International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology (IJARIT)
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Environnement financier camerounais et fusion des bourses de la CEMAC
No full textL’année 1994 marque l’année de familiarisation du Cameroun avec les instruments financiers notamment les titres de la dette publique connus sous le nom d’effets publics négociables. Cependant, fort de son autonomie et de sa fierté à booster son économie nationale, le Cameroun va consacrer de façon obligatoire, sous l’égide de l’AUDSCGIE de 2014, la dématérialisation des valeurs mobilières afin de dynamiser le secteur boursier mis en place cinq ans après l’adoption de la titrisation. Bien que l’innovation fût saisissante, cela s’est avéré néanmoins insuffisant pour l’atteinte des objectifs fixés car non seulement l’initiative ne fût pas comprise par les acteurs économiques mais la bourse nationale était concurrencée dans sa sous-région d’appartenance par une bourse communautaire. Situation contraire aux objectifs CEMAC, les Chefs d’Etats ont décidé d’unifier les deux bourses pour l’essor économique sous régional. Initiative salutaire, le processus a engagé moult remous et une reconfiguration sans pareil du secteur financier camerounais. A l’issue de celle-ci, l’Etat du Cameroun perd bon nombre de ses activités financières au nom de la communauté mais sa souveraineté lui permet de conserver quelques-unes
« Valeur(s) discursive(s) : l’homo pertinensis dans le marché des idées » (Bertrand Labasse, La Valeur des informations, Ottawa, Presses universitaires, 2020, 978-2-76033-156-3, 420 p.)
No full text« Philippe Martin (dir.), ‘Varryations’. Gens du livre, marronneurs et bibliothécaires, Villeurbane, Presses de l’ENSSIB, 2020 »
No full textTargeted Isolation of Hemitheion from Mostuea brunonis , a Proposed Biosynthetic Intermediate of Theionbrunonines
No full textInternational audienceHemitheion (1), a new sulfur-containing vobasane-type indole alkaloid, was isolated, together with three known compounds, vobasine (2), gelsedine (3), and gelsemicine (4), from the alkaloid extract of the stems of Mostuea brunonis Didr. (Gelsemiaceae). Compound 1 could be straightforwardly isolated. Its structure was elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic methods. Besides corresponding to a formerly postulated biosynthetic intermediate toward theionbrunonines, hemitheion (1) stands among the few monomeric vobasanes lacking an oxygen at C-3. Hemitheion (1) showed moderate antiplasmodial activity in the micromolar range against the strain FcB1 of Plasmodium falciparum and no cytotoxic activity against the MRC-5 cell line at 20 μM
Understanding how peer relationships influence peerdelivered HIV prevention interventions among Ugandan female sex workers: a case study from HIV self-testing
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Access to PrEP for men who have sex with men (MSM) is a public health priority. PrEP rollout for MSM in West Africa is confronted by unknowns concerning the feasibility in this context, due to the highly vulnerable nature of MSM (stigma, precarity, high-risk sex). We aimed to estimate the attrition rate and identify the factors associated with loss to follow-up (LTFU) in a cohort of MSM on PrEP in West Africa.Methods: Since 2017, CohMSM-PrEP has offered a comprehensive prevention package for MSM in Mali, Cote d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, and Togo. Quarterly follow-up includes PrEP (daily or event-driven) and socio-behavioral data collection. Participants from a previous MSM cohort and new participants were enrolled. LTFU was defined as not attending the last two scheduled follow-up visits. The Kaplan-Meier technique and log-rank test were used to estimate time to LTFU and to test for significance between groups. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to determine predictors of LTFU and adjusted by confounders.Results: 585 participants were recruited from November 2017-January 2020. The median follow-up time was 15.6 months. During this period, 119 participants were LTFU (20%). The median follow-up time for LTFU participants was 3 months. The attrition rate was 1.8/100 person-years. Newly enrolled participants left the cohort at a higher rate than former CohMSM participants (p-value:<0.001). Factors associated with LTFU can be found in Table 1. Conclusions: Our study showed a relatively high attrition rate among MSM taking PrEP in West Africa. Newly enrolled participants left at a higher rate and were more likely to leave the study than those who participated in the previous MSM cohort. Increased support should be given to new participants who have less experience in the cohort and with study staff. Tailoring PrEP programs to different MSM profiles is essential for optimizing the PrEP care cascade
Low Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in West Africa
No full textInternational audienceNo abstract availabl
Heterogeneity in the Prevalence of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Negative and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Men Who Have Sex With Men in West Africa
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. We assessed (i) the prevalence of high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) infection and associated factors, and (ii) the prevalence of vaccine-preventable HPV infections in MSM in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, and Togo.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017-2018 among MSM ≥18 years old followed in community-based clinics. HPV infection was investigated in oral and anal samples using the e-BRID system. Factors associated with HR-HPV infection were identified using multivariate logistic regressions.Results: Among 631 participants, 425 were HIV-negative and 206 HIV-positive. HR-HPV prevalence ranged from 9.2% to 34.8% in the former, and 33.3% to 71.0% in the latter, according to the study country. In multivariate analysis, HIV infection (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.48-5.27) and study country (4.73, 2.66-8.43 for Mali; 3.12, 1.68-5.80 for Burkina Faso; 3.51, 1.92-6.42 for Togo) were associated with HR-HPV infection. Other associated factors were low educational level, self-defined homosexual identity, and condomless anal sex. The prevalence of infections which can be prevented with bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonavalent vaccines was 5.9, 27.1, and 34.6% in HIV-negative participants, and 18.9, 43.7, and 54.9% in HIV-positive participants, respectively.Conclusions: HR-HPV prevalence was very heterogeneous between the study countries in both HIV-negative and HIV-positive MSM. Vaccine-preventable HPV infections predominated. Vaccination should be proposed to young MSM to reduce the burden of HPV infection in this vulnerable population and their female partners in West Africa
Quels sont les freins et les limitations à la vaccination anti-papillomavirus, dans une population de collégiens ayant été sensibilisée par un programme de promotion de la santé sexuelle et de la vaccination ?
No full textBackground : the cervical cancer, a papillomavirus inducted cancer, is three times deadlier in Reunion island than mainland France. Prevented by cervical smear and vaccination, its vaccine coverage in Reunion Island is the weakest in France. An outgoing randomized study assesses the impact of a sexual health and vaccination program, on a mid-school student population. First results show a small amount of vaccinated students. The purpose of this study is to understand obstacles to HPV vaccination, in order to improve vaccination coverage in Reunion Island. Method : qualitative study, with semi-structured and group interviews, on a mid-school student population database, in May 2021 in Reunion Island. A grounded theory analysis was applied. Results : Despite the positive impact of a prevention program on HPV awareness, students had a negative vision of vaccination, and a lack of interest. Their decisions were influenced mainly by their parents, insufficiently informed and wary, but also by their attending physician, who they can trust. Conclusion : Attempts should be made to restore the reputation of vaccination. Vaccine hesitancy must be fought by public information. Sexual taboo needs to be discussed between parents and teenagers. The attending physician needs to be in the center of debates. School prevention programs have a positive effect on awareness, and have to be improved in a multimodal way, and on a large-scale public target.Contexte : Le Cancer du col de l’utérus (CCU), viro-induit par le Papillomavirus humain (HPV), est trois fois plus mortel à La Réunion qu’en métropole. Sa prévention repose sur le dépistage par frottis et la vaccination, dont la couverture vaccinale à La Réunion est la plus faible de France. Une Etude randomisée en cours de réalisation à La Réunion évalue l’impact d’un programme de prévention de la vaccination et de la santé sexuelle sur une population de collégiens. Les premiers résultats montrent un taux faible d’enfants vaccinés. L’objectif de cette étude est d’avoir une meilleure compréhension des freins à la vaccination afin d’améliorer la couverture vaccinale sur l’ile de La Réunion. Méthodes : Etude qualitative réalisée en mai 2021 dans un collège de La Réunion participant à un essai randomisé, par des entretiens collectifs et semi-dirigés. L’analyse des données a été réalisée selon la méthode par théorisation ancrée. Résultats : malgré les effets positifs d’une campagne de prévention sur la prise de conscience de la problématique autour du HPV, les collégiens avaient une vision péjorative de la vaccination, et manquaient d’intérêt. Leurs décisions étaient influencées en grande partie par leurs parents, sous informés et souvent méfiants, avec qui ils communiquaient peu, mais aussi par leurs médecins traitants en qui ils avaient confiance. Conclusion : l’image négative de la vaccination, ancrée profondément dans l’esprit des collégiens doit être redorée. L’hésitation vaccinale doit être combattue en informant la population. Le dialogue doit être crée entre parents et enfants, notamment sur le sujet de la sexualité. Le médecin traitant devrait être remis au centre de la prise en charge par le biais de la formation continue. Les campagnes de prévention scolaire, qui ont ait leur preuve à l’international, doivent être poursuivies et améliorées, de façon multimodale et sur un public cible étendu
Diagnostic Value of Patient-Reported and Clinically Tested Olfactory Dysfunction in a Population Screened for COVID-19
No full textInternational audienceIMPORTANCE : Recent studies have suggested that olfactory dysfunction and gustatory dysfunction are associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, olfaction has been evaluated solely on reported symptoms, after COVID-19 diagnosis, and in both mild and severe COVID-19 cases, but rarely has it been assessed in prospectively unselected populations.OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the diagnostic value of a semiobjective olfactory test developed to assess patient-reported chemosensory dysfunction prior to testing for the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in patients attending a COVID-19 screening facility.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS : This prospective diagnostic study with participants and observers blinded to COVID-19 status was conducted in a COVID-19 screening center of a tertiary university hospital in France from March 23 to April 22, 2020. Participants were 854 consecutively included health care workers or outpatients with symptoms or with close contact with an index case. Exclusion criteria were prior chemosensory dysfunction, testing inability, or contraindications (n = 45).MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES : Participants were interviewed to ascertain their symptoms and then underwent Clinical Olfactory Dysfunction Assessment (CODA), an ad hoc test developed for a simple and fast evaluation of olfactory function. This assessment followed a standardized procedure in which participants identified and rated the intensity of 3 scents (lavender, lemongrass, and mint) to achieve a summed score ranging from 0 to 6. The COVID-19 status was assessed using reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in samples collected via nasopharyngeal swab (reference standard) to calculate the diagnostic values of patient-reported chemosensory dysfunction and CODA.RESULTS : Of 809 participants, the female to male sex ratio was 2.8, and the mean (SD) age was 41.8 (13.0) years (range, 18-94 years). All participants, if symptomatic, had mild disease at the time of testing, and 58 (7.2%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Chemosensory dysfunction was reported by 20 of 58 participants (34.5%) with confirmed COVID-19 vs 29 of 751 participants (3.9%) who tested negative for COVID-19 (absolute difference, 30.6% [95% CI, 18.3%-42.9%]). Olfactory dysfunction, either self-reported or clinically ascertained (CODA score 3), yielded similar sensitivity (0.31 [95% CI, 0.20-0.45] vs 0.34 [95% CI, 0.22-0.48]) and specificity (0.97 [95% CI, 0.96-0.98) vs 0.98 [95% CI, 0.96-0.99]) for COVID-19 diagnosis. Concordance was high between reported and clinically tested olfactory dysfunction, with a Gwet AC1 of 0.95 (95% CI, 0.93-0.97). Of 19 participants, 15 (78.9%) with both reported olfactory dysfunction and a CODA score of 3 or lower were confirmed to have COVID-19. The CODA score also revealed 5 of 19 participants (26.3%) with confirmed COVID-19 who had previously unperceived olfactory dysfunction.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE : In this prospective diagnostic study of outpatients with asymptomatic or mild to moderate COVID-19, systematically assessed anamnesis and clinical testing with the newly developed CODA were complementary and specific for chemosensory dysfunction. Olfactory dysfunction was suggestive of COVID-19, particularly when clinical testing confirmed anamnesis. However, normal olfaction was most common among patients with COVID-19