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“Habiter la littérature, vivre en intimité avec le poète : éventails, jardins et encriers en Chine, XVe-XVIIIe siècles”
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Le premier discours de l’AfD au Bundestag : Bernd Baumann et la mise au défi du « système » (24 octobre 2017)
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Historiciser les transitions du parlementarisme allemand
No full textInternational audienceIntroduction au dossier intitulé : Parlement en transition : perspectives allemandes aux XXe-XXIe siècles
Parlement en transition. Perspectives allemandes aux XXe-XXIe siècles
No full textL’histoire de la démocratie allemande est d’abord celle de la construction de son Parlement fédéral et de sa culture parlementaire. Ce processus fut progressif, non-linéaire et jonché d’obstacles, et c’est pourquoi ce dossier interroge la façon dont le parlementarisme allemand réagit aux transitions qui ponctuèrent le long XXe siècle. Le Reichstag, puis son successeur à partir de 1949, le Bundestag, furent en effet non seulement le théâtre mais aussi l’acteur de bouleversements de nature diverse : tournant impérialiste de 1900, choc démocratique de 1918-1919, crise économique et institutionnelle de 1929, puis destruction de la démocratie en 1933, reconstruction de cette dernière sous l’ère Adenauer, mobilisation étudiante de 1968, réunification de 1989-1990, prise de conscience de l’urgence climatique, entrée du parti d’extrême droite AfD (Alternative für Deutschland) au Bundestag… Les articles et les commentaires de sources analysent les réponses apportées par le Parlement à ces événements. En ressort une image nuancée de l’institution parlementaire, nécessairement prise en étau entre logiques institutionnelles d’une part et volonté de combler les attentes citoyennes d’autre part. Les perspectives fécondes de ce numéro offrent ainsi des clés pour comprendre la culture politique allemande actuelle.SommaireHistoriciser les transitions du parlementarisme allemand -- Par Nicolas Batteux, Agathe Bernier-Monod, Valérie Dubslaff et Annette LensingRecherche -- Lise GalandLe Reichstag dans l’Allemagne wilhelmienne et les transitions géostratégiques (1888-1914) -- Tobias KaiserLe parlementarisme menacé : la question du périmètre de sécurité (Bannmeile) autour du Reichstag pendant la République de Weimar -- Agathe Bernier-MonodLa bascule de l’année électorale 1953 pour la culture parlementaire ouest-allemande -- Nicolas BatteuxLe Bundestag face aux aspirations de 1968. De l’efficacité du Parlement en temps de crise (1967-1972) -- Bettina TüffersBerlin-Bonn, aller puis retour. Les députés est-allemands au Bundestag, de 1990 à 1999 Sources -- Claire Aslangul-RalloJohn Heartfield, « Zum 30. August 1932 » -- Valérie DubslaffLe premier discours de l’AfD au Bundestag : Bernd Baumann et la mise au défi du « système » (24 octobre 2017) -- Annette Lensing« Il faut transformer la colère en courage. » Entretien avec David Schiepek, militant écologiste -- Hélène Miard-DelacroixLe Reichstag à Berlin : un symbole et ses métamorphoses (photographie de couverture) Varia -- Jérémy FloutierLa Transylvanie, l’Alsace-Moselle de l’Est ? -- Florian Galleri, Benoît Grémare et Yannick PincéLe Premier ministre et la bombeComptes-rendus</b
A Beginner’s Guide to Structural Variants in Eco-Evolutionary Population Genomics: Everything You Wanted to Know
No full textExploring the potential benefits of multi-field IMPT for stage I NSCLC SBRT: An in silico dosimetric comparison to IMRT and CyberKnife
No full textInternational audiencePURPOSE: Multi-field intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) is a novel treatment protocol design method proposed to reduce range uncertainty. This study aimed to investigate whether multi-field IMPT has a dose distribution advantage over photon intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and CyberKnife in stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: Twenty-nine patients who underwent photon SBRT from February 2021 to September 2022 at Shandong Cancer Hospital were included. Their Computed Tomography (CT) images were used to design CyberKnife and multi-field IMPT plans. For the photon plan (IMRT and CyberKnife), the planning target volume (PTV), which was extended from the internal gross target volume (IGTV), was prescribed at 50 Gy. For the proton plans, the planning beam-specific target volume (PBSTV) based on the IGTV was created to meet the same area as the photon PTV. Multi-field IMPT was simulated by adding additional beam angles to conventional IMPT. Dose distribution assessment factors included D(mean) and dose gradient index (GI) for PTV/PBSTV, and D(mean) and the hottest 0.1 cm(3) dose (D(0.1cc)) for organs at risk (OARs). RESULTS: With each patient receiving 7-11 beams, multi-field IMPT had a better target GI than IMRT. For the lung, heart, spinal cord, chest wall, and ribs doses, the D(mean) of the multi-field IMPT was smaller than that of the other two plans for all metrics. CyberKnife was significantly less protective of the OARs than the other two planning modalities, owing to the presence of a high target center dose. CONCLUSION: Multi-field IMPT achieves favorable target coverage and OAR protection compared to IMRT and CyberKnife for SBRT of NSCLC
Multicenter performance evaluation of the "quanty TOXO (RH region)" kit (Clonit) for molecular diagnosis of toxoplasmosis
No full textInternational audienceThe diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis or disseminated toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients nowadays relies on molecular tools, in particular real-time PCR. There are many reagents on the market, and their evaluation by independent experts provides valuable information to medical biologists who are looking for a high-performance kit among the different references. Under the aegis of the French National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis, we report here a multicenter evaluation of the analytical and clinical performances of the "quanty TOXO (RH region)" PCR assay manufactured by Clonit. The kit showed good analytical performance, as indicated by the results of serial dilution tests and external quality control samples. PCR efficiencies varied from 95% to 105%; linearity zone extended over four log units (R² >0.99), and limit of detection varied from <1 parasite/mL to between 1 and 5 parasites/mL, i.e., from <0.08 parasite/PCR to between 0.2 and 1 parasite/PCR, depending on the center. Based on 141 cryopreserved DNAs from a large range of clinical specimens, we determined a clinical sensitivity of 94.7% (71/75; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 87.1%-97.9%) and a clinical specificity of 100% (66/66; 95% CI: 94.5%-100%). Four false negative results were detected despite amplification carried out in duplicate. Overall, the "quanty TOXO (RH region)" PCR assay demonstrated satisfactory analytical and clinical performances for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis, even using extraction and amplification techniques or biological matrices not validated by the manufacturer.IMPORTANCEDue to its speed and accuracy, PCR is now the gold standard for diagnosing congenital and disseminated toxoplasmosis. High-performance molecular testing is essential, especially for immunocompromised patients and congenital infections, to initiate early treatment. This diagnostic approach increasingly relies on commercial assays. However, commercially available kits do not guarantee performance. In this study, conducted by the French National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis, we performed an independent multicenter evaluation of the "quanty TOXO (RH region)" PCR assay manufactured by Clonit. Our results showed that this kit delivered satisfactory results for routine diagnostic use. However, among the 141 clinical samples tested, four false negative results were noted, corresponding to specimens with low parasitic load
Star-Shaped Fluorescent Porphyrins with Impressive Two-Photon-Absorption Cross-Sections for Oxygen Sensitization: The Impact of Periphery-Conjugated Electron-Releasing Groups
No full textInternational audienceWhile pursuing our exploration of porphyrin/fluorene combinations at the molecular level and their application as luminescent photosensitizers for two-photon photodynamic therapy (2P-PDT), we wondered about the impact of adding electron-releasing endgroups to these molecular structures. Furthermore, we also wondered about the influence of spacers within the arms of these star-shaped architectures and about the impact of the metalation of these free-base porphyrins by zinc. To address these questions, we synthesized a series of ten novel star-shaped meso-tetraarylporphyrins, featuring various aromatic rings with 1,2-ethenyl fluorenyl and/or 1,2-ethynyl spacers, capped by diphenylamine endgroups. We then characterized the linear and non-linear optical (LO and NLO) properties of these compounds through absorption, emission, and two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) studies, thereby screening the impact of endgroups, metalation and arm composition on the optical parameters of interest. Subsequently, we also evaluated their singlet oxygen photosensitizing properties. The enhanced properties observed for compounds presenting diphenylamino (DPA) endgroups in comparison to analogs with none, along with the impact of metalation by Zn(II) and that of 1,2-ethenyl vs. 1,2-ethynyl linkers on these, are eventually analyzed using classical figures of merit. This contribution highlights the strong potential of DPA-capped star-shaped free-base porphyrins as fluorescent photosensitizers for combined 2P-PDT and imaging applications
Nouvelles approches automatisées en cryptanalyse
No full textTraditional cryptanalysis often relies on heuristic and statistical methods, but automated tools have recently gained significant attention. This thesis explores their application to enhance cryptanalysis for specific ciphers. We first revisit related-key boomerang attacks on AES, introducing an advanced MILP model to handle its non-linear key schedules, achieving significant reductions in time complexity compared to previous approaches. Next, we improve the rebound attack on the Grøstl hash function with a unified MILP model that automates the search for differential paths in both the inbound and outbound phases. Finally, we extend the differential MITM framework from word-oriented to bit-oriented AndRX ciphers, proposing the first automated bit-wise model to identify complete differential MITM attacks for these ciphers. The results presented in this thesis highlight the potential of automated tools to improve the cryptanalysis of modern block ciphers and hash functions, opening the door for further advancements are possible in tackling increasingly complex cryptographic designs.La cryptanalyse traditionnelle repose souvent sur des méthodes heuristiques et statistiques, mais les outils automatisés ont récemment suscité une attention particulière. Cette thèse explore leur application pour améliorer la cryptanalyse de chiffrements spécifiques. Nous revisitons d’abord les attaques boomerang à clés liées sur AES, en introduisant un modèle MILP avancé pour gérer les générations de sous-clés non linéaires, ce qui permet de réduire considérablement la complexité temporelle par rapport aux approches précédentes. Ensuite, nous améliorons l’attaque par rebond sur la fonction de hachage Grøstl avec un modèle MILP unifié qui automatise la recherche de chemins différentiels dans les phases entrantes et sortantes. Enfin, nous étendons le cadre MITM différentiel des chiffrements AndRX orientés mots aux chiffrements orientés bits, en proposant le premier modèle bit par bit automatisé pour identifier les attaques MITM différentielles complètes pour ces chiffrements. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse mettent en évidence le potentiel des outils automatisés pour améliorer la cryptanalyse des chiffrements par blocs modernes et des fonctions de hachage, ouvrant la porte à de nouvelles avancées possibles dans la lutte contre des conceptions cryptographiques de plus en plus complexes
