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Habit, decision making, and rationality : comparing Veblen and early Herbert Simon
No full textInternational audienceThe article aims to contribute to the convergence between institutional and neo-Schumpeterian evolutionary economics. It intends to help unify the behavioral foundations of these two strands of thought by returning to the original views of their main historical inspirations. It thus proposes a comparative analysis of the theory of human behavior developed by Thorstein Veblen and Herbert Simon, respectively. The article notably discusses how Simon’s early work links together the notions of habit, rationality, and the decision-making process, and explores the extent to which his views are consistent with, complementary to, or divergent from Veblen’s. The article highlights several commonalities between Simon and Veblen’s views on habits. However, Simon departs from Veblen in developing a dual model of human behavior which clearly differentiates habit-based from decision-based behaviors. The article argues that neo-Schumpeterian evolutionary economists should go beyond this binary model and build on the pragmatist-Veblenian approach, in which these two dimensions are intimately entangled. This process could allow the economists in question to take advantage of the most valuable insights of institutional economics regarding the interactions between individual choices and habits and institutions
Stochastic isentropic Euler equations
Get PDFInternational audienceWe study the stochastically forced system of isentropic Euler equations of gas dynamics with a γ-law for the pressure. We show the existence of martingale weak entropy solutions; we also discuss the existence and characterization of invariant measures in the concluding section
Hiérarchies sociales et cosmopolitisme des marges : l’intégration à la française au prisme des mobilités "roms-roumaines"
No full textInternational audienceDepuis une quinzaine d’années, on a vu resurgir des bidonvilles aux abords des grandes métropoles françaises ; comme si les campagnes d’éradication de l’habitat précaire des années soixante-dix n’avaient jamais eu lieu. Rappelant la période de l’après-guerre, ces quartiers auto-construits sont attribués à l’arrivée d’étrangers, Magrhébins et autres immigrés hier , Roms d’Europe de l’Est aujourd’hui. L’analogie n’est pas seulement urbaine, on la retrouve dans les représentations : pensés comme culturellement éloignés du modèle dominant, les habitants de ces quartiers insalubres sont suspectés par une partie au moins de l’opinion publique -relayée par les média et le politique- de ne pas vouloir (ou pouvoir) s’assimiler à la société française. Objet de multiples fantasmes, ces nouveaux venus sont perçus comme vivant dans des univers clos, repliés sur eux-mêmes, impénétrables aux mœurs du pays dans lequel ils s’installent.Divers travaux de recherche sur les Roms d’Europe de l’Est en France ont montré que cette distance était essentiellement due aux conditions d’accueil, ou plutôt de non-accueil de cette population, et à la répression dont elle fait l’objet, sur fond de xénophobie . Si la précarité et le racisme ne favorisent pas l’insertion sociale, on ne peut prendre pour acquis le poncif selon lequel ces migrants auraient une faible inclination à développer des relations sociales en dehors de leur groupe. Nous nous intéressons au contraire dans les lignes qui suivent aux multiples liens qu’ils tissent, jour après jour, avec leur nouvel environnement
Jacobian syzygies, stable reflexive sheaves, and Torelli properties for projective hypersurfaces with isolated singularities
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Towards Artifacts Assemblage in Routine Dynamics: The Exploratory Case of Nurses’ Handoff in a Neonatal Unit
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Regionalization of a Landscape-Based Hazard Index of Malaria Transmission: An Example of the State of Amapá, Brazil
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GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral
No full textInternational audienceOn August 17, 2017 at 12∶41:04 UTC the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo gravitational-wave detectors made their first observation of a binary neutron star inspiral. The signal, GW170817, was detected with a combined signal-to-noise ratio of 32.4 and a false-alarm-rate estimate of less than one per 8.0×104 years. We infer the component masses of the binary to be between 0.86 and 2.26 M⊙, in agreement with masses of known neutron stars. Restricting the component spins to the range inferred in binary neutron stars, we find the component masses to be in the range 1.17–1.60 M⊙, with the total mass of the system 2.74-0.01+0.04M⊙. The source was localized within a sky region of 28 deg2 (90% probability) and had a luminosity distance of 40-14+8 Mpc, the closest and most precisely localized gravitational-wave signal yet. The association with the γ-ray burst GRB 170817A, detected by Fermi-GBM 1.7 s after the coalescence, corroborates the hypothesis of a neutron star merger and provides the first direct evidence of a link between these mergers and short γ-ray bursts. Subsequent identification of transient counterparts across the electromagnetic spectrum in the same location further supports the interpretation of this event as a neutron star merger. This unprecedented joint gravitational and electromagnetic observation provides insight into astrophysics, dense matter, gravitation, and cosmology
Traffic control via moving bottleneck of coordinated vehicles
No full textThe possibility of properly controlling a moving bottleneck to improve the traffic flow is here considered. The traffic is represented by means of a macroscopic model able to take into account the interactions with the bottleneck. This latter interacts with the surrounding flow modifying the traffic density and the flow speed profiles. An optimal control problem is stated by using the speed of the moving bottleneck as control variable. Specifically in this paper the MPC (Model Predictive Control) approach is used in order to get a fuel consumption reduction when the traffic is congested due to the presence of a fixed bottleneck on the highway. In addition we have demonstrated that no increase of the travel time is caused by the control application. The concept illustrated in this paper suggests a future innovative traffic control approach. Indeed the prospective of exploiting special vehicles with manipulable speed to control the traffic flow is particularly attractive given the expected increasing penetration rate of autonomous vehicles in traffic networks in future years