconventional practice has been made possible by the standardisation of pulverising cremated bone fragments and the introduction of shredders in crematoria since the late 1970s. This process makes the ashes less voluminous, more discreet and easier to spread.In Western countries, the scattering of remains has historically referred to those considered 'bad dead' (witches, criminals and stillborn babies), who were not given a final resting place and therefore had no right to be remembered. In its emerging form in France, this practice seems to address various contemporary concerns: a rejection of cemeteries as overly constrained, costly and uncomfortable spaces; a desire to reduce the carbon footprint of burials and reappropriate funerals; an embrace of an ecological narrative that places humans alongside other living beings and the deceased within the cycle of life.To gain a better understanding of this largely unexplored practice in France, we have set up a research-creation programme called 'Gestes et territoires de la mort en cendres' (Gestures and territories of death in ashes). This programme brings together artists, funeral professionals and multidisciplinary researchers specialising in architecture, atmospheres, anthropology and somatics. Initially, we collected testimonies of scatterings (some fifty to date via an online form) in order to understand the choice of location, sequence of events, and material configuration of the scatterings. We then re-enacted these micro-stories in workshop sessions to explore them from different perspectives and gain insight into what remains implicit.This practice does not follow any dogma or tradition and remains experimental for the time being. Legislation remains very vague. A few legal provisions, mainly introduced in 2008, attempt to provide a framework by prohibiting the scattering of ashes on private property to prevent the appropriation of the deceased and the division of ashes, thus aligning them with the status of corpses. Nevertheless, despite the permissive nature of the legislation, 45% of French people believe that this practice is illegal.The first material challenges the assumption that mourning and remembering dispersed dead requires a specific place. Although these experiences are often accompanied by awkwardness and discomfort, which are often linked to the feeling of clandestinity and unpreparedness, sites for scattering ashes in nature can also give rise to real acts of separation, accomplished with relief and serenity. These sites can accommodate successive times of remembrance, which often take the form of collective remembrance walks involving picnics, planting or building cairns. A wide variety of scattering gestures were observed, adapted to the location and the element with which the ashes were intermingled. Examples include bathing with ashes in the sea, rivers or lakes; throwing ashes into the air from a promontory or mountain peak; pouring ashes into a hollow formed in the earth. These discreet rituals are performed with great simplicity and joy, in contrast to the solemnity of traditional funeral rites. They invoke the symbolism of a journey through the elements, in which the deceased preside over their river, mountain or beach and become part of a planetary community. Whether this emerging form of funerary ritual also signifies the emergence of ecospiritualities will be revealed by ongoing ethnographic research
« Punir plutôt deux fois qu'une ! »
No full textInternational audience(Loi no 2025-568 du 23 juin 2025 visant à renforcer l'autorité de la justice à l'égard des mineurs délinquants et de leurs parents
Quel neurodroit pour le patient neuromodulé ? L’autonomie relationnelle face aux effets indésirables d’un traitement consenti
No full textInternational audienceThe discourse on "neurolaw" has recently expanded to include the potential recognition of "neurorights," conceived as new fundamental rights aimed at protecting individuals from infringements on their mental or cerebral functioning. Neuromodulation technologies intentionally and selectively modify neural activity through various means—electrical, magnetic, or chemical. While such techniques are frequently referenced as starting points for ethical inquiry, the legal implications of their clinical applications remain insufficiently examined. The recognition of novel rights safeguarding "psychological continuity" or "authentic will" may seem a promising path. However, upon closer analysis, it is worth considering whether other enhancements to existing legal frameworks should take priority—particularly those that would enable neuromodulated patients to have their will more effectively respected, in light of the relational nature of autonomy.La discussion sur le « neurodroit » a récemment évolué pour envisager la reconnaissance de « neurodroits », entendus comme de nouveaux droits fondamentaux destinés à protéger les personnes contre des atteintes à leur fonctionnement psychique ou cérébral. Les technologies de neuromodulation modifient volontairement et de manière ciblée l’activité neuronale par différents moyens : électriques, magnétiques ou chimiques. Bien que ces techniques soient souvent mentionnées comme point de départ des réflexions éthiques, les implications juridiques de leurs applications médicales demeurent peu analysées. La reconnaissance de nouveaux droits protégeant la « continuité psychologique » ou la « volonté authentique » pourrait sembler une piste intéressante. A l’analyse, on peut toutefois se demander si d’autres améliorations du droit positif ne sont pas à prioriser pour permettre aux patients neuromodulés de mieux faire respecter leur volonté en tenant compte de la dimension relationnelle de l’autonomie
Cartographic tools for evaluating land cover transitions: implications for landscape management and almond diversity conservation
No full textInternational audienceOver the past four decades, rapid urbanization has profoundly affected the sustainability of urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) as well as the diversity of native fruit tree ecotypes. Despite the ecological and agricultural importance of Tunisia’s coastal regions, few studies have addressed the impacts of urbanization on local fruit tree diversity and orchard dynamics. To fill this gap, the present study employs remote sensing to map and quantify the evolution of urban expansion and the degradation of almond orchards between 1980 and 2023. In addition, field surveys were conducted to complement the spatial analysis and to assess the economic, social, and ecological importance of UPA, here defined as all agricultural activities carried out within and around urban areas. These surveys also provided insights into the effects of urbanization on almond cultivation. Cartographic analyses reveal a marked transformation of the landscape under the pressure of urbanization. In Kalâa Kebira, tree crops decreased from 3,234.2 ha in 1980, with a loss of 621 ha by 2023, while urban areas expanded from 145 ha to 1,307.2 ha. In Bouficha, almond and olive plantations declined by 29.4% between 1980 and 2012 (from 11,927.32 ha to 8,420.9 ha), before recovering to 10,666.19 ha by 2023, despite urbanization reaching 1,130.69 ha. This regeneration can be attributed to the central economic role of agriculture (accounting for 80% of local income), government-supported irrigation projects, and the engagement of a new generation of farmers. Field surveys highlight the high genetic diversity and good conservation status of native almond ecotypes in the Kalâa Kebira region, reflecting traditional management practices that safeguard local genetic resources. This diversity represents an asset for adapting to climatic constraints, particularly drought. Conversely, in Bouficha, the expansion of orchards through the introduction of selected or imported almond varieties has led to a reduction in local genetic variability. This process has intensified genetic erosion, already exacerbated by rapid urbanization and recurrent droughts, threatening the resilience of these agroecosystems. These findings underscore the urgent need for concrete sustainable management policies for fruit trees particularly almonds to preserve this valuable native diversity. Recommended measures include ex situ conservation in gene banks, participatory selection, and in situ agroecological zoning. Furthermore, comprehensive analysis and the development of an in-situ conservation strategy are required. In the absence of such actions, this diversity risks being progressively replaced by uniform cultivars in the medium term and could disappear in the long term under drought stress, resulting in a significant loss of biodiversity at the national scale
The immune cell landscape analyzed by imaging mass cytometry in the muscle of patients with inclusion body myositis associated or not with Sjögren’s disease
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Objectives Several studies reported an association between Sjögren’s disease (SjD) and inclusion body myositis (IBM). However, the potential specificities of IBM when associated with SjD have been poorly investigated. Here, we compared the muscular inflammatory infiltrates between IBM patients with or without associated SjD. Materials and methods Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded muscle biopsies of patients with IBM, associated with SjD (IBM-SjD) and sporadic (sIBM) forms, from 6 French expert centers, were collected. Imaging mass cytometry (IMC) multiplex immunostaining (34 markers) was used to quantify and analyze inflammatory infiltrate composition. Supervised and unsupervised descriptive and comparative analyses were performed. Results Fourteen IBM-SjD and 7 sIBM muscle samples were analyzed. No statistically significant difference was encountered but some trends were pointed. IBM-SjD samples had a broader inflammatory infiltrate surface (median 4.8%, IQR: 1.4–8.6) than sIBM samples (median 1.6% IQR: 1.2–2.4). In both groups, the main inflammatory cells in muscle infiltrate were primarily macrophages and T cells. However, the proportion of plasma cells (14.7% IQR: 5.4–24.6 vs 8.5% IQR: 4.6–9.8) and B cells (3.1% IQR: 0.4–5.6 vs 0.5% IQR: 0.0–3.2) were higher in IBM-SjD patients. Conclusion Using IMC on muscle biopsies, IBM-SjD and sIBM patients share common histological features, but there are notable distinctions (more extensive infiltrate, high numbers of B cells and plasma cells in IBM-SjD). These observations were exploratory and based on a small number of patients. but may suggest IBM-SjD has distinct SjD-related pathophysiology compared with sIBM, and open to further research with potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications
Merveilles et féeries de cour dans « Gracieuse et Percinet » de Marie-Catherine d'Aulnoy
No full textépi-revue JE3LAMWhen Marie-Catherine d'Aulnoy published her collection Contes des fées in 1697, she had already made a name for herself with two works devoted to foreign courts, Mémoires de la cour d'Espagne (1690) and Mémoires de la cour d'Angleterre (1695), which attest to her knowledge of and interest in European court circles. By examining references to French court culture and customs in "Gracieuse et Percinet", this study aims to consider this story as a court tale, the significance of which will be explored here. This work also examines the influence of Princess Palatine on the narrative and ideological choices of the storyteller, who dedicated her two collections of fairy tales to her.Lorsque Marie-Catherine d’Aulnoy publie le recueil Contes des fées en 1697, elle s’est déjà distinguée par deux ouvrages consacrés aux cours étrangères, les Mémoires de la cour d’Espagne (1690) et les Mémoires de la cour d’Angleterre (1695), qui témoignent de sa connaissance et de son intérêt pour les milieux curiaux européens. Par l’examen des références à la culture de cour française et à ses mœurs dans « Gracieuse et Percinet », cette étude se propose d’envisager ce récit comme un conte de cour, dont il s’agira ici de comprendre les enjeux. Ce travail interroge également l’influence de la princesse Palatine sur les choix narratifs et idéologiques de la conteuse, qui lui dédie ses deux recueils de contes féeriques
Les multiples vies de l’éducateur sportif ou la vie comme un mille-feuille. Préface
No full textNational audienceLes multiples vies de l'éducateur sportif ou la vie comme un mille-feuilleDresser le portrait sociologique des éducateurs sportifs n'est pas une mince affaire. Au plan statistique, ils sont en effet difficiles à dénombrer : tantôt salariés, tantôt indépendants, à temps plein ou partiel, saisonniers ou permanents, exerçant aussi bien dans des institutions de l'éducation populaire (du genre centre aéré) que dans des associations (de type club sportif) ou encore dans des entreprises à proprement parler (de remise en forme par exemple), leur présence au travail est éclatée et leur réalité se révèle difficile à saisir. </p
Professionnels des transformations pédagogiques dans l'enseignement supérieur : contexte, enjeux, perspectives
No full textInternational audienc
Shifts in Fossil Benthic Foraminiferal Community Trajectories During the Last Deglaciation Along the European Margin
No full textInternational audienceConstraining how faunal communities vary over time and space in response to environmental change has long been a major goal of paleoecologists. Among fossilized organisms, few yield a better and greater detailed record than foraminifera to understand past marine conditions. The analytical frameworks used to build palaeoenvironmental reconstructions have progressed over the years, providing new perspectives within the field. One of these proposed frameworks, Ecological Trajectory Analysis (ETA), offers the possibility to compare geometric properties of trajectories to understand temporal changes within communities. We provide here an application of ETA to the fossil record by comparing benthic foraminiferal data sets from three previously studied cores from the French Atlantic margin. The three cores are each separated by approximately 350 km and cover the last deglaciation, thus allowing a comparison of community dynamics at spatial and temporal scales. A major perturbation in fossil benthic communities was identified in ETA metrics at the onset of Heinrich Stadial 1, with a twofold departing and recovering trend of communities. The three sites along the French Atlantic margin also show spatial differences during the deglaciation, testimony to a contrasting response of benthic foraminifera to ice sheet dynamics and fluctuating fluvial discharges. In this instance, the application of ETA allows to compare multiple fossil foraminiferal records. At a broader scale, the use of trajectory metrics within one unique multivariate space of community resemblance stands out as a powerful tool to compare many other fossil records within the field of paleoecology
One-sided truncated EWMA control charts for monitoring two-parameter exponential distributed data
No full textInternational audienceThe two-parameter exponential distribution offers greater flexibility and suitability than the classical exponential distribution with a single scale parameter for modelling product lifetimes in reliability analysis and inventory management. Unlike existing schemes designed based on order statistics, new one-sided EWMA schemes using the truncation method are developed in this paper to monitor data following a two-parameter exponential distribution with sample sizes n = 1 as well as n > 1, indifferently. Furthermore, detailed instructions for constructing the Markov chain model and the Monte Carlo simulation are provided to investigate the detecting properties of the recommended schemes, along with cross-validation to verify their effectiveness.Meanwhile, detecting performance comparisons between the proposed lower-sided scheme and the latest relevant scheme are carried out. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed chart is not only superior to the comparative chart in monitoring efficiency and its resistance to biases in average run length (ARL) and average time to signal (ATS), but it is also more straightforward and accessible for practitioners. Finally, two illustrative examples are presented to demonstrate the implementation of the proposed schemes.</div