International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology (IJARIT)
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Effects of soaking and thermal treatment on nutritional quality of three varieties of common beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L .) from Madagascar
No full textInternational audienceThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of soaking and thermal treatment on proteins, anthocyanins, α-galactosides (stachyose, raffinose), tannins and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6), under different conditions, of three Phaseolus vulgaris L. varieties from Madagascar; and evaluate correlation with surface/volume ratio. Overall, dry matter, antinutrients and anthocyanins were impacted by the process, however proteins were not. Depending on varieties and operating conditions, soaking or thermal treatment led to up to 59% losses for dry matter, 73% for tannins, 99% for IP6, 92% for total α-galactosides and 100% for anthocyanins. In certain cases, the process increased dry basis concentration of α-galactosides probably through hydrolysis phenomena from precursors. A positive correlation between the surface/volume ratio of common beans and decrease of tannins and α-galactosides was highlighted. A global antinutritional indicator was used along with the dry matter to evaluate the best conditions to subside all antinutrients and limit the loss of nutrients, combining soaking and thermal treatment. These conditions were soaking (30 C) for 1 h followed by heat treatment at 65 C with 1/5 seed-to-water ratio during 2 h. Appropriate soaking/thermal treatment of common dry bean is crucial to reduce antinutrients and limit nutrient loss. Novelty Impact Statement Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) contains antinutrients and oligosaccharides which causes digestive discomfort. Suitable soaking and thermal treatments reduce these compounds and limit the loss of nutrients. As a final product, a common bean partially free of negative compounds could help in processing common beans and be employed as an ingredient in derived product
La WALANT échoguidée prolonge l’analgésie après une chirurgie ambulatoire de la main ou du poignet. Comparaison avec le bloc axillaire en utilisant un score de propension
No full textBackground : WALANT (Wide Awake Local Anesthesia No Tourniquet) is an alternative to the axillary block (BAX) in hand and wrist ambulatory surgery. By using long acting local anesthetics, it could prolong postoperative analgesia while preserving motor skills. The main objective of this study was to demonstrate that WALANT using bupivacaine prolongs time to first rescue analgesic during the first 24 hours after surgery comparing to BAX using mepivacaine.Method : Primary endpoint was assessed through time to first rescue analgesic request during the first 24 hours after surgery. Secondary endpoints were: the use of rescue analgesic, total analgesics amount, duration of sensory block and maximal pain scores in post anesthesia care unit, at 12 hours and at 24 hours after surgery. Results : 60 patients were included between the March 2019, and February 2022. They were divided into two groups (WALANT and BAX). After propensity score matching, 20 patients in each group were compared. Time to first rescue analgesic was significantly higher in the WALANT group (24.74 h [20.22; 27.86] vs 10.88 h [9.17; 16.18], p = 0.02). The use of rescue analgesic was higher in the BAX group (65 vs. 20%, p < 0.01). Total consumption of acetaminophen was higher in the BAX group (60 vs 35%, p = 0.03). The duration of sensory block was higher in the WALANT group (26.43 h [22.88; 28.58] vs 4.84 h [4.20; 5.46], p < 0.01). Pain scores was significantly higher in the BAX group than in the WALANT group at 12 hours and at 24 hours after surgery.Conclusion : Compared to BAX, WALANT significantly improves analgesia in ambulatory hand and wrist surgery by increasing time to first rescue analgesic requestIntroduction : La WALANT (Wide Awake Local Anesthesia No Tourniquet) est une alternative au bloc axillaire (BAX) pour la chirurgie ambulatoire de la main et du poignet. En employant la bupivacaïne, elle pourrait permettre de prolonger l’analgésie post opératoire tout en conservant la motricité comparée au BAX employant la mépivacaïne. Méthode : Le critère de jugement principal était le délai de recours à un antalgique de secours au cours des 24 premières heures post opératoires.Les critères de jugement secondaires comprenaient : le recours à un antalgique de secours, la consommation totale d’antalgiques, les scores de douleur maximaux en Unité de Chirurgie Ambulatoire (UCA), à 12h et à 24h de la chirurgie et la durée du bloc sensitif. Résultats : 60 patients ont été inclus entre le 28 mars 2019 et le 5 février 2022. Ils ont été répartis en deux groupes (WALANT et BAX). Après appariement par score de propension, 20 patients par groupe ont été comparés. Le délai de recours au premier antalgique de secours était plus élevé dans le groupe WALANT (24.74 h [20.22 ; 27.86] vs 10.88 h [9.17 ; 16.18], p = 0.02). Le recours à un antalgique de secours était plus élevé dans le groupe BAX (65 vs 20%, p < 0.01). La consommation totale de paracétamol était plus élevée dans le groupe BAX (60 vs 35%, p = 0.03). La durée du bloc sensitif était plus élevée dans le groupe WALANT (26.43 h [22.88 ; 28.58] vs 4.84 h [4.20 ; 5.46], p < 0.01). Les scores de douleur étaient plus élevés dans le groupe BAX à H12 et à H24.Conclusion : Comparée au BAX, la WALANT permet de prolonger l’analgésie post opératoire en allongeant le délai de recours au premier antalgique de secours
Étude épidémiologique des micro organismes responsables des pneumonies aigues communautaires à La Réunion (2016-2018)
No full textNo data are available for severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) on Reunion Island, where CAP may well be different from mainland France due to a tropical climate and proximity to other Indian Ocean islands. The aim of this study was to assess the epidemiological, clinical, prognosis and microbiological characteristics of patients with severe CAP in Reunion Island.This retrospective study was conducted on Reunion Island between 2016 and 2018 at the island’s two intensive care units (ICU). All consecutive patients >18 years old with CAP hospitalized in ICU were evaluated. Pathogens were detected by culture and multiplex polymerase chain reaction from a respiratory sample, serology and antigen detection in urine.During the study period, 573 severe CAP were recorded (mean incidence of 22 per 100,000 population). The most frequent isolated microorganism was influenza (21.9%) with a presence in almost every month of the year. Streptococcus pneumoniae (12%) was the second most frequently isolated microorganism. Twenty-four patients with severe CAP came from another island in the Indian Ocean region (4.2%), mainly Madagascar (>50%) with two cases of melioidosis and four cases of CAP attributable to Acinetobacter spp.These data have major implications for the management of severe CAP in patients on Reunion Island or returning from Reunion Island.Aucune donnée n'est disponible pour les pneumonies communautaires (PAC) sévères sur l'île de la Réunion, où les PAC pourraient bien être différentes de celles de la France métropolitaine en raison du climat tropical et de la proximité avec les autres îles de l'océan Indien. L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer les caractéristiques épidémiologiques, cliniques, pronostiques et microbiologiques des patients atteints de PAC sévère à la Réunion.Cette étude rétrospective a été menée à La Réunion entre 2016 et 2018 dans les deux unités de soins intensifs (USI) de l'île. Tous les patients consécutifs âgés de plus de 18 ans atteints de PAC et hospitalisés en USI ont été évalués. Les agents pathogènes ont été détectés par culture et amplification en chaîne par polymérase multiplex à partir d'un échantillon respiratoire, par sérologie et détection d'antigènes dans les urines.Au cours de la période d'étude, 573 PAC graves ont été enregistrées (incidence moyenne de 22 pour 100 000 habitants). Le micro-organisme le plus fréquemment isolé était la grippe (21,9 %) avec une présence persistante presque tous les mois de l'année. Streptococcus pneumoniae (12 %) était le deuxième micro-organisme le plus fréquemment isolé. Vingt-quatre patients présentant une PAC sévère provenaient d'une autre île de la région de l'océan Indien (4,2%), principalement de Madagascar (>50%) avec deux cas de mélioïdose et quatre cas de PAC attribuables à Acinetobacter spp.Ces données ont des implications majeures pour la prise en charge des PAC sévères chez les patients de l'île de la Réunion ou de retour de l'île de la Réunion
Estimation du potentiel de production électrique par digestion anaérobie des déchets organiques à Bitchoua (Ouest du Cameroun) en vue du développement de l’électrification rurale
No full textInternational audienceLa présente étude a pour objectif d’estimer le potentiel de valorisation énergétique des déchets organiques produits dans la localité de Bitchoua (Ouest du Cameroun) ainsi que les émissions évitées de gaz à effet de serre en considérant que la production d’énergie permettrait de soustraire les émissions des déchets souvent abandonnés dans la nature. Ces évaluations ont été réalisées à partir des données spatiales disponibles, des enquêtes socio-démographiques et des estimations quantitatives des gisements de déchets appropriés à Bitchoua. Il ressort de l’étude que Bitchoua génère annuellement environ 39250 t de déchets organiques mobilisables, dont la valorisation énergétique permettrait de produire annuellement par méthanisation et combustion, environ 66145 MWh de bioélectricité, ce qui correspond à 11 680,15 % de la consommation électrique actuelle de ce territoire. Cette valorisation permettrait d’éviter chaque année les émissions de plus de 53 731 t eq.CO2 issues des déchets organiques au cas où ils sont abandonnés dans la nature
Specific effects of tree species on soil carbon sequestration in a rice-tree association mesocosm experiment: Evidence from natural 13C abundance
No full textInternational audienceWithin agroforestry systems, trees greatly contribute to soil carbon (C) sequestration. We still know little about how this contribution varies according to tree species. Here, we quantified the soil C content derived from three main tree species, Eucalyptus robusta, Coffea arabica and Citrus clementina, used in rainfed rice-based agroforestry in the Highlands of Madagascar. A fully factorial controlled mesocosm experiment was performed, with seedlings of the tree species planted with or without rice in a Ferralsol. The natural C-13 abundance in the soil was measured to assess tree-and rice-derived C. One year after planting, Eucalyptus robusta was the species exhibiting the highest tree-derived C values, with 148 g C m(-2) on average. In contrast, Citrus clementina transferred only 12 g C m(-2) to the soil. No significant contribution of Coffea arabica to the soil C stock was found. The presence of rice affected neither the growth of tree seedlings nor their abilities to provide C to the soil. The difference in soil C sequestration among tree species was significantly correlated with differential root biomass. Tree root biomass was significantly correlated with soil delta C-13. This experimental assay highlighted the contrasting contributions of tree species to ecological processes such as soil C sequestration at the early stage of agroforestry establishment. Further studies considering tree density and spatial arrangement should be conducted under field conditions to gain further insights into tree contributions to soil C sequestration in agroforestry systems
Effect of hexane, acetone and methanol extracts of Plectranthus glandulosus on the mortality of the adults of Callosobruchus maculatus and Sitophilus zeamais
No full textInternational audiencePlants extracted substances can constitute a best alternative to synthetic chemical insecticides and a good preservation of the environment because they are biodegradables. The leaves of Plectranthus glandulosus were extracted with hexane, acetone and methanol then fractionated and tested on adults of Sitophilus zeamais and Callosobruchus maculatus. Corn and cowpea seeds were each administered three (3) different doses (1, 5 and 10 g/kg) of these extracts to assess adult mortality of S. zeamais and C. maculatus. The different percentage of mortality obtained were collected and analyzed. In all cases, the hexane fraction was more effective than that of acetone and methanol because it induced more mortality and it appears that S. zeamais is more vulnerable than C. maculatus to the different extracts. The hexane extracts induced a mortality of 98.08% against adults of S. zeamais and 70.00% against adults of C. maculatus in one day of exposure with the dose of 10g/Kg. P. glandulosus extracts can be used as a natural solution against insect damage to plants
Effect of growth rate and pH on Li isotope fractionation during its incorporation in calcite
No full textInternational audienceLithium isotope compositions were determined for synthetic calcite and fluid, reported in Füger et al. (2019). Calcite was precipitated at 25°C, and mineral growth rate and pH varied within the range of 10≤ r (mol m s) ≤ 10 and 6.3 ≤ pH ≤ 9.5, respectively. At pH = 8.25±0.15, the ΔLi = δLi - δLi value of −2.76 ± 0.22 ‰ (n=4) was yielded when calcite growth rate was lower than ∼10 (mol m s). As calcite growth rate increased, ΔLi values progressively decreased to about −4.5 ‰. The dependence of Li isotope fractionation on calcite growth rate is described by the surface reaction kinetic model developed by DePaolo (2011). In this model the equilibrium and kinetic isotope fractionation factors obtain values of -2.7 ± 0.1 ‰ and -8.8 ± 0.1 ‰, respectively. In addition, for experiments performed under similar surface-normalized growth rate of 10±0.2 (mol m s) a significant decrease in ΔLi from pH 9.5 to 6.3 was observed. These variations of ΔLi as a function of pH for experiments performed under low degrees of solution saturation with respect to calcite point towards the incorporation of two or more Li-bearing species in the solid phase. Thus, the Li isotope composition of the solid reflects the abundance of these species, which depends on solution pH and fluid composition.Overall the results of this study suggest that both calcite growth rate and pH are parameters that can significantly affect the measured Li isotope fractionation between calcite and fluid. The high sensitivity of ΔLi to calcite growth rate observed in this study suggests that a high variability of δLi in natural samples, such as foraminifera, brachiopods, and speleothems can be expected in natural environments. The implications for the potential use of elemental and isotope fractionation of Li during calcite formation are discussed in the light of reconstruction of paleo-environmental conditions
Integration of GWAS, metabolomics, and sensorial analyses to reveal novel metabolic pathways involved in cocoa fruity aroma GWAS of fruity aroma in Theobroma cacao
No full textInternational audienceNacional is a variety of cocoa tree known for its "Arriba" aroma characterised mainly by fruity, floral, and spicy aromatic notes. In this study, the genetic basis of the fruity aroma of modern Nacional cocoa was investigated. GWAS studies have been conducted on biochemical and sensorial fruity traits and allowed to identify a large number of association zones. These areas are linked to both the volatile compounds known to provide fruity flavours and present in the beans before and after roasting, and to the fruity notes detected by sensorial analysis. Five main metabolic pathways were identified as involved in the fruity traits of the Nacional population: the protein degradation pathway, the sugar degradation pathway, the fatty acid degradation pathway, the monoterpene pathway, and the L-phenylalanine pathway. Candidate genes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of volatile compounds identified in association areas were detected for a large number of associations.Keyword
Selection of Microbial Targets for Treatments to Preserve Fresh Carrot Juice
No full textInternational audienceFresh carrot juice presents nutritional and organoleptic qualities which have to be preserved. However, it is a fast perishable beverage, and its low-acidic pH promotes the development of foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms. This study aims to assess the modification and variability of physicochemical and microbial indicators during storage of carrot juice, and to isolate and select microorganisms to be used as promoters of spoilage to quantify the effect of preservation treatments. To achieve that, 10 batches of carrot Daucus carota cv. Maestro juice were prepared independently, stored up to 14 days at 4 °C and analyzed. Volatile compound composition differed mainly according to the analyzed batch. During storage, an increase of the content of ethanol, ethyl acetate or 2-methoxyphenol, which are produced by different microorganisms, was noticed. Isolation of bacteria revealed Pseudomonas, lactic acid bacteria, and enterobacteria, some of them provoking odor modification of carrot juice at 4 °C. Assays in carrot juice with isolated yeasts and molds showed the ability of Meyerozyma guillermondii to induce texture modification and some isolates, e.g., Pichia guillermondii, resulted in gas production. Selected isolates able to induce spoilage are useful to test preservative treatments of fresh carrot juice under controlled conditions
Analyse des facteurs déterminants des élections législatives du 30 juillet 2006 en Territoire de Djugu
No full textInternational audienceL’auteur de cette étude se fixe comme objectif de circonscrire la problématique du déroulement des élections législatives de 2006 dans le Territoire de Djugu en identifiant les principaux facteurs qui ont justifié le choix des élections sur tel ou tel autre candidat à la députation nationale.La particularité du déroulement de ces élections résultait dans le fait que celle-ci s’étaient déroulées dans un contexte post-conflit où les Hema et les Bale (Lendu) ont trouvé dans ces élections un autre cadre d’explication de leur antagonisme cyclique.En nous lançant dans une étude de la sociologie électorale, quelques facteurs de base ont justifié le choix et l’engagement des électeurs à DJUGU sont : le cas de la guerre, la nécessité d’avoir des représentants et des dirigeants légitimes d’un nouveau régime démocratique mise en place et enfin, la fin de la guerre de rébellion et des conflits ethniques qui ont longtemps endeuillé la région. Dans cette perspective d’idée, les critères de base de choix de candidats députés dépendaient de leurs actions précédemment réalisées dans la communauté, leur appartenance ethnique ou tribale, leur compétence ainsi que leur popularité.The author of this study sets the objective of circumscribing the problem of the conduct of the legislative elections of 2006 in the Territory of Djugu by identifying (identifying) the main factors that motivated (justified) the choice of elections on this or that other candidate to the national deputation.The particularity of the conduct of these elections was that they took place in a post-conflict context where the Hema and Bale (Lendu) found in these elections another frame of explanation for their cyclical antagonism.In embarking on a study of electoral sociology, some basic factors have justified the choice and commitment of voters to DJUGU are: the case of war, the need to have representatives and legitimate leaders of a new democratic regime and finally, the end of the war of rebellion and ethnic conflicts that long bereaved the region.From this point of view, the basic criteria for choosing MPs depended on their past actions in the community, their ethnic or tribal affiliation, their competence and their popularity