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Tax Structure and Its Relationship with Economic Growth – Bangladesh Context
Get PDFPurpose: The paper aims to explain the current tax structure of Bangladesh. It also intends to identify the relationship between different categories of taxes and the country’s economic growth.
Methods: Data have been gathered from different publications of the government for a period of 29 years from 1989-90 to 2017-18. Both descriptive and inferential statistics are utilized to achieve the purpose of the study.
Results: Results reveal that tax revenue constitutes, on average, 84.20% of the total revenue of the Government of Bangladesh, while 70.47% of the total tax comes from indirect sources. VAT has been found as the largest source of tax revenue (34.12% of the total tax) followed by income tax (27%). Supplementary duty and customs duty contribute significantly to the national exchequer amounting to approximately 15% of the total tax each. Concerning the influence of taxation on economic growth, indirect taxes are found significant. When corporate and personal income taxes are considered, only personal income tax is identified as having a significant impact on economic growth. As far as the specific categories of taxes are concerned, customs duty, excise duty, and non-tax revenue are found significant, while income tax, VAT, supplementary duty, and other taxes do not have any significant relationship with the economic growth of Bangladesh.
Implications: The paper recommends enhancing the collection of indirect tax, as well as expansion of the tax net to bring more and more people under the umbrella of taxation rather than increasing the tax rate which may impede entrepreneurial enthusiasm at the individual level.
Limitations: The study combines some types of taxes such as import duty, export duty, narcotics duty, land tax, motor vehicle tax, surcharge, etc. under one heading, namely other taxes. As such the impact of these taxes per se on economic growth remains unveiled
Value Congruence and Organizational Commitment: Does Work Happiness Matter?
Get PDFPurpose: Lack of employee commitment to their organization has been reported as one of the numerous challenges faced by the Nigerian Civil Service. The study investigated the mediating role of work happiness on the relationship between value congruence and organizational commitment in Federal Public Service in Abuja, Nigeria.
Method: Data were collected from the Nigerian Civil Service staff in Abuja, Nigeria. Following the random sampling technique, a total of 386 responses were used for data analysis. Data were analyzed using SmartPLS 3.
Results: Findings revealed that value congruence and work happiness have a positive and significant effect on organizational commitment. Work happiness is also found to have fully mediated the relationship between value congruence and organizational commitment.
Implication: The study implies that value congruence and work happiness are factors to be considered in getting employees committed to organizational goals and objectives. It also recommends that regulatory authority should ensure a congenial environment for the staff of Federal Civil Service that would make them happy and committed to the organization
Forced Migration of Rohingya Refugees from Myanmar to Neighboring Countries: A Humanitarian Crisis Unresolved
Get PDFIn this current world, the Rohingya Muslims of Myanmar are deemed to be one of the most inhumanly tortured minorities. The culture of racial persecution is indulged by the decades of a clash between the Myanmar Government and the Rohingyas regarding religious and ethnic variance. However, it is also argued that the Rohingya crisis is not confined to religion but comprises economic and political issues equally. Rohingyas have been deprived of their basic human rights and faced a security crisis. Mass killing, rape, and inhuman torture are notable in this regard. Methodical abuse of human rights of the Rohingya by the military junta of Myanmar has forced thousands of Rohingya to flee the country. Consequently, thousands of Rohingyas now reside as refugees, mostly in Bangladesh, while others escaped to Malaysia, Singapore, and the Middle East. The Government of Myanmar has denied the citizenship of Rohingyas and labeled them as foreigners. This paper highlights the measures adopted by the global community for preventing the mass killing of Rohingyas. This research also portrays the means and methods of the Myanmar Government to suppress the Rohingyas. Furthermore, this paper looks into all sorts of violations of human rights and humanitarian disasters suffered by the Rohingyas and the subsequent humanitarian aid received from the regional and international community
Lifestyle as a Predictor of Socio-Economic Status in Retirement: Evidence from Pensioners from the Busoga Sub-Region, Uganda
Get PDFMost studies on retirement planning focus on preserving money and accumulating wealth and ignore the lifestyles of individual employees. This study promotes a discussion on lifestyle as a predictor of socio-economic status in retirement. Based on 236 pensioners from the Busoga sub-region, we used ‘the way of living’ to indicate lifestyle. We used household expenditure, access to healthcare, and housing quality to indicate socio-economic status. We used descriptive measures to report on lifestyle and Spearman’s correlation coefficient to document the relationship between workers’ lifestyle and socio-economic status in retirement. Strong attachments to family and intimate relations during one’s working life predict a satisfying retirement life. Civil servants who avoid harmful substances and exercise regularly are likely to retire in good health. There is a moderate and significant association between lifestyle and socio-economic status among civil servants in Uganda. Supervisors and human resource officers in government agencies and departments should conduct regular workshops to help government workers build strong attachments to their families, friends, social groups, and communities. We provide a solid foundation for working individuals to always reflect on the quality of their relations with their families, friends, social groups, and communities. This study contributes to the retirement planning research by shifting the focus to lifestyle, arguing that all forms of saving and financial planning for the future hinge on an individual worker’s lifestyle
Effect of Board size on Earnings quality of Non-Financial Firms Listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange
Get PDFPurpose: The main purpose of the study was to analyze the relationship between board size and the earnings quality of non-financial firms listed on the Nairobi Stock Exchange (NSE) and also determine the effect of board size on earnings quality with ownership concentration as moderating variable.
Methods: A positivist research philosophy was adopted and a quantitative research design was employed. The target population of the study was the 39 non-financial companies listed in NSE as of 31st December 2020. Secondary data was the main source of information for the study. The data was s panel type of data based on a period of 13 years (2008-2020). Positivism research philosophy and quantitative research design were employed in the study. Data were analyzed based on the panel regression model. Both diagnostic and specification test for the model applied was conducted.
Results: The study established that board size had a significant effect on the earnings quality of non-financial firms listed at the NSE in the presence and absence of ownership concentration as moderator. Further, the results showed that the model with a moderator was superior to that without a moderator.
Implications: The non-financial firms listed in NSE should closely examine the criteria used in determining the size of the board and its composition to ensure that boards are more independent and diversified. This will reduce incidences of earnings manipulations and ensure that the directors are accountable to the shareholders which in turn will lead to improvement of investor confidence
“Syndication” in Bangladesh: A Glaring Example of Business Malpractice and Weak Market Supervision
Get PDFPurpose: Syndication in this paper refers to the agreed and unified effort of all the leading producers, importers, and dealers in a market to control the price of a specific product. This paper aims to explore the term "syndication", its nature, procedure, and consequences in the context of Bangladesh. It also provides a few recommendations for the policymakers for curving or preventing such practices.
Design/Method: In this paper, syndication has been represented as a negative business practice prevailing predominantly in Bangladesh. The study is mainly based on data from secondary sources, as well as my (the author\u27s) own observation and real-life experience. Secondary data were collected particularly from newspapers.
Findings: In the pre-planned trap of syndication practices by dishonest businessmen, the final consumers are the ultimate losers as they have to pay the premium price.
Implication: It is expected that upon proper utilization of the recommendations made, the responsible authorities or parties can take proper steps to make the consumer market free from such malpractice, at least to some extent. The paper is also anticipated to become a foundation for the researchers and academicians wishing to investigate more regarding this fairly unexplored phenomenon.
Originality/Value: According to my knowledge, this paper is the first attempt to unveil the true nature of syndication practiced in Bangladesh. The term “Syndication” used in this paper has a meaning which is totally different from the same word used for other purposes. Therefore, this conceptual paper is believed to be the founding block for further research investigations in the Bangladeshi consumer market scenario. I strongly believe that upon proper utilization of the recommendations made, the consumer market will be free of such malpractice.
Limitations: This article is limited to the consumer market scenario of Bangladesh only. Thus, the term cannot be generalized for the same meaning elsewhere
Succession Planning and Women Inclusion in Family Businesses
Get PDFPurpose: This study assesses succession planning and women\u27s inclusion in family businesses in Nigeria. It shows the extent of the challenges of succession planning and women\u27s inclusion and the advantages that follow if the problem is corrected.
Methodology: A survey research design was employed. Using a close-ended questionnaire data were collected from owners of businesses, company directors of family businesses, management employees of family businesses, consultants, civil servants, faculty members, and legal practitioners. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics using the SPSS Statistics 26.
Result: The study found that the exclusion of women in succession planning was a common reason for the unsustainability of the family businesses. Challenges and factors such as cultural and religious bias, patriarchal system, the absence of proper and inadequate implementation of governance structures, etc. lead to the exclusion of women.
Implications: Family businesses must focus on including women in succession planning as this would lead to an increase in their sustainability, productivity, and profitability, and it would also impact the Nigerian economy positively
“Their Color is a Diabolic Die,” Colonialism and the State of Environmental Justice in Africa
Get PDFEnvironmental justice is crucial to the discourse on the African environment since Africa bears a significant share of the world’s resources, and conversely, it is home to a large number of globally disadvantaged people, whose access to the wealth of their native lands is beyond their reach. Therefore, it is necessary to examine how colonialism and the structures it has laid down in Africa are impeding environmental justice. Content analysis was used in the data collection. In this article, drawing from the slum arrangements in the cities of four African countries colonized by the British and French as case studies, it was revealed how colonialism has caused the degeneration of the African environment. Furthermore, colonialism created a class system that has fed social and economic inequality and has resulted in an intra-racial system of oppression that has made Africa’s poorest neighborhoods more vulnerable
Participation in Sports Betting and Youth Welfare Nexus: An Endogenous Switching Regression Model in Kenyan Perspective
Get PDFThis paper seeks to establish the nexus between sports betting participation and youth welfare in Kenya. The focus of the study is the youth based in the Kajiado North constituency which has the highest youth population within the Nairobi metropolitan statistical area. There are 9 universities around the region. The study sample size is 341. Endogenous switching regression estimation is adopted to determine the association between sports betting participation and youth welfare. From the regression analysis, this study obtains a significant and negative coefficient of -1.4971 relating to sports betting and youth welfare. This suggests that sports betting negatively affects youths\u27 overall welfare in a 1.49 percent greater manner than those who abstain from it. It is important to address the factors that lead the youth to participate in sports betting, particularly control of commercials by making it mandatory that they issue disclaimers that doing so may worsen one\u27s welfare. It is also essential to properly educate young people on financial management in order that they may channel their money toward worthwhile endeavors rather than sports betting
Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Sustainable Leadership: A PLS-based Study
Get PDFPurpose: The study aims to evaluate the impact of emotional intelligence (EI) on the sustainable leadership of managers in the context of Bangladesh. Emotional intelligence is made up of five components, viz. self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills.
Methods: This is a quantitative study based on survey data. Data were collected from the managers (n=262) working in different organizations located in Dhaka and Chittagong region by using the convenience sampling technique. EI was measured with 30 items adopted from the EQ Index (Rahim et al., 2002, 2006), while sustainable leadership was measured with 15 items adopted from the SLQ (McCann & Holt, 2010). PLS-SEM was applied to analyze the data and evaluate the measurement and structural models.
Results: The findings suggest that managers’ emotional intelligence significantly influences sustainable leadership.
Originality: This study is a pioneering study in the context of Bangladesh and it contributes to our understanding of the impact of emotional intelligence on sustainable leadership, which in turn, enhances managers\u27 sustainable performance.
Limitations: The use of the convenience sampling technique may limit the generalizability of the findings