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Estudio explorativo de técnicas de bajo costo para la regeneración de los horizontes a y o, en los suelos de interés en zonas potenciales de conservación y recarga hídrica de la micro-cuenca de las quebradas Caracol y Trapiche, San Ramón de Alajuela, Costa Rica
No full textCATIE - Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanz
Policy Note: Policy Responses to Ensure Access to Water and Sanitation Services During COVID-19: Snapshots from the Environment for Development (EfD) Network
No full textThis policy note provides a snapshot of water and sanitation measures implemented by governments in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in 14 countries in the Global South: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Chile, Colombia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Panama, South Africa, Uganda and Vietnam.We find thatmany countries have taken action to stop utility disconnections due to non-payment. With the exception of Ghana and Vietnam, few countries are instituting new water subsidy programs, and are instead choosing to defer customers’ bills for future payment, presumably when the pandemic recedes and households will be able to pay their bills. It is easier for the utilities’ COVID-relief policies to target customers with piped connections who regularly receive bills. However, the situation for unconnected households appears more dire. Some countries (e.g., Ghana, Kenya, South Africa and Uganda) are attempting to provide unconnected households temporary access to water, but these households remain the most vulnerable. This health crisis has accentuated the importance of strong governance structures and resilient water service providers for dealing with external health, environmental and economic shocks
Native aphidophagous coccinellids in alfalfa fields are favored by the amount of natural cover in the landscape and modulate the diversity of their communities
No full textGood data are not enough: Understanding limited information use for climate risk and food security management in Guatemala.
No full textClimate extremes are one of the main drivers of acute food insecurity. In Guatemala, acute food insecurity reaches alarming levels when the usual dry period during the bimodal rainy seasons is extended or starts earlier than expected. Drought has a slow-onset which theoretically leaves sufficient lead-time for addressing impacts on food security. In practice, emergency response to drought is often reactive and arrives late, starting when the crisis is already evolving. Climate services and food security information systems are key ingredients for integrated climate risk and food security management worldwide. In Guatemala, stakeholders broadly agree on the usefulness of this type of information for decision-making and direct significant efforts towards improving information availability and quality. But the impact of agro-climatic and food security information on decisions is ad hoc or not systematic. Through a mix of qualitative, ethnographic, and participatory methods, we investigated why this situation occurs. We found that different aspects lead to this phenomenon: the impact of drought on food security is mediated by different socio-economic, political, and institutional factors that tend to differ strongly between regions or even communities across the country. This puts special requirements on information provision for decision-making. Information use patterns can be explained by technical, data-related aspects as reliability, timeliness, or accessibility. But only by considering the institutional and organizational context we get a complete understanding on what frames the information-use patterns in climate and food security management in Guatemala..
El aporte de las concesiones forestales comunitarias de Guatemala al cumplimiento de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible (ODS)
No full textEn la Reserva Biósfera Maya (RBM), Guatemala, se ha desarrollado, por más de 20 años, un proceso de manejo forestal a través de un sistema de concesiones forestales bajo la administración del Consejo Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (CONAP). Estas concesiones fueron otorgadas a 12 grupos comunitarios y dos empresas industriales locales con el fin de frenar la deforestación en la zona de uso múltiple (ZUM), que cubre una superficie de alrededor de medio millón de hectáreas concesionadas. Uno de los requisitos para la gestión de las concesiones era obtener la certificación forestal y mantenerla vigente durante todo el periodo del contrato. Se evaluó el aporte de la forestería comunitaria a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) de las nueve concesiones comunitarias activas. Para esto se seleccionaron las metas de cada uno de los ODS relacionadas con el trabajo desarrollado en el proceso concesionario y se construyó una serie de indicadores, mediante una metodología cualitativa para obtener datos desde una variedad de fuentes a través de revisión de literatura técnica, científica y gris, grupos focales y actores clave. Se encontró que las concesiones comunitarias en Guatemala contribuyen al alcance de los 17 ODS y
se identificaron aportes en 45 de las 162 metas. Se destaca su aporte al bienestar de las personas en términos económicos, alimenticios, salud, y educación, así como su contribución a la conservación de los bosques, patrimonio cultural y el ambiente en general, a través de prácticas de aprovechamiento sostenible de recursos forestales maderables, no maderables, turismo y otros..
Effect of Fitohormones and Fertilizers on the Rooting and Growth of Mini-cuttings of Coffee (Coffea arabica) F hybrids
No full text[Introducción]: En el Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE) se está buscando optimizar
la técnica hortícola de enraizamiento de mini-estaquillas de café para la multiplicación comercial de híbridos
a escala masiva y bajo costo. [Objetivo]: El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto de distintos fertilizantes
y estimulantes hormonales sobre el éxito del enraizamiento y posterior crecimiento de las plantas resultantes.
[Metodología]: Se utilizaron mini-estaquillas de tres híbridos de café, tratadas con distintas combinaciones de un
bioestimulante, un enraizante, una fórmula a base de multiminerales, vitaminas y fitohormonas, y tres fertilizantes
(NP, ZnP, solución hidropónica), las cuales fueron puestas a enraizar en túneles plásticos con irrigación. Las plantas
enraizadas fueron trasplantadas a bolsas para un periodo de crecimiento en vivero de 3 meses. [Resultados]: La
fase de enraizamiento concluyó a las 12 semanas, con un promedio general superior al 89 %, sin diferencias entre
tratamientos ni entre híbridos. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos para longitud de raíces,
con superioridad de la combinación del enraizante con el fertilizante ZnP. En la fase de vivero hubo diferencias
significativas entre tratamientos para altura de plantas, peso fresco de parte aérea, y peso fresco y seco de raíces,
logrando destacar, en todos los casos, las combinaciones del enraizante con el complejo de multiminerales o con
el fertilizante ZnP. El híbrido L12A28 sobresalió en casi todas las variables evaluadas. [Conclusiones]: El estudio
mostró la importancia del uso de complementos auxínicos y nutricionales durante la fase de enraizamiento para
optimizar el desempeño de las plantas en vivero. Asimismo, se confirmó la factibilidad de la técnica, enraizamiento
de estaquillas, como un método simple y eficiente para la multiplicación de los híbridos
Bosques tropicales estacionalmente secos son importantes para ganaderos en el noroeste costarricense
No full textIn the dry regions of Central America, forests in cattle ranches are used as a refuge for cattle during
the dry season, and there is no much information about this practice. To determine the frequency of
this practice and how it fits in farm management. We conducted semi-structured interviews with
cattle ranchers in 43 farms in Liberia County, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Cattle farmers suffered from the
loss of profitability due to droughts, fire, and cattle theft. Cattle browsing in the forest was used by 70 % of farms,
mostly between March and May. No type of farm or feeding strategy was associated with forest browsing. The high
variability in farm management did not provide a distinct classification of feeding strategies. We found a difference
in farm structure and feed types between ranches in the plains and mountain slopes. The decision to use forests for
browsing seemed to rely on a trade-off between animal welfare and ease of management. Traditional knowledge
about cattle behavior in forests was variable and often limited to forest edges and pastures. This
research shows that forests should be taken into consideration when analyzing cattle ranching in dry regions of
Central America. We recommend a further study on feeding strategies and the impact of cattle on forest integrity
to determine if agricultural policymakers should foster these low-costs alternatives
Economic constraints as drivers of coffee rust epidemics in Nicaragua
No full textCoffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix) epidemics of an intensity never seen before have hit Central America since 2012.
This study set out to identify management and socio-economic factors that facilitate coffee rust development in
Nicaragua and to learn how farmers perceive these epidemics. To that end, we conducted a series of interviews
with farmers and carried out field observations a year after the peak of the 2012-13 epidemic. Twenty-nine pairs
of plots (a pair was one heavily hit plot and another slightly hit plot in the same location) in the municipalities of
Jinotega, Tuma-La Dalia and San Ram�on were characterized for their management and coffee rust impact. This
information was completed through interviews with the farmers. In addition, farmers provided their perception
of the reasons for differences of coffee rust intensities between plots and information about their socio-economic
situation. From multivariate analyses, we deduced that young coffee trees, timely applications of fungicides
based on disease monitoring, shade pruning, and soil and foliar fertilizers seemed to be key practices in managing
coffee rust. These practices were well known by the farmers, but socio-economic difficulties severely held back
their application, as revealed by a mental model approach. Low coffee economic resources were particularly
mentioned by farmers as a constraint to applying the practices needed to manage coffee rust. The highest coffee
rust intensities and impacts were found in plots where the farmers, in general, had no education, no training, a
low number of direct technical advices, and low incomes. To our knowledge, this is the first time that poor
economic conditions have been related to the development of intense plant disease outbreaks. These relationships
indicated that technical solutions to manage coffee rust are not sufficient and that economic solutions,
where the market has a crucial role to play, need to be implemented
