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Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textInternational audienceBackground and Objectives: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Its etiology may involve both genetic and environmental factors, including vitamin D levels, body mass index, infections, and smoking. This is the first comprehensive systematic review with meta-analysis that synthesizes and explore the role of many environmental risk factors in the etiology of MS.Methods A systematic search of MEDLINE, SciVerse ScienceDirect and Web of Science were conducted for any original peer-reviewed article that included adult subjects diagnosed with and without MS that were exposed to any environmental risk factor. We did not set any time restrictions. Data were extracted and the quality assessment was performed with the Critical Appraisal Checklist for Case Control Studies. All the information was synthesized qualitatively and quantitatively (meta-analysis). We used the random-effects model based on the binomial distribution to calculate the pooled effects sizes (ES) regarding the risk of developing MS according to each potential risk factor.Results One-hundred thirty-two publications met all the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Overall, 109,626 people with MS and 16,724,390 controls from 38 countries were included in the review. A total of 42 environmental risk factors were investigated as potential risk factors for MS. Among the various statistically significant associations, the pooled ES revealed a direct association between serological evidence of contact with EBV (ES = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.53–2.51), herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6) (ES = 2.84, 95% CI = 2.08–3.89) and varicella-zoster virus (ES = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.08–1.63) and the occurrence of MS. Similarly, smoking was associated with a greater likelihood of having MS (ES = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.27–1.61). Vitamin D levels at any time were negatively associated with the proportion of cases of MS and had a moderate pooled ES (g = – 0.48, 95% CI = – 0.88–0.09). Adult BMI was not associated with MS. Discussion: This review furnishes a broad and detailed overview of the potential environmental risk factors associated with MS. Our findings hold notable implications for public health policies, clinical practices, and the focus of future research
Food addiction severity is associated with decreased functional connectivity and responses to palatable food pictures in brain areas involved in emotion and cognitive control
No full textInternational audienceBackground & AimsPatients with obesity frequently report impulsivity or loss control of food intake, reflecting the dysfunction of brain regions involved in reward and cognitive control processing related to food addiction (FA). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) may help to identify the cognitive processes underlying FA. In patients with obesity, we aimed at identifying (i) fMRI specific responses in brain regions involved in hedonic and motivational processes (striatum), and cognitive control (e.g. prefrontal cortex) according to FA severity; (ii) whether FA severity is related to anxiety and/or depression symptoms.MethodsIn this prospective, observational, monocentric study, forty women with moderate or severe obesity were recruited. FA was diagnosed with the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) 2.0. Binge Eating Scale (BES), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was also completed. One fMRI session that included fMRI and resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI) assessed brain responses to palatable food images and functional connectivity. Statistical analysis included general linear model analysis and multivariate parametric statistics.ResultsTwenty-three (57.5%) of the 40 included patients suffered from FA; Mean (± standard deviation) age, 36.6±8.6 yr; Body mass index, 39.2±2.9. In the food task condition, both low and high appetizing images activated similar brain regions, and FA severity was associated with reduced activation in the dorsal striatum and pre-central gyrus for high appetizing images (cluster: pFWE<0.05 family-wise error correction; peak: p<0.001 uncorrected). In the resting-state condition, FA severity correlated negatively with functional connectivity (FC) between several brain regions, such as the anterior cingulate cortex and left accumbens, and positively with FC between the left amygdala and hippocampus (cluster/connection: pFDR<0.05, false discovery rate correction). FA severity was associated to higher binge eating, but not anxiety and depression symptoms.ConclusionBrain profiles of patients with obesity are related to FA severity. FA severity is associated with impaired cortico-striatal functional connectivity between brain regions involved in motivation, decision-making and inhibitory control. Interindividual variability in brain responses suggests that dedicated therapeutic strategies might be helpful for obese patients with FA
Stereotactic body radiotherapy for early glottic cancers: Is this "The Way"?
No full textInternational audienceIn the past decades, several options have been designed in order to preserve vocal function in patients with early glottic cancer, such as transoral laser microsurgery, new surgical strategies such as partial laryngectomy and radiation therapy (RT). With the development of new radiation techniques enabling a more accurate delivery of radiation dose, and the possibility to deliver high dose per fraction while sparing adjacent organs-at-risks (OARs), stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is being increasingly tested in this disease setting. We aimed to shed light on this appealing strategy, as well as to underline both optimal target population and specific technical considerations
Suicide Bereavement Support Programs: A Scoping Review
No full textInternational audienceBackground Grief following a loved one's suicide is especially painful. While the search for an explanation, a tendency to visualize the scene of the death, and impacts on personal relationships can compound grief, feelings of shame, guilt, shock, and bewilderment can deter the bereaved from seeking help. Nevertheless, postvention programs are rarely proactive.Aim From the scientific literature, the aim of this scoping review was to identify the characteristics of existing postvention programs.MethodFollowing PRISMA-SCR 2020 guidelines, 40 articles were included in the review.ResultsThe articles included described 30 supports programs. Results confirmed the paucity of bereavement support programs that conform to research-based recommendations, according to which support should be proactive, early, flexible and collaborative.ConclusionThese findings highlight the need for further studies of bereavement support programs
Model-Based Clustering to Detect Patterns in the Italian Parliament Decrees Issuing
No full textInternational audienceLegislative productivity is a crucial factor in evaluating the effectiveness of representative democracies. To investigate the link between government ideology and legislative activities, we analyze the production of five legislative instruments by the Italian parliament from March 1994 to February 2018, using a Bayesian non-parametric model which relies on a hierarchical normalized generalized gamma prior. Through a natural creation of clusters, this model allows comparisons within and between different legislative instruments. This approach allows us to investigate whether different governments change their legislative productivity at the end of the government period, if differences emerge in the governments' production of different legislative instruments and how such differences are linked to governments ideology
Comprehensive annotation of olfactory and gustatory receptor genes and transposable elements revealed their evolutionary dynamics in aphids
No full textInternational audienceGene duplication and transposable elements (TEs) are major drivers of genomic innovation that can fuel adaptation. While the roles of duplication and TE-driven diversification are documented in plant pathogens, they remain insufficiently explored in insect pests such as aphids, where olfactory (OR) and gustatory receptor (GR) genes are key to host recognition. We analyzed 521 OR and 399 GR genes, alongside TEs, across 12 aphid genomes with varying host ranges. Aphid lineages with broader host ranges exhibited higher evolutionary rates, driven by gene family expansions linked to host interaction, including lipid metabolism, immune function, and transposase activity. OR and GR genes evolved through proximal and tandem duplications and were shaped by diversifying selection, with bursts of positive selection followed by prolonged purifying selection, consistent with adaptation to novel hosts. Younger TEs were significantly enriched near OR genes compared to GRs and other genomic regions, suggesting a catalytic role of TEs in their diversification. However, OR proteins encoded by TE-associated ORs exhibited reduced functional potential. In contrast, GR proteins encoded by TE-associated GRs retained signatures of adaptation, as inferred from deep learning models predicting functionally important protein regions. These findings suggest that TE activity may facilitate functional innovation in GRs while alleviating constraints or pseudogenization in ORs. This study reveals how duplication, selection, and TE dynamics shape gene evolution in insect pests. It also provides the first chromosome-scale genome assembly of Dysaphis plantaginea, with comprehensive annotations and functional predictions of OR/GR genes, bridging adaptive evolution with mechanistic insights
Pneumococcal Septic Arthritis Adults, France, 2010-2018
No full textInternational audienceStreptococcus pneumoniae infection is considered an uncommon cause of arthritis in adults. To determine the clinical and microbiological characteristics of pneumococcal septic arthritis, we retrospectively studied a large series of cases among adult patients during the 2010-2018 conjugate vaccine era in France. We identified 110 patients (56 women, 54 men; mean age 65 years), and cases included 82 native joint infections and 28 prosthetic joint infections. Most commonly affected were the knee (50/110) and hip (25/110). Concomitant pneumococcal infections were found in 37.2% (38/102) and bacteremia in 57.3% (55/96) of patients, and underlying conditions were noted for 81.4% (83/102). Mortality rate was 9.4% (8/85). The proportion of strains not susceptible to penicillin was 29.1% (32/110). Of the 55 serotyped strains, 31 (56.4%) were covered by standard pneumococcal vaccines; however, several nonvaccine serotypes (mainly 23B, 24F, and 15A) had emerged, for which susceptibility to (3-lactams was low
From the identification of new sources of resistance to late effectors to their introgression into modern oilseed rape varieties
No full textInternational audienceLeptosphaeria maculans is a phytopathogenic fungus being responsible for stem canker on Brassica napus. This disease is mainly controlled by plant genetic resistance: specific or quantitative resistance. During its long infectious cycle, alternating biotrophic, necrotrophic, and endophytic stages, L. maculans colonizes asymptomatically the stems of oilseed rape, producing specific late effectors. We hypothesized that quantitative resistance partly relies on gene-for-gene interactions, with fungal effectors produced during stem infection being recognized by resistance proteins. We exploited the repertoire of 'late' effectors to identify corresponding genes in Brassica that could contribute to quantitative disease resistance. Using an innovative strategy of early expression of late effector genes, we validated that the interaction between the late effector LmSTEE98 and the resistance RlmSTEE98 obeys a typical gene-for-gene interaction, occurring during the stem colonization by L. maculans, that contributes partly to quantitative resistance, in controlled conditions. We then used the same strategy to search for new sources of resistance after selecting ten of the most relevant late effectors. Our screening approach of 130 diversified genotypes of B. napus, allowed us to identify new sources of resistance, displaying diversified interaction phenotypes. Our results demonstrate the existence of unsuspected sources of resistance that are potentially more durable than the classic major genes expressed earlier in the fungal cycle. Now, the next steps of this project are further validation of their efficacy in the field by introgression into modern genotypes and validation of the quantitative resistance markers
Pereira Irène. (2024). Écopédagogie - Éduquer à la justice sociale et écologique. Une introduction. Academia.
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Soil thermal conductivity prediction by considering the sand content, porosity and saturation
No full textInternational audienceSoil thermal conductivity is a crucial parameter studying bio-chemo-hydro-thermal-mechanical behaviors of soil. Various models have been proposed for soil thermal conductivity, there remains a question that quartz content is not easily obtainable, while sand content can be easily acquired by basic experiments. As a result, investigations normally use sand content as a substitute for quartz content in predictive models. To assess the potential errors introduced by this substitution, 650 measurements (include all the necessary information) were collected to conduct a comparative analysis. The results indicated that the substitution may lead to prediction errors ranging between 10 % and 20 % for different models. Afterwards, an empirical model considering sand content, porosity and saturation was proposed. The new model was subsequently fitted by the collected data, with R-2 of 0.876 and RMSE of 0.202 W<middle dot>m(-1)<middle dot>K-1, higher than the classical models. The new model was further used to predict the new measurements from an other independent dataset, showing that the model predicts best the soil thermal conductivity, significantly higher than the classical models. In addition, the investigation conducted an exploratory estimation of global near-surface soil thermal conductivity using the new model. The estimation was based on globally available open-access datasets processed using ArcMap, including key parameters such as sand content, porosity, and volumetric water content. Although the global distribution map does not fully capture the precise values of near-surface soil thermal conductivity, it effectively reflects the overall spatial distribution pattern of soil thermal conductivity at shallow depths. The investigation provides an easier and more accurate model to predict soil thermal conductivity, interesting for applications related to the heat transfer in soil