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Die Zwischenbankbefreiung als staatliche Beihilfe?
No full textDIE ZWISCHENBANKBEFREIUNG ALS STAATLICHE BEIHILFE?
Die Zwischenbankbefreiung als staatliche Beihilfe? (1
Die Entwicklung des Begriffs "angemessene Vorkehrungen für Menschen mit Behinderung" im Lichte der europäischen und österreichischen Rechtsprechung
No full textDIE ENTWICKLUNG DES BEGRIFFS "ANGEMESSENE VORKEHRUNGEN FÜR MENSCHEN MIT BEHINDERUNG" IM LICHTE DER EUROPÄISCHEN UND ÖSTERREICHISCHEN RECHTSPRECHUNG
Die Entwicklung des Begriffs "angemessene Vorkehrungen für Menschen mit Behinderung" im Lichte der europäischen und österreichischen Rechtsprechung (1)
1 Einleitung (8)
2 Anwendungsvoraussetzungen der angemessenen Vorkehrungen (10)
2.1 Anwendungsbereich der Rahmen-RL (11)
2.2 Geschütztes Merkmal: Behinderung (13)
2.2.1 Funktionsbeeinträchtigung (14)
2.2.2 Barriere zur Teilhabe am Berufsleben (17)
2.2.2.1 Worin liegt die Barriere? (18)
2.2.2.2 Abstrakte oder konkrete Teilhabeerschwernis? (21)
2.2.3 Dauerhaftigkeit (24)
3 Angemessene Vorkehrungen (26)
3.1 Grundsätzliches (26)
3.2 Rechtliche Einordnung und Abgrenzung, insbesondere zu § 6 Abs 1 BEinstG (27)
3.3 Anwendungsvoraussetzungen des § 6 Abs 1a BEinstG (29)
3.3.1 Adressat der Pflicht: „Dienstgeber“ (29)
3.3.2 Geschützter Personenkreis: „Menschen mit Behinderung“ (30)
3.3.3 Pflicht des Dienstgebers: „Ergreifen von Maßnahmen“ (33)
3.3.3.1 Rechtliche und nicht-rechtliche Maßnahmen (34)
3.3.3.2 Zugang zur Beschäftigung ermöglichen (35)
3.3.3.3 Ausübung des Berufs ermöglichen (35)
3.3.3.4 Beruflichen Aufstieg und Aus- und Weiterbildung ermöglichen (36)
3.3.4 Intensität/Reichweite der Förderpflicht (37)
3.3.4.1 Geeignete Maßnahmen (38)
3.3.4.2 Im konkreten Fall (39)
3.3.4.3 Erforderliche Maßnahmen (41)
3.3.4.4 Verhältnismäßige Maßnahmen (43)
3.3.4.4.1 Kriterien zur Beurteilung der Verhältnismäßigkeit (43)
3.3.4.4.2 Ausschluss der Maßnahme bei unverhältnismäßiger Belastung (48)
3.4 Konkrete Maßnahmen (49)
3.4.1 Maßnahmen innerhalb des bestehenden Arbeitsvertrags (49)
3.4.1.1 Anpassung (der Ausstattung) des Arbeitsplatzes (49)
3.4.1.2 Zuweisung leichterer Aufgaben (51)
3.4.1.3 Zuweisung eines entsprechenden Arbeitsplatzes (52)
3.4.1.4 Jobcoachings, Beratungen und Assistenzleistungen (53)
3.4.2 Maßnahmen, die ändernd auf den Arbeitsvertrag wirken (54)
3.4.2.1 Verkürzung der Arbeitszeit/Reduktion der Auslastung (54)
3.4.2.2 Versetzung an einen anderen Arbeitsplatz (55)
3.4.2.2.1 Wann besteht die Versetzungspflicht? (58)
3.4.2.2.2 Beschaffenheit des neuen Arbeitsplatzes (59)
3.4.2.2.3 Erforderliche Kompetenzen/Fähigkeiten (62)
3.4.2.2.4 Anpassungsbedarf der österreichischen Rechtsprechung? (63)
3.5 Angemessene Vorkehrungen nur bei Kenntnis der Behinderung? (65)
4 Rechtsfolgen (67)
4.1 Grundsätzliches (67)
4.2 Unmittelbare vs mittelbare Diskriminierung (68)
4.3 Diskriminierung durch unterlassene/unzureichende angemessene Vorkehrungen? (70)
4.3.1 Unmittelbare Diskriminierung mangels angemessener Vorkehrungen? (70)
4.3.2 Mittelbare Diskriminierung mangels angemessener Vorkehrungen? (71)
4.3.2.1 Grundlegendes (71)
4.3.2.2 Unterlassen als eigenständige Diskriminierungshandlung? (74)
4.4 Auswirkung auf Rechtfertigungsmöglichkeiten? (77)
4.5 Konkrete Rechtsfolgen unterlassener Vorkehrungen (79)
4.5.1 Naturalrestitution: Erfüllungsanspruch (80)
4.5.1.1 Grundlegendes zum Erfüllungsanspruch (80)
4.5.1.2 Inhalt und Grenzen des Erfüllungsanspruchs (83)
4.5.2 Schadenersatz (84)
4.5.3 Abgrenzung: Naturalrestitution und Schadenersatz (86)
4.5.4 Leistungsverweigerungsrecht (87)
5 Conclusio (89
The effectiveness of renewable energy support
No full textTHE EFFECTIVENESS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SUPPORT
The effectiveness of renewable energy support (1)
Introduction (8)
Literature Review (9)
Policy Instruments and Subsidies (9)
Empirical Evidence on Renewable Energy Policy (10)
Implications for Methodology (11)
Data (12)
Data Sources (12)
Support Data (12)
Installed Capacity (12)
Electricity Generation (13)
Electricity Generation from Wind (14)
Control Variables (14)
Data Cleaning and Preparation (15)
Standardizing and Preprocessing (15)
Panel setup (16)
Panel construction and model setup (16)
Methodology (19)
Introduction to Methodology (19)
Model Specification (20)
Estimation Strategy (21)
Country-Specific Elasticities (22)
First-Difference Model (23)
Robustness Checks (24)
Limitations (25)
Summary (26)
Results (27)
Baseline Regression Results (Level Model) (27)
Total Renewable Energy Sources (RES) (27)
Wind (28)
Solar (29)
Summary (29)
Preferred Model Specifications (Level Model) (30)
Total Renewable Energy Sources (RES) (30)
Wind (31)
Solar (32)
Summary (33)
Country-Specific Elasticities (34)
Total Renewable Energy Sources (35)
Wind Capacity (37)
Solar Capacity (38)
Comparison Across Technologies (40)
Elasticities of First-Difference Models (41)
Model Fit Comparison (41)
Total Renewable Energy Capacity (42)
Wind Capacity – First-Difference Results (44)
Solar Capacity – First-Difference Results (46)
Comparison Across Technologies (47)
Robustness Checks (48)
Additional Control Variables (48)
Additional Control Variables in Level Models (49)
Alternative Control Variables in First-Difference Model (49)
Multicollinearity Diagnostics (50)
Production-Based Models as Robustness Check (51)
Discussion and Policy Implications (52)
Interpretation of Findings (52)
Comparison with Existing Literature (55)
Cross-Country Panel Evidence (55)
European Evidence and Policy Mixes (56)
National Case Studies: Carbon Pricing versus Subsidies (56)
Policy Design Innovations: Auctions (56)
Contribution of this Thesis (57)
Policy Implications (57)
Limitations and Future Research (58)
Conclusion (60)
Additional Tables and Figures (64)
Support data availability table (64)
Comparison Tables of R2 — Level Model (64)
Production Models (64)
Capacity Models (66)
Comparison Tables of R2 — First-Difference Models (67)
Full Regression Results (69)
Total RES Capacity (log–log, preferred controls) (69)
Wind Capacity (log–log, preferred controls) (73)
Solar Capacity (log–log, preferred controls) (77
The relevance of ESG risk for stock returns over time
No full textTHE RELEVANCE OF ESG RISK FOR STOCK RETURNS OVER TIME
The relevance of ESG risk for stock returns over time (1)
Introduction (1)
Literature Review (2)
Historical Background on ESG and Sustainable Investing (2)
Divergence in ESG Ratings (4)
ESG Risk as a Financial Concept (6)
Time-Varying Effects of ESG Risk (7)
ESG Risk and Return Mechanisms (8)
Empirical Evidence on ESG Return Effects (9)
Literature Gap and Motivation (11)
Research Questions and Hypotheses (11)
Methodology (12)
Construction of the ESG Risk Factor (GMB) (12)
Excess Return Construction and Dependent Variable (15)
Regression Design and Estimation Strategy (16)
Data and Descriptive Statistics (18)
Data Sources and Universe Definition (18)
Return Calculation and Variable Construction (19)
Descriptive Statistics and Visual Overview (20)
Results (24)
Return Characteristics of the GMB Factor (25)
Significance and Stability of GMB Factor Loadings (27)
Robustness Check - Rolling Window Length (30)
Time-Series Behavior of the GMB Factor (31)
Correlation of GMB and FF5 Loadings (32)
Sectoral ESG Pricing (34)
Time-Varying Sectoral Effects (35)
Regression Diagnostics and Model Stability (37)
Residual Tests and HAC Estimation Validity (38)
Model Fit (39)
Interpretation of Results (41)
Robustness Across Thresholds and Construction Variants (41)
Regression Results (43)
Time-Varying Implications (45)
Sector-Specific ESG Pricing (47)
Conclusion and Outlook (48)
Empirical Evaluation of the Research Question (48)
Theoretical Implications (49)
Limitations of the Methodological Framework (50)
Outlook (50)
Appendix (50)
GMB–SMB Correlation Analysis (52)
Residual Diagnostics for Total Universe and Sector Models (52)
Return Characteristics Factor Significance Tests across Thresholds (55)
Multicollinearity Diagnostics (57)
Significance and Distribution of GMB Factor Loadings (59)
Sector-Level Rolling Regression Results (105)
Histograms of Sectoral GMB Loadings (128)
References (132
Credit risk and firm-level political risk
No full textCREDIT RISK AND FIRM-LEVEL POLITICAL RISK
Credit risk and firm-level political risk (1)
List of Figures (iii)
List of Tables (iv)
Introduction (2)
Relevance (2)
Research Question (4)
Methodological Approach (5)
Structure of the Thesis (7)
Theory, Literature and Hypotheses (9)
Theoretical Foundations (9)
Definition of Political Risk and Theoretical Foundation of Credit Risk (9)
Theory linking firm-level Political Risk and Moderators to Credit Risk (12)
Literature Review (14)
Literature on firm-level Political Risk and Credit Risk (15)
Literature on aggregate Political Risk and Credit Risk (21)
Literature Review Summary (30)
Hypotheses Development (33)
Firm-level Political Risk (33)
Industry Regulation (34)
Country Governance (35)
Empirical Analysis (36)
Methodology (36)
Data Collection and Sample (36)
Data Processing (38)
Dependent Variable (40)
Independent Variables (41)
Control Variables (45)
Regression Analysis and Model Specification (47)
Robustness Checks (49)
Findings (50)
Descriptive Statistics (50)
Results: Regressions (All Hypotheses) (55)
Results: Robustness Tests (56)
Summary of Findings (59)
Discussion (62)
Contribution (65)
Limitations (65)
Future Research Outlook (66)
Conclusion (67)
References (69)
List of Symbols (75)
List of Technical Aids (76)
Appendix (77
Übergang des wirtschaftlichen Eigentums bei vereinbarten Optionen und Doppeloptionen
No full textÜBERGANG DES WIRTSCHAFTLICHEN EIGENTUMS BEI VEREINBARTEN OPTIONEN UND DOPPELOPTIONEN
Übergang des wirtschaftlichen Eigentums bei vereinbarten Optionen und Doppeloptionen (1
Fundamentals and sentiment
No full textFUNDAMENTALS AND SENTIMENT
Fundamentals and sentiment (1)
1. Introduction (6)
1.1. Research Questions (8)
2. Literature Review (9)
2.1. Theoretical Framework (9)
2.1.1. Traditional Finance Theories and Behavioural Finance (9)
2.2. Macroeconomic variables affecting the stock market (9)
2.2.1. Interest Rate (10)
2.2.2. Inflation (10)
2.2.3. Money Supply (10)
2.2.4. Industrial Production (11)
2.2.5. Unemployment Rate (11)
2.3. Investor sentiment and the stock market (12)
2.3.1. Firm size and investor sentiment (14)
2.3.2. Investor sentiment and stock market in crisis periods (15)
2.3.3. International investor sentiment – spillover effects (17)
3. Methodology (18)
3.1. Data Collection and Sample (18)
3.1.1. Macroeconomic Variables (19)
3.1.2. Investor Sentiment Measures (19)
3.1.3. Determination of Crisis Periods (20)
3.2. Empirical Methodology (22)
3.2.1. Regression Models (23)
3.2.2. Regression Assumptions and Diagnostic Tests (25)
4. Empirical Analysis and Results (27)
4.1. Base Model (27)
4.1.1. Base Model without lag (27)
4.1.2. Base Model with lag (29)
4.2. Extended Model (31)
4.2.1. Extension of base model with combined crisis dummy (31)
4.2.2. Extension of base model with individual crisis dummies (33)
4.3. US investor sentiment effect on UK (35)
5. Cross-Validation with MSCI USA (37)
5.1. Base Model (37)
5.1.1. Base Model without lags (37)
5.1.2. Base Mode with lags (39)
5.2. Extended model (41)
5.2.1. Extension of base model with combined crisis dummy (41)
5.2.2. Extension of base model with individual crisis dummies (43)
6. Robustness Test (44)
7. Summary of Results and Conclusion (45)
8. Discussion (46)
8.1. Future research and Limitations (46)
9. References (48)
10. Appendix (56
On integrating blockchain technology with the metaverse and AI
No full textON INTEGRATING BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY WITH THE METAVERSE AND AI
On integrating blockchain technology with the metaverse and AI (1)
Main Components (3)
Evolutionary Publication Process (3)
Author Contributions (3)
Introduction (5)
Motivation (5)
Research Questions (5)
Dissertation Structure (6)
Preliminaries (7)
Blockchain (7)
Blockchain Interoperability (7)
BCI Mechanisms (8)
BCI Solutions (9)
BCI Functions (9)
BCI Use Cases (9)
Metaverse (9)
Metaverse Interoperability (10)
Avatar Transfers (10)
BCI Security Concerns (10)
AI in the Metaverse (11)
Artificial Intelligence (11)
AI and Machine Learning (12)
Agentic AI (13)
Responsible AI Development (13)
AI Alignment (14)
Methodology (15)
Theoretical-Conceptual Framework (15)
Methods (15)
Empirical Approach (15)
Literature Review (16)
Design Science Research (16)
Papers and Contributions (17)
Comparison Framework (17)
Retrieved Implementations (17)
Comparison Framework (17)
Framework Application (19)
Metaverse Research Agenda (19)
The Threat of Isolated Metaverses (19)
Relevant UNSDGs (20)
Research Agenda Towards a Sustainable Metaverse (20)
AI Alignment Mechanism (22)
Blockchain-based AI Alignment (23)
Proof of Personhood (24)
Democratic Participation in AI (25)
Synthesis and Discussion (26)
Limitations and Future Research (27)
Conclusion (28)
References (28)
Included Papers (33)
Paper 1 (34)
Paper 2 (46)
Paper 3 (55
From words to innovation
No full textFROM WORDS TO INNOVATION
From words to innovation (1)
1. Introduction (6)
1.1 Research Context and Motivation (6)
1.2 Objectives, Research Question and Hypotheses (7)
1.3 Structure of the Thesis (9)
2. Literature Review (11)
2.1 Artificial Intelligence in Pharmaceutical R&D (11)
2.1.1 AI in Drug Discovery, Preclinical Development and Clinical Trial (11)
2.1.2 AI in Clinical Trials (13)
2.1.3 AI in Post-Marketing Surveillance and Real-World Evidence (16)
2.1.4 Challenges and Ethical Considerations of AI Integration (17)
2.2 Efficiency in Pharmaceutical R&D (20)
2.3 Strategic Disclosure and Signaling Theory (23)
2.3.1 The Role of Disclosure in Capital Markets (23)
2.3.2 Signaling Theory (24)
2.3.3 AI Disclosure as a Strategic Signal (26)
2.3.4 Relevance of AI Disclosure for the Pharmaceutical Sector (28)
3. Methodology (30)
3.1 Data Sources and Sample Selection (30)
3.2 Variables Definition and Measurement (33)
3.2.1 Dependent variables (33)
3.2.2 Independent variables (35)
3.2.3 Control variables (37)
3.3 Empirical Models (39)
3.3.1 Panel Data Analysis with Fixed Effects and Regression Models (39)
3.3.2 Robustness and Sensitivity Checks (41)
4. Empirical Analysis and Findings (41)
4.1 Descriptive Statistics and Data Overview (41)
4.2 AI Disclosure and R&D Efficiency (46)
4.2.1 Cost per New Active Substance (NAS) (Hypothesis H1A) (47)
4.2.2 Semantic Orientation and Lag Effects (Hypothesis H1B) (50)
4.2.3 Number of Clinical Trials per NAS (Hypothesis H1C) (54)
4.3 AI Disclosure and Clinical Development Strategy (57)
4.3.1 Total Clinical Activity (Hypothesis H2A) (58)
4.3.2 Share of Phase 1 Clinical Trials (Hypothesis H2B) (60)
4.4 Summary of Empirical Results (63)
5. Discussion (66)
5.1 Interpretation of Empirical Findings (66)
5.1.1 Strategic Implications of AI Disclosure on Efficiency (67)
5.1.2 Evidence of an Exploratory Clinical Strategy Associated with AI Disclosure (69)
5.2 Limitations and Future Research Directions (72)
6. Conclusions (75)
6.1 Summary of Key Findings (75)
6.2 Managerial Recommendations (76)
References (78)
Annexes (82)
List of aids used (90
Moving beyond numbers
No full textMOVING BEYOND NUMBERS
Moving beyond numbers (1)
1) Abstract: (4)
2) Introduction: (4)
3) Literature Review: (6)
3.1) A General Overview About the Pros and Cons of FDIs in Development: (6)
3.2) The Main Aspects of Sustainable Development: (6)
3.3) Impact of FDI on GDP Growth-Quantitative Analysis (7)
3.4) Impact of FDI on Human Development: (8)
3.5) Impact of FDI on Environmental Quality: (9)
3.6) The Role of Institutions in Regulating FDIs: (10)
3.7) Regulating FDIs and Potential Resource Curse: (11)
3.8) The Role of Geo-politics in Influencing FDI Inflows: (12)
3.9) FDI Inflows and Varied Impact on Nigeria and Indonesia: (12)
4) Methodology: (13)
Moving Beyond the Quantitative Analysis: (14)
Quantitative Stylized Facts: (14)
The Role of National Strategies and Institutions: (14)
The Role of Geo-Politics: (14)
Quality of FDIs Received and Potential Resource Curse: (15)
Impact on Local Economy and Potential Spillovers: (15)
Impact of FDI on Human Development: (15)
Impact of FDI on Environmental Quality: (15)
5) Comparative Analysis: (15)
5.1) Nigeria: (16)
5.1.1) Quantitative Stylized Facts: (16)
5.1.2) Historical Background and The Role of National Strategies: (16)
5.1.3) The Role of Institutions and Quality of FDIs Received: (19)
5.1.4) FDIs Received and Potential Resource Curse: (21)
5.1.5) Impact on Local Economy and Potential Spillovers: (22)
5.1.6) Impact of FDI on Human Development: (23)
5.1.7) Impact of FDI on Environmental Quality: (24)
5.2) Indonesia: (25)
5.2.1) Quantitative Stylized Facts: (25)
5.2.2) Historical Background and National Strategies: (26)
5.2.3) The Role of Geo-Politics: (28)
5.2.4) The Role of Institutions and Quality of FDIs Received: (29)
5.2.5) Quality of FDIs Received and Potential Resource Curse: (31)
5.2.6) Impact on Local Economy and Potential Spillovers: (32)
5.2.7) Impact of FDI on Human Development: (34)
5.2.8) Impact of FDI on Environmental Quality: (35)
6) Discussion: (36)
6.1) Historical Backgrounds and Geo-political Contexts: (36)
6.2) Institutional Strength and Quality of FDIs: (37)
6.3) Impact on Human Development and the Environment: (38)
7) Conclusion: (39)
Bibliography: (42