International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology (IJARIT)
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On-farm demonstration of improved emmer wheat varieties in bale zone, Oromiya national regional state, Ethiopia
Get PDFOn-farm demonstration of improved emmer wheat varieties was conducted in Sinana and Goba districts of Bale Zone. The main objective of the study was to demonstrate and evaluate recently released Haydaro variety along with standard check. The demonstration was under taken on single plot of 10 m x 10 m area for each variety with the spacing of 20 cm between rows and recommended seed rate of 150 kg ha-1 and fertilizer rate of 100 qt ha-1 NPS. Mini-field day involving different stakeholders was organized at each respective site. Yield data per plot was recorded and analysed using descriptive statistics, while farmers’ preference to the demonstrated varieties was identified using focused group discussion and summarized using pair wise and simple ranking methods. The demonstration result revealed that Haydaro variety performed better than the standard check of Sinana 01 variety with an average yield of 33.5 qt ha-1, while that of the standard check was 27.2 qt ha-1. Haydaro variety had 23.16% yield advantage over the standard check. The farmers in all districts selected this variety. Thus, Haydaro variety was recommended for further scaling up in the selected area.
Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 12(1): 1-3, June 202
Compost enriched with effective microorganism and bordeaux mixture on ginger bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanaceurum) epidemics in southwestern, Ethiopia
Get PDFGinger is one of the most widely distributed spices grown in various cropping systems and locations throughout the southwestern Ethiopia. Bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is one of the serious diseases of ginger in Ethiopia. Field experiments were conducted during 2019 and 2020 to assess effects of soil amendments on bacterial wilt development and epidemics at Tepi, Ethiopia. Three soil amendments practices: compost, effective microorganisms and Bordeaux mixture alone and in integration were evaluated. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Compost at the rate of 7 ton ha-1 enriched with effective and Bordeaux mixture treatment significantly reduced ginger bacterial wilt severity, AUDPC and disease progress rate. This treatment reduced bacterial wilt mean severity by up to 21.08% as compared to untreated control plot. Compost at the rate of 7 ton ha-1 application also slowed down epidemic progression of bacterial wilt and significantly reduced the disease parameters when integrated effective microorganisms and Bordeaux mixture. The overall results indicated that integrated compost enriched with effective microorganisms and Bordeaux mixture was effective to slow down the epidemics of bacterial wilt and to sustain ginger production and productivity. Hence, integrated compost enriched with effective microorganisms and Bordeaux mixture along with other crop management systems are recommended for improved ginger production and productivity.
Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 12(1): 72-78, June 202
Inefficient Couples: Non-minimization of the Tax Burden among French Cohabiting Couples
No full textInternational audienceThe present paper investigates the tax returns of French cohabiting couples with children, defined here as neither married nor in a civil union. These couples represent an interesting case, because they form two separate tax units according to French tax laws and must optimally assign their children to one of the parents' tax units to optimize tax rebates. Using administrative tax data and a microsimulation model, we analyze whether cohabiting couples allocate their children to minimize the joint tax burden of the family. We find, however, that children are not optimally allocated in 25% of cases. We interpret the reasons why couples fail to financially optimize their situation by discussing the usual explanations (e.g., transaction costs, "simple rule," inertia) as well as a more specific reason: the potential non-cooperative behavior of cohabiting couples, possibly related to the lack of a binding agreement or potential asymmetries of information between partners. We also find suggestive evidence regarding heuristics (such as the equal split rule for an even number of children), a large degree of inertia (based on fiscal status changes over two years), and possible non-cooperation (suboptimal couples tend to separate more and marry less in the subsequent period)
Capacity Building in Sub-Saharan Africa as Part of the INTENSE-TBM Project During the COVID-19 Pandemic
No full textInternational audienceTuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most severe and disabling form of tuberculosis (TB), with at least 100,000 cases per year and a mortality rate of up to 50% in individuals co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). To evaluate the efficacy and safety of an intensified anti-tubercular regimen and an anti-inflammatory treatment, the INTENSE-TBM project includes a phase III randomised clinical trial (TBM-RCT) in four countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Within this framework, we designed a comprehensive capacity-building work package ensuring all centres had, or would acquire, the ability to conduct the TBM-RCT and developing a network of skilled researchers, clinical centres and microbiology laboratories. Here, we describe these activities, identify strengths/challenges and share tools adaptable to other projects, particularly in low- and lower-middle income countries with heterogeneous settings and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Despite major challenges, TBM-RCT initiation was achieved in all sites, promoting enhanced local healthcare systems and encouraging further clinical research in SSA. In terms of certified trainings, the achievement levels were 95% (124/131) for good clinical practice, 91% (39/43) for good clinical laboratory practice and 91% (48/53) for infection prevention and control. Platform-based research, developed as part of capacity-building activities for specific projects, may be a valuable tool in fighting future infectious diseases and in developing high-level research in Africa
Modeling the Unsteady Flow of a Newtonian Fluid Originating from the Hole of an Open Cylindrical Reservoir
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Orthographe d'une langue régionale d'Outre-mer : quelles influences du français sur la mise à l'écrit du shimaore ?
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Effect of Elevated Carbon Dioxide Exposure on Nutrition-Health Properties of Micro-Tom Tomatoes
No full textInternational audience(1) Background: The anthropogenically induced rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and associated climate change are considered a potential threat to human nutrition. Indeed, an elevated CO2 concentration was associated with significant alterations in macronutrient and micronutrient content in various dietary crops. (2) Method: In order to explore the impact of elevated CO2 on the nutritional-health properties of tomato, we used the dwarf tomato variety Micro-Tom plant model. Micro-Toms were grown in culture chambers under 400 ppm (ambient) or 900 ppm (elevated) carbon dioxide. Macronutrients, carotenoids, and mineral contents were analyzed. Biological anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactivities were assessed in vitro on activated macrophages. (3) Results: Micro-Tom exposure to 900 ppm carbon dioxide was associated with an increased carbohydrate content whereas protein, minerals, and total carotenoids content were decreased. These modifications of composition were associated with an altered bioactivity profile. Indeed, antioxidant anti-inflammatory potential were altered by 900 ppm CO2 exposure. (4) Conclusions: Taken together, our results suggest that (i) the Micro-Tom is a laboratory model of interest to study elevated CO2 effects on crops and (ii) exposure to 900 ppm CO2 led to the decrease of nutritional potential and an increase of health beneficial properties of tomatoes for human health
Structured elicitation of expert judgement in real-time eruption scenarios: an exercise for Piton de la Fournaise volcano, La Réunion island
No full textco-auteur étrangerInternational audienceFormalised elicitation of expert judgements has been used to help tackle several problematic societal issues, including volcanic crises and pandemic threats. We present an expert elicitation exercise for Piton de la Fournaise volcano, La Réunion island, held remotely in April 2021. This involved 28 experts from nine countries who considered a hypothetical effusive eruption crisis involving a new vent opening in a high-risk area. The tele-elicitation presented several challenges, but is a promising and workable option for application to future volcanic crises. Our exercise considered an “uncommon” eruptive scenario with a vent outside the present caldera and within inhabited areas, and provided uncertainty ranges for several hazard-related questions for such a scenario (e.g. probability of eruption within a defined timeframe; elapsed time until lava flow reaches a critical location, and other hazard management issues). Our exercise indicated that such a scenario would probably present very different characteristics compared to recent eruptions, and that it is fundamental to include well-prepared expert elicitations in updated civil protection evacuation plans to improve disaster response procedures
A 20 year-long GNSS solution across South-America with focus in Chile
No full textInternational audienceOver the last 3 decades, GPS measurements have been instrumental in quantifying tectonic plates current motion and deformation. Complex patterns of deformation along the plate boundaries revealed heterogeneous coupling on the plates interface and imaged seismic segments at different stages of their seismic cycle. Along the South-American trench in Chile, where large earthquakes occur frequently, continuous GPS observations (cGPS) captured both the long-term plate motion and the transient deformations associated with the seismic cycle. Over the years, a network of hundreds of cGPS stations has been deployed all across the South-American continent by many different institutions for many different sorts of purposes ranging from geographic reference to tsunami early warning. We report here on the processing of 20 years (2000–2020) worth of data over a selection of cGPS stations, devoted to the quantification and analysis of the deformation along the Chilean subduction zone between 18°S and 40°S. We use all available data near the trench in Chile and a less dense network inside the continent where the gradient of deformation is lesser. Our database, named SOAM_GNSS_solENS , provides time series of precise daily station position, obtained from double difference (DD) processing and expressed in the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2014 (ITRF14). These time series allow to quantify, with sub-millimetric precision, any kind of ongoing deformation process, either from tectonic origin such as interseismic deformation, co- and post-seismic displacements associated with earthquakes, transient deformation associated to seismic swarms and/or a-seismic slow-slip events, or of other origin such as hydrological loading (for ex., the Amazonian basin load) or any other type of loading affecting the surface of the Earth (tides, atmosphere, etc.). We also provide a database of coseismic displacements associated with close to 60 earthquakes of Mw larger than 6.5 that occurred over the last 20 years within the observation area. All time series are directly accessible through a deposit and we plan to make them available through a web interface that will allow any user to perform elementary operations like estimating offsets, detecting outliers, detrending, filtering and stacking. That database will evolve with time, aggregating more data. In the future, we also plan to complement that database with a rapid solution in quasi real time processed in Precise Point Positioning (PPP), and with hourly atmospheric delays associated with water vapor content of the lower layer of the atmosphere.Au cours des trois dernières décennies, les mesures GPS ont permis de quantifier le mouvement et la déformation actuelle des plaques tectoniques. Des modèles complexes de déformation le long des frontières des plaques ont révélé un couplage hétérogène à l’interface des plaques, et ont permis d’imager des segments sismiques à différents stades de leur cycle sismique. Le long de la fosse sud-américaine au Chili, où de grands tremblements de terre se produisent fréquemment, des observations GPS continues (cGPS) ont capturé à la fois le mouvement des plaques à long terme et les déformations transitoires associées au cycle sismique. Au fil des ans, un réseau de plusieurs centaines de stations cGPS a été déployé sur tout le continent sud-américain, par de nombreuses institutions différentes, pour toutes sortes d’applications allant de la référence géographique à l’alerte précoce aux tsunamis. Nous présentons ici le traitement de 20 années (2000–2020) de données sur une sélection de stations cGPS, consacrées à la quantification et à l’analyse de la déformation le long de la zone de subduction chilienne entre 18°S et 40°S. Nous utilisons toutes les données disponibles au Chili (proche de la fosse de subduction) et un réseau moins dense à l’intérieur du continent où le gradient de déformation est moindre. Notre base de données, nommée SOAM_GNSS_solENS , fournit des séries temporelles de position quotidienne précise des stations, obtenues par traitement en double différence (DD) et exprimées dans le système international de référence terrestre 2014 (ITRF14). Ces séries temporelles permettent de quantifier, avec une précision sub-millimétrique, tout type de processus de déformation en cours, qu’il soit d’origine tectonique comme la déformation intersismique, les déplacements co- et post-sismiques associés aux tremblements de terre, la déformation transitoire associée aux essaims sismiques et/ou aux événements de glissement lent a-sismiques, ou d’origine différentes comme les charges hydrologiques (par exemple, la charge du bassin amazonien) ou tout autre type de charge affectant la surface de la Terre (marées, atmosphère, etc.). Nous fournissons également une base de données des déplacements cosismiques associés à près de 60 séismes de Mw supérieure à 6.5, survenus au cours des 20 dernières années dans la zone d’observation et détectés par GPS. Toutes les séries temporelles sont directement accessibles via un dépôt et une interface web actuellement en développement permettra à tout utilisateur d’effectuer des opérations élémentaires telles que l’estimation des sauts, la détection des valeurs aberrantes, la correction de tendance linéaire, le filtrage et la superposition. Cette base de données évoluera avec le temps, en agrégeant davantage de données. Dans le futur, nous prévoyons également de la compléter avec une solution rapide en temps quasi réel traitée en Precise Point Positioning (PPP), et avec des séries temporelles de retards atmosphériques horaires associés au contenu en vapeur d’eau de la couche inférieure de l’atmosphère