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Multiple Bayesian Models for the Sustainable City: The Case of Urban Sprawl
No full textInternational audienceSeveral possible models of urban sprawl are developed as Bayesian networks and evaluated in the light of available evidence, also considering the possibility that further, yet unknown models could offer better explanations. A simple heuristic is proposed in order to attribute a likelihood value for the unknown models. The case study of Grenoble (France) is then used to review beliefs in the different model options. The multiple models framework proves particularly interesting for geographers and planners having little available evidence and heavily relying on prior beliefs. This last condition is very frequent in research on sustainable cities. Further options of multiple models evaluations are finally proposed
Integrative genomics and gene networks for studying phenotypic plasticity in the pea aphid
No full textInternational audiencePhenotypic plasticity is an adaptive process widespread in Insects. This involves the capacity of embryos to sense external local environmental cues during their development with alternative routes providing a final phenotype adapted to those new cues. In our lab, we describe and analyse the gene expression regulation rules during the establishment of the phenotypic plasticity of the reproductive mode in aphids due to the change of the photoperiod in the fall. The development of sexual and asexual embryos that differ mainly by their production of haploid meiotic gametes or diploid non-recombinant gametes is thus compared. We developed an integrative genomics approach that aims to define all the functional DNA elements in the formation of alternative morphs. We thus combine genomics (nucleic acid sequencing), bioinformatics and mathematic modelling to construct gene networks describing and modelling the molecular processes acting in the phenotypic plasticity of the reproductive mode. We annotated functional DNA elements (open chromatin, long non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, mRNAs), predicted their putative interactions and modelled their network functioning. We identified two major biological processes as important signatures of these networks: “oogenesis” and “central nervous system”. We analysed more deeply some of the candidates to fill the gap between prediction, hypotheses and biological observations
Pressure-swing-adsorption of gaseous mixture in isotropic porous medium: Transient 3D modeling and validation
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Quantitative image based analysis of endocrine disruptor effects on mitochondria morphology-function in prostate cancer cells
No full textInternational audienceEndocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDC) are found in many everyday products, like food packaging, food preservative or additive, pesticides residues, etc… Widely distributed throughout the environment and bioaccumulable in living organisms, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a specific class of EDC that accumulate in fat deposit. Some of them have been recognized as causing adverse effects on human’s health such as diabetes and cancer by mimicking hormone effects on metabolism. Cancer cells display high metabolic flexibility allowing them to grow in various cellular environments and favoring their proliferative and invasive capacities. Mitochondria are key players in this complex interplay as they produce ROS, generate energy and participate in nucleotide synthesis and in glutamine metabolism of cancer cells. Regarding the importance of hormones on prostate cancer risk and outcomes, we are developing multiple parameters in vitro assays conducted in a high-throughput screening format relevant for prostate cancer metabolism and aggressiveness. This screening method includes, inter alia a microscopy based analysis of mitochondria structure and function. We analyzed the effects of five EDCs (Aldrin, BDE28, TCDD, PCB153, PFOA) identified in the plasma of patients on two prostate cancer cell lines, 22RV1 (androgen-responsive) and DU145 (androgen-unresponsive). Each compound was tested in a dose dependent manner to determine its effects on total mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS production, mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy. In addition, we performed an image based computational analysis of the mitochondrial network morphology and dynamics. This strategy allows us to extract some quantitative parameters on the mitochondrial network as fragmentation index, compactness, average volume, etc. When combined, morphological and functional parameters allow us to discriminate subtle perturbations of the mitochondrial structure-function induced by POPs in prostate cancer cells. We are confident that this multiparameter analysis strategy could represent a new perspective in identification and characterization of EDC based on their effects on cell metabolism (phenoscore) in order to estimate their potential risk on human health
Acceleration of macroscopic contact line of a droplet spreading on a substrate induced by interaction with a fixed particle
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De la carte de profondeur au maillage surfacique : reconstruction de scènes 3D complexes.
No full textNational audienceNous présentons une méthode originale de reconstruction de surfaces à partir de nuages de points. Notre méthode est spécifiquementdédiée aux nuages de points massifs représentant des scènes 3D complexes. Contrairement aux approches classiques qui travaillent directementdans le domaine 3D, notre méthode travaille sur les cartes de profondeur, fournies par de nombreux scanners 3D, comme domaines deparamétrisation. Cela nous permet de reconstruire une surface 3D de meilleure qualité directement à partir des données natives des scanners 3D
Coherent backscattering and forward-scattering peaks in the quantum kicked rotor
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Microhardness evaluations of CAD/CAM ceramics irradiated with CO<sub>2</sub> or Nd:YAP laser
No full textInternational audienceBackground and aims. The aim of this study was to measure the microhardness values of irradiated computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) ceramics surfaces before and after thermal treatment. Material and Methods. Sixty CAD/CAM ceramic discs were prepared and grouped by material, i.e. lithium disilicate ceramic (Emax CAD) and zirconia ceramic (Emax ZirCAD). Laser irradiation at the material surface was performed with a carbon dioxide laser at 5 Watt (W) or 10 W power in continuous mode (CW mode), or with a neodymium:yttrium aluminum perovskite (Nd:YAP) laser at 10 W on graphite and non-graphite surfaces. Vickers hardness was tested at 0.3 kgF for lithium disilicate and 1 kgF for zirconia. Results. Emax CAD irradiated with CO2 at 5 W increased microhardness by 6.32 GPa whereas Emax ZirCAD irradiated with Nd:YAP decreased microhardness by 17.46 GPa. Conclusion. CO2 laser effectively increases the microhardness of lithium disilicate ceramics (Emax CAD)
TAROT: a network for space surveillance and tracking operations
No full textInternational audienceTAROT: a network for space surveillance and tracking operations The TAROT (Télescope à Action Rapide pour les Objets Transitoires – Rapid Action Telescope for Transient Objects) network of telescopes consists of two 25cm aperture telescopes located at the Calern Observatory (TCA, OCA, France), the La Silla Observatory (TCH, ESO, Chile), and a 18cm telescope at Les Makes Observatory, (TRE, France). In addition we use the Zadko 1m telescope at the Gingin Observatory (ZDK, UWA, Australia). A central service in France, called CADOR (Centre d’Analyse des Données des Observatoires Robotiques, Centre for the Data Analysis of Robotic Observatories), acts as an interface for users, runs the scheduling system over the network, archive the data and run the core database. Since 1999 we perform observations of Resident Space Objects (RSO). Over the time we have implemented the observation of RSOs, mostly debris, on the geostationary orbit, and of passing objects in eccentric orbits, such as the GTO, or MEO/HEO. A specific data reduction pipeline with new methods for the image analysis has been developed and implemented by the CNES space debris modelling and risk assessments office to extract, process Space observations and to catalogue RSOs. As an example, in 2015, TCA has performed over 17000 measurements over the GEO monthly (average). TRE has been adapted to the observation of RSOs in November 2016, and it has made for its first 12 nights over 11000 measurements. In 2016, preliminary results show that the availability of the telescopes (TCA and TCH) is on the order of 90%. The TAROT network was recently used to observe the Arianne V233 Galileo launch, allowing observing the separation of the four satellites from the upper stage of the launcher, acquiring rare images of the passivation phase. We are now implementing operational procedures to use the TAROT network for the support of the CAESAR collision assessment system of the CNES. In this paper we present here the TAROT network, the methods and strategies we have developed, as well as statistics of measurements, some specific examples, and the perspective of the network within the context of Space Surveillance and Tracking