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A Stochastic Framework for Neuronal Morphological Comparison: Application to the Study of imp Knockdown Effects in Drosophila Gamma Neurons
No full text9th International Joint Conference, BIOSTEC 2016, Rome, Italy, February 21–23, 2016, Revised Selected PapersInternational audienceIn order to reach their final adult morphology, Gamma neurons in Drosophila brain undergo a process of pruning followed by regrowth of their main axons and branches called remodelling. The mRNA binding protein Imp was identified to play a fundamental role in this process. One of Imp targets, profilin mRNA, encodes for an actin regulator that has been shown to be involved in axon remodelling. In this paper we intend to further understand the role of Imp and the importance of profilin mRNA expression regulation during remodelling. To do so, we propose a stochastic framework to exhaustively compare the adult morphology between wild type (WT), imp knockdown (Imp) and imp knockdown rescued by Profilin (Prof Rescue) neurons. Our framework consists in (i) the selection of the main neuron morphological features, (ii) their stochastic modelling and parameter estimation from data and (iii) a maximum likelihood analysis for each individual neuron to quantitatively assess the similarity or difference between groups. Thanks to this framework we show that imp mutant neurons can be divided in two phenotypical groups with a different aberrancy degree, and that profilin overexpression partially rescues the main axon and branch development thereby it reduces the proportion of neurons with the strongest remodelling phenotype
Shear bond, wettability and AFM evaluations on CO2 laser-irradiated CAD/CAM ceramic surfaces
No full textInternational audienceThe purpose of this study is to determine the CO2 laser irradiation in comparison with sandblasting (Sb), hydrofluoric acid (Hf) and silane coupling agent (Si) on shear bond strength (SBS), roughness (Rg) and wettability (Wt) of resin cement to CAD/CAM ceramics. Sixty (CAD/CAM) ceramic discs were prepared and distributed into six different groups: group A, control lithium disilicate (Li); group B, control zirconia (Zr); group C, Li: CO2/HF/Si; group D, Li: HF/Si; group E, Zr: CO2/Sb/Si; group F, Zr: Sb/Si. Result showed significant difference between irradiated and non-irradiated in terms of shear bond strength for zirconia ceramics (p value = 0.014). Moreover, partial surface wettability for irradiated and non-irradiated ceramics. Irradiated surface demonstrated more rough surface in lithium disilicate than zirconia ceramics. CO2 irradiation could increase shear bond strength, surface roughness and wettability for both CAD/CAM ceramics
Abrupt response of chemical weathering to Late Quaternary hydroclimate changes in northeast Africa
No full textInternational audienceChemical weathering of silicate rocks on continents acts as a major sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide and has played an important role in the evolution of the Earth's climate. However, the magnitude and the nature of the links between weathering and climate are still under debate. In particular, the timescale over which chemical weathering may respond to climate change is yet to be constrained at the continental scale. Here we reconstruct the relationships between rainfall and chemical weathering in northeast Africa for the last 32,000 years. Using lithium isotopes and other geochemical proxies in the clay-size fraction of a marine sediment core from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, we show that chemical weathering in the Nile Basin fluctuated in parallel with the monsoon-related climatic evolution of northeast Africa. We also evidence strongly reduced mineral alteration during centennial-scale regional drought episodes. Our findings indicate that silicate weathering may respond as quickly as physical erosion to abrupt hydroclimate reorganization on continents. Consequently, we anticipate that the forthcoming hydrological disturbances predicted for northeast Africa may have a major impact on chemical weathering patterns and soil resources in this region. Erosion processes on continents include mechanical erosion and chemical weathering, both of which shape the Earth's surface and contribute to substantial drawdown of atmospheric carbon via export of organic-rich clay fractions and alteration of silicate minerals. However, while the links between climate and physical erosion rates have been well documented from river chemistry data 1 and sedimentary records 2 , the response of continental chemical weathering to climate change is not well understood and requires further investigation. At the large scale, the relative importance of physical erosion, temperature, rainfall, vegetation and lithology on chemical weathering over both long (> 10 6 yr) and short (≪ 10 4 yr) periods of time is still under debate. Most studies that have established links between climate and silicate weathering were based on the analysis of dissolved phases in modern river basins 3 or on the reconstruction of past ocean chemistry during the Cenozoic 4 from marine carbonates or deep-sea ferromanganese deposits. To date, only a few studies have investigated past variations in silicate weathering over short timescales and these have yielded contradictory results 5–9. However, this information is important for predicting the evolution of the short-term carbon cycle and its impact on the Earth's vital resources. Sediments formed in weathering profiles, exported by large rivers and accumulated on margins, can provide invaluable information on the short-term evolution of weathering at the sub-continental scale. To provide constraints on the links between hydro-climate and weathering, we have reconstructed the Late Quaternary evolution of rock chemical weathering in the Nile basin, using a marine sediment record recovered from the Nile deep-sea fan, off the coast of Egypt (Fig. 1). Tropical Africa is known to have experienced major hydrological changes during the Quaternary period, which dramatically affected fluvial discharge and particle delivery to the surrounding ocean margins 10–12. The onset of past humid periods was related to increased summer insolation in the Northern Hemisphere associated with northward migration of the Inter Tropical Convergenc
Le droit matrimonial en Côte d'Ivoire 1901-2012. Entre unification législative et résistances coutumières
No full textThe inefficiency of the positive law in Africa is considered as one of the underlying reasons of its underdevelopment and/or of its development malaise. The state of lawlessness that prevails in Côte d’Ivoire in marriage-related issues appears to be the case in point, being one of the most instructive and globalizing within the correlations between legal order and development in its widest sense. As a matter of fact, like in all of the former French colonies of French West Africa block, Côte d’Ivoire’s legal (at least, in a positivist sense) system is a product of its colonial past. Therefore, the legal systems in all these young African states are naturally inspired by the French law, through the channel of colonial law. However, Côte d’Ivoire’s solution differs from most of those of its fellow regional states. The new Ivorian government opted for an outright alignment of their law and the legal system with that of the former colonizer. For the civil law, this translated into the adoption of the French Code of 1804, taken for a token of development and social revolution, at the expense of countless civil customs considered to be incompatible with the new constitutional order and nation-building. Out of this political will of assimilation and legal unification - that has been ongoing in Côte d’Ivoire since independence - was born a true conflict of norms. On the one hand, a state law, especially in matrimonial matters, is prevalent but still strives to take root. On the other hand, civil customs that are still attractive bite into the credibility of the official law.L’ineffectivité du droit positif en Afrique est considérée comme l’une des principales causes de son sous-développement et/ou de son mal de développement. A titre d’illustration, la situation de « non-droit » qui prévaut en Côte d’Ivoire en matière matrimoniale apparaît comme l’une des plus édifiantes de cette corrélation entre ordonnancement juridique et développement (lato sensu)En effet, à l’instar de toutes les anciennes colonies françaises du bloc de l’Afrique Occidentale Française, la Côte d’Ivoire hérite du fait juridique (du moins dans son acception positiviste) de la colonisation. Il s’ensuit que, naturellement, le système juridique de l’ensemble de ces jeunes Etats africains trouve son inspiration, par le canal du droit colonial, dans le droit français. Mais la Côte d’Ivoire a adopté une solution différente de celles de la plupart des autres Etats. Les nouveaux gouvernants ivoiriens prirent le parti d’aligner purement et simplement leur droit sur celui de leur ancien colonisateur. Cela se traduisit au civil par l’adoption du Code français de 1804, donné comme un gage de développement et de révolution sociale, au détriment des innombrables coutumes civiles, considérées comme étant inconciliables avec le nouvel ordre constitutionnel et l’édification d’une nation ivoirienne. De cette volonté politique d'assimilation et d’unification juridique, qui se perpétue en Côte d’Ivoire depuis son accession à la souveraineté, naquit un véritable conflit de normes, entre d’une part, un droit étatique, notamment en matière matrimoniale, qui prévaut mais ne s’enracine pas, et d’autre part, des coutumes civiles, dont l’attrait pèse sur la crédibilité du droit officiel
Les droits et libertés fondamentaux à l’épreuve de l’efficacité économique : une application à la politique de la concurrence
No full textNational audienceLa place croissante que revêt l’analyse économique dans le contentieux juridique, y compris dans le contentieux constitutionnel peut mettre en jeu les droits et libertés fondamentaux. Ces derniers peuvent être mis en balance avec la logique de l’efficacité. Dans le droit de la concurrence de l’Union Européenne, la mise en œuvre d’une approche plus économique (ou approche par les effets) et la montée en puissance des procédures négociées (souvent justifiée par des gains d’efficience en termes procéduraux) constituent un exemple d’évolution de la pratique décisionnelle pouvant mettre en jeu non seulement les droits de propriété et la liberté contractuelle des firmes mais aussi le contrôle juridictionnel lui-même
Volumetric expressions of the shape gradient of the compliance in structural shape optimization
No full textIn this article, we consider the problem of optimal design of a compliant structure under a volume constraint, within the framework of linear elasticity. We introduce the pure displacement and the dual mixed formulations of the linear elasticity problem and we compute the volumetric expressions of the shape gradient of the compliance by means of the velocity method. A preliminary qualitative comparison of the two expressions of the shape gradient is performed through some numerical simulations using the Boundary Variation Algorithm
Antoine Vitez et les mises en scène de textes étrangers au théâtre, 1966-1982. : Théâtre-document, théâtre-récit, théâtre-musique
No full textLivre accompagné d'un CD audio d'extraits d'archives sonores (co-production IMEC)International audienc
Editorial
No full textInternational audience[début du texte] On the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the publication of Joseph Schumpeter’s Theory of Economic Development a workshop devoted to Schumpeter and Schumpeterians on economic policy issues was held at the Logis du Roy and the Faculty of Economics and Management of the University of Picardie Jules Verne (Amiens, France) during May 19–20, 2014
Environnement et concurrence dans la réforme des marchés publics
No full textNational audienceAnalyse des réformes de 2015 et 2016 en droit des marchés publics transposant la directive européenne de 2014 en termes de protection de l'environnement et de concurrenc