Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences
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Efficacy between “Spencer Technique” and “Muscle Energy Technique” in Treatment of “Adhesive Capsulitis”
Get PDFBackground: Adhesive capsulitis is a painful and disabling condition of unknown etiology, in which the shoulder capsule, the connective tissue surrounding the glenohumeral joint become inflamed and causes chronic pain with restriction. Although there are multiple ways to treat the disorder, there is a lack of evidence in indicating a specific technique to treat the disorder. In this study, we intend to check the efficacy of two different techniques in improving the range and function of the shoulder joint.Methodology: Thirty subjects were randomly allocated to two different groups. One group was administered with muscle energy technique (MET) and the other with Spencer technique. The pain intensity and disability of shoulder joint is evaluated with shoulder pain disability index. For range of motion for shoulder flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation, Goniometry was used as an outcome measure.Results: The results are tabulated in terms of mean, standard deviation, variance, t-test, and P-value. Student t-test shows that there were statistically significant values for groups (P < 0.05). Variance test has been found to be significant at P < 0.05, Spencer technique is found to be more effective compare to MET.Conclusion: When applied to the patients, both MET and Spencer technique are found to be effective, in comparison using t-test, it is concluded that Spencer technique is more effective than MET
Impact of COVID-19 and Lockdown on Health and Livelihoods of Transgender Individuals in Hyderabad, Telangana
Get PDFTo combat the coronavirus disease which claimed lot of lives globally, India went into a complete lockdown starting March 24, 2020. This study examines the impact of COVID-19 and lockdown on one of the vulnerable groups of populations, that is, transgender people’s livelihoods, health-seeking behavior along with their perceived health-care barriers, and accessibility to health-care services. A cross-sectional descriptive study with mixed methods approach for qualitative data was done in Hyderabad city. Eighty transgender participants identified through snowball sampling method were subjected to structured interviews and 30 among them were chosen randomly and were also subjected to in-depth semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using MS Excel and thematic analysis. The COVID-19 lockdown has affected target group’s livelihoods and their health-seeking behavior. The denial of treatment by the doctors and unavailability of health services are hindering their accessibility to health care. Violence/harassment, discrimination, discourtesy, maltreatment, and verbal and physical abuse are major barriers for health-care utilization by transgender individuals. An inclusive policy needs to be put in place for vulnerable groups like transgenders
Dental Caries Status in Primary Molars: Useful Indicator of Oral Health-care Service Delivery among 5–6 Years Old in Middle-Income Countries
Get PDFThe main aims of the study were to quantify the burden of caries and determine factors associated with the highest risk for caries among 5–6-year-old schoolchildren in Sri Lanka. A cross-sectional descriptive study based on clinical oral examination, an interviewer-administered questionnaire for children and a parental self-administered questionnaire was conducted among, 5–6 years old (n = 403) in a selected province. Prevalence of caries was 56.7% (95% CI: 51.5–61.9%) and 3.4% (95% CI: 2.4–4.3%) for primary and permanent dentitions, respectively. A decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index of 3.01 (95% CI: 2.61–3.41), significant caries index which is the DMFT of one-third of the study group with the highest caries score of 7.62 (95% CI of 7.34–7.9), prevalence of severely decayed untreated caries with pulpal involvement, ulcerations, fistula, and abscesses (PUFA) of 32.77% (95% CI of 32.32–33.22%), and a mean PUFA score of 1.26 (95% CI of 1.13–1.39) were observed for primary dentition. Although 43.3% of the sample did not have any caries, 10% had caries in all their primary molars, indicating a disproportionate treatment need. Having pulp exposed anterior teeth and father having three or more missing teeth were associated with having caries in all the primary molars. Severe burden of untreated caries at 5–6 years and polarization are seen as one in 10 study participants had all their primary molars decayed. While strengthening infant, toddler, and preschool oral health promotion, interventions targeting high-risk children are needed for reducing the caries burden
An Ocular Route of Administration for Drugs through Novel Approach of Self-microemulsifying Formulation – A Systematic Review
Get PDFDrug administration through ocular route is associated to treat the ophthalmic diseases; glaucoma, conjunctivitis, retinal disorder, and diabetic eye problems. Various ophthalmic formulations as nanoparticles, nanoemulsion, microemulsion, nanosphere, microsphere, and nanosuspension have been developed. Such novel formulations have ability to prolonged the contact time of dosage form on ocular surface and reduce the drug elimination. Microemulsion is the thermodynamically stable and clear dispersion of oil and aqueous phase stabilized by surfactant and cosurfactant with target droplet size up to100 nm. Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) approach is generally adopted to enhance bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. SMEDDS is the appropriate system for ocular drug delivery as it improves the ocular drug retention, high ocular absorption, and extended duration of action. The surfactant/cosurfactant combination used in SMEDDS has capacity to improve drug permeation across the cornea. The review gives the highlights to understand the feasibility of SMEDDS as dosage form for ocular administration to increases or improve the bioavailability. Review highlights the developmental steps of SMEDDS for the ocular drug administration as novel dosage forms to improve patient compliance
Ballista Spring - A Conservative Method for Repositioning Palatally Impacted Canine - Clinical Case Report
Get PDFMaxillary canine impaction is one of the most frequently encountered condition in orthodontic practice. Many factors are responsible for the development of canine impaction. Early diagnosis and interception can provide prudent clinical management of impacted canine with minimal or no iatrogenic effects. The Ballista spring system is a simple, less traumatic system for treating impacted canines. The impacted teeth is retracted by a spring that accumulates light continuous force from being twisted on its long axis. This article illustrates a case in which impacted maxillary canine was surgically exposed, attachment bonded, vertical and labial traction given with Ballista spring and ideally positioned with fixed orthodontic mechanotherapy
Enhancing Oral Bioavailability of Poorly Water Soluble Drugs through Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Recent Advancements
Get PDFTo date, the oral route is considered as a proffered route for drug delivery having high patient compliance. However, the therapeutic efficacy of the drug given through the oral route is hampered by its low solubility, low bioavailability, and stability issues in the harsh gastric environment. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have emerged as a potential system that can overcome the oral bioavailability issues associated with poorly water-soluble drugs. The SLNs have both properties of lipid emulsion and polymeric nanoparticles and thus offer various benefits, such as high biocompatibility, biodegradability, protect the drug from degradation, improved drug stability in gastrointestinal tract, controlled drug release, avoid organic solvents, and ease of manufacturing. This review discussed the recent advancements in SLNs with regards to the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The key components and methods of preparation of SLNs were also discussed. To conclude, studies performed to date have shown promising results with SLNs in enhancing the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs with a high degree of biocompatibility
Prevalence of Modifiable Risk Factors of Falls in Post-operative Elderly
Get PDFIntroduction: Falls are very common in elderly individuals. Falls are the accounting for morbidity and mortality. Falls are one of the major reasons in the elderly for hospitalization. Falls may lead to disability and sometimes patient may become handicap. Large number of elderly populations in rural as well as urban suffering from this problem. Many studies done on causes of falls. However, very less research is done on the prevalence of modifiable risk factors of falls in post-operative elderly individuals. Hence, there is a need to find out the modifiable risk factors which people can alter to reduce risk of fall. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to study and find out the prevalence of modifiable risk factors of falls in post-operative elderly individuals. Materials and Methods: This was an observational study with a total of 100 participants. The participants were elderly individuals who had a fall and underwent surgery for fracture correction. Both male and female age groups above 60 years old were selected for the study. Participants were selected from Krishna Hospital, Karad. Outcome measures were included visual examination, balance test, manual muscle testing, goniometry, and neurological examination. Results: The results have shown that the highest risk factor for falls is due to slippery floor (21%) followed by falls during toilet activities (14%). It can be seen that poor balance (13%), reduced strength of muscles (11%), and reduced range of motion (9%) also play a key role in being a risk factor for falls. The figure depicts other factors such as poor lighting (7%), climbing up and down the stairs (6%), improper foot wear (5%), and obesity (4%) is also responsible for falls in the elderly. Lack of use of assistive devices (4%), gait deficit (3%), wrong exercise habits (2%), and clothing (1%) also are some risk factors for falls to some extent. Conclusion: This study concludes that falls due to slippery floors are one of the most common occurrences followed by falls during toilet activities and due to poor balance. Other modifiable risk factors for falls include reduced strength of muscles, reduced range of motion, improper foot wear, clothing, gait deficit, climbing up or down the stairs, obesity, poor lighting, wrong exercise habits, and lack of use of assistive devices. It is of utmost importance to identify the modifiable risk factors in the elderly to prevent injuries and improve quality of life of the elderly
Assessing Various Strategies used by Adolescents to Overcome Adversity
Get PDFAdolescent adversity has been shown to predict later mental and physical health outcomes. Understanding which aspect and development timings of adversity is important. The study aims to assess various strategies adopted by adolescents to overcome adversity. The study was conducted on 150 adolescents from Lucknow city in the age ranging from 10 to 19 years, out of which 79 were boys and 71 were girls. The main strategies adopted by adolescents to overcome adversity were found that majority (94%) of the adolescents visualize the outcome of adversity. While, 86.6% adolescents take lesson from every failure and setback and so on. Among Girls, all (100%) of them visualize the outcome. While 70.4% drop negative self- talk and so on. Boys, and equal proportion (89.8%) of respondents reported that they Embrace adversity as a chance for opportunity, talk it over with a like-minded person, stop making excuses and Have faith, followed by create a game plan (73.4%), etc
Factors Related to Health Service Utilization among Adolescent Girls in Urban Slums of Jaipur, India
Get PDFObjective: This study aimed to determine the factors associated with health-care service utilization among adolescent girls in urban slums in Jaipur, India. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 417 adolescent girls was conducted. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the data and determine the factors associated with healthcare service utilization. Findings: Only 48.2% of girls with health problems visited health-care facilities for treatment. About 68.6% delayed treatment by 3 or more days after the onset of symptoms, and 85.6% first tried remedies available at home. Girl’s education (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.65– 8.57), mother’s education (AOR = 3.43; 95% CI = 1.2– 9.96), father’s income (AOR = 2.2; 95% CI = 0.76– 5.32), mother’s income (AOR = 3.67; 95% CI = 1.03– 11.18), and counseling by field health workers (AOR = 3.23; 95% CI = 1.18– 7.89) were factors significantly associated with utilization of health services. Girls cited parental neglect of their health, insufficient funds, lack of privacy, and inconvenient assessment times at health facilities as major barriers. Conclusion: The findings from the study show that the utilization of facility-based health services among adolescent girls is low, and there is a significant postponement in visiting health facilities after the onset of symptoms. There is a need to create community-level awareness, improve outreach by field health workers, ensure privacy in health-care facilities, and improve facility-based health service utilization among adolescent girls
Assessment of Bundle of Measures Perioperatively to Decrease the Incidence of Surgical Site Wound Infection in Patients Undergoing Abdominal Hysterectomies
Get PDFBackground: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are the second most common reason for unplanned hospital readmissions after hysterectomy and result in increased morbidity and health care costs. The estimated rate of SSI after hysterectomy varies between 1% and 4%. The objective of the study is to investigate if a bundle of perioperative measures (as stated earlier) reduces down the incidence of post-operative surgical site wound infection after abdominal hysterectomy. Materials and Methods: The present prospective study was carried out on total 200 women who were undergo hysterectomy in the operation theater of Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of IPGMER and SSKM Hospital due to gynecological conditions requiring hysterectomy. Four perioperative bundles of measures are considered – 1. chlorhexidine gluconate and Cetrimide solution (Savlon) wash of the operative field 1 h before the operation, 2. administration of single dose antibiotic (Inj. Ceftriaxone 1 g intravenous) 1 h or less before the incision, 3. vaginal wash with povidone-iodine, and 4. sterile dressing is to be maintained and removed postoperatively after 48 h. Result: We found that in case, 94 (94.0%) patients had Ceftriaxone and 6 (6.0%) patients had clindamycin and gentamicin. In control, 96 (96.0%) patients had ceftriaxone and 4 (4.0%) patients had clindamycin and gentamicin. Association of choice of antibiotic versus group was not statistically significant (P = 0.5164). In case, 6 (6.0%) patients had wound gaping. In control, 11 (11.0%) patients had wound gaping. Association of wound gaping versus group was statistically significant (P = 0.048). Conclusion: The present study found that hospital stay was more in control compared to case which was statistically significant. Fever was more in control compared to case which was statistically significant. In this study, local wound discharge was more in control compared to case which was statistically significant. It was found that wound gaping was more in control compared to case which was statistically significant