International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology (IJARIT)
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Encapsulating language ideologies in figurative language: a critical discourse analysis of French presidents’ speeches to Africa.
No full textDistancielInternational audienceThis study investigates the interaction between figuration and language ideologies in political discourse. The analysis relies on the cognitive approach to conceptual metaphor/metonymy and critical discourse studies (Lakoff and Johnson 1980, Chilton 2004, van Dijk 2009, among others). As Lakoff and Johnson (2003: 39) have shown, metaphoric and metonymic concepts are grounded in our experience and they structure our thoughts, language, attitudes and actions. Analyzing the relation between language, ideology and metaphor, Underhill (2011: 174) argues that “language itself is invariably represented in metaphors”, and demonstrates how the representations of the French language are historically metaphorical.The present study examines how metaphor and metonymy interact with ideologies in French presidents’ speeches to Africa. It also analyzes the rhetorical strategies and motivations behind the encapsulation of ideologies within figurative language. Our hypothesis is that metaphor and metonymy are not only rhetorical devices to persuade people, but they are also opaque ways to mitigate biased and sensitive ideologies. In the corpus, the French language and the Francophonie are frequently represented figuratively to encapsulate ideas and worldviews that were explicitly expressed in the colonial period but are nowadays considered as biased discourses. The underlying discursive objective is to perpetuate a historical representation of French and ultimately maintain its symbolic power and prestige in former colonies. Thus, instead of openly insisting on the so-called beauty, clarity and perfection of the French language, postcolonial French presidents rather use other subtle conceptual representations. For instance, President Macron conceptualizes French/Francophonie as a “living being” and “cement” uniting France and former colonies, while President Hollande rhetorically equates “speaking French” to “inspiring people” and “speaking the language of freedom and dignity”. ReferencesChilton, P. (2004). Analysing Political Discourse: Theory and Practice. London: Routledge.Chilton, P. and C. Schäffner (Eds) (2002). Politics as Text and Talk: Analytic Approaches to Political Discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson. (2003 [1980]). Metaphors We Live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Underhill, J. (2011). Creating Worldviews: Metaphor, Ideology and Language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Van Dijk, T. (2009). Critical Discourse Studies: a sociocognitive approach. In Ruth Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds). Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. Second edition, pp. 62-86. London: Sage
Guidelines for volcano-observatory operations during crises: recommendations from the 2019 volcano observatory best practices meeting
No full textInternational audienceIn November 2019, the fourth Volcano Observatory Best Practices workshop was held in Mexico City as a series of talks, discussions, and panels. Volcanologists from around the world offered suggestions for ways to optimize volcano-observatory crisis operations. By crisis, we mean unrest that may or may not lead to eruption, the eruption itself, or its aftermath, all of which require analysis and communications by the observatory. During a crisis, the priority of the observatory should be to acquire, process, analyze, and interpret data in a timely manner. A primary goal is to communicate effectively with the authorities in charge of civil protection. Crisis operations should rely upon exhaustive planning in the years prior to any actual unrest or eruptions. Ideally, nearly everything that observatories do during a crisis should be envisioned, prepared, and practiced prior to the actual event. Pre-existing agreements and exercises with academic and government collaborators will minimize confusion about roles and responsibilities. In the situation where planning is unfinished, observatories should prioritize close ties and communications with the land and civil-defense authorities near the most threatening volcanoes. To a large extent, volcanic crises become social crises, and any volcano observatory should have a communication strategy, a lead communicator, regular status updates, and a network of colleagues outside the observatory who can provide similar messaging to a public that desires consistent and authoritative information. Checklists permit tired observatory staff to fulfill their duties without forgetting key communications, data streams, or protocols that need regular fulfilment (Bretton et al. Volcanic Unrest. Advances in Volcanology, 2018; Newhall et al. Bull Volcanol 64:3–20, 2020). Observatory leaders need to manage staff workload to prevent exhaustion and ensure that expertise is available as needed. Event trees and regular group discussions encourage multi-disciplinary thinking, consideration of disparate viewpoints, and documentation of all group decisions and consensus. Though regulations, roles and responsibilities differ around the world, scientists can justify their actions in the wake of an eruption if they document their work, are thoughtful and conscientious in their deliberations, and carry out protocols and procedures developed prior to volcanic unrest. This paper also contains six case studies of volcanic eruptions or observatory actions that illustrate some of the topics discussed herein. Specifically, we discuss Ambae (Vanuatu) in 2017–2018, Kīlauea (USA) in 2018, Etna (Italy) in 2018, Bárðarbunga (Iceland) in 2014, Cotopaxi (Ecuador) in 2015, and global data sharing to prepare for eruptions at Nyiragongo (Democratic Republic of Congo). A Spanish-language version of this manuscript is provided as Additional file 1
Évaluation neurophysiologique multimodale pronostique précoce des comas traumatiques et vasculaires : étude ProCOMA
No full textBackground: there is a lack of reliable tools for early, accurate prognostic assessment of traumatic and vascular comas compared to post-anoxic comas for which different methods can predict death or awakening accurately from the first few days. In this retrospective monocentric study, we aimed to assess the prognostic value of in-ICU mortality of our multimodal neurophysiologic evaluation protocol in traumatic and vascular comas.Methods: we retrospectively enrolled patients who had undergone our ProCOMA protocol, including a clinical evaluation, an EEG and a multimodal evoked potentials evaluation by SSEP, VEP, BAEP and ERP, between November 2019 and June 2020. We collected for each patient clinical and neurophysiological data and coma outcome. The primary endpoint was in-ICU mortality. Secondary endpoints were in-ICU awakening, length of sedation, ventilation and in-ICU stay. The prognostic value of in-ICU mortality was calculated for evaluation’s components of interest and a decision tree was proposed.Results: twenty-nine patients were assessed at a mean time of 4 ± 2 days from the beginning of the coma, of whom 13 (45%) died in ICU. A pejorative EEG pattern and a grade 3 or 4 index of global cortical functioning (IGCF) using SSEP and VEP were the most predictive of in-ICU mortality, with respectively 92% and 69% sensitivity and 93% and 88% specificity.Conclusions: in traumatic and vascular comas where brain injuries are scattered compared with homogeneous and diffuse grey matter injuries of post-anoxic comas, a standardized multimodal neurophysiologic evaluation protocol could help increase the prognostic value.Contexte : des outils fiables pour une évaluation pronostique précoce et précise des comas d’origine traumatique et vasculaire manquent par rapport aux comas d’origine post-anoxique. Nous avons étudié la valeur pronostique de décès en réanimation de notre protocole d’évaluation pronostique neurophysiologique multimodale.Matériels et méthodes : nous avons inclus rétrospectivement les patients ayant été évalué par le protocole ProCOMA (incluant une évaluation clinique, un EEG et une évaluation multimodale par PES, PEV, PEA et PEC) entre novembre 2019 et juin 2020. Nous avons recueilli pour chaque patient ses données cliniques et neurophysiologique ainsi que l’issue du coma. Le critère de jugement principal était la mortalité en réanimation. Les critères de jugement secondaires étaient le réveil en réanimation, la durée de sédation, de ventilation et d’hospitalisation en réanimation. La valeur pronostique de décès en réanimation était calculée pour certains composants d’intérêt de l’évaluation et un arbre décisionnel était proposé.Résultats : vingt-neuf patients avaient été évalués en moyenne à 4 ± 2 jours d’évolution du coma, dont 13 (45%) sont décédés en réanimation. La présence d’un pattern EEG défavorable et un IFCG grade 3 ou 4 étaient associés au décès en réanimation avec respectivement une sensibilité de 92% et 69% et une spécificité de 93% et 88%.Conclusion : dans les comas traumatiques et vasculaires où les lésions cérébrales sont éparses par rapport aux lésions de substance grise homogènes et diffuses des comas post-anoxiques, un protocole standardisé d’évaluation pronostique neurophysiologique multimodal pourrait améliorer la valeur pronostique
Nano-biochar: A novel solution for sustainable agriculture and environmental remediation
No full textInternational audienceCurrently, the applications of biochar (BC) in agricultural practices and for environmental remediation purposes have demonstrated multifaceted advantages despite a few limitations. Nano-BC offers considerable opportunities especially for the remediation of hazardous contaminants as well as the improvement of crop productivity. Positive outcomes of nano-BC on soil physico-chemical and biological characteristics have indicated its suitability for agricultural applications. Nano-BC may effectively regulate the mobilization and sorption of important micro- and macro-nutrients, along with the hazardous contaminants including potentially toxic metals, pesticides, etc. Additionally, the sorption characteristics of nano-BC depends substantially on feedstock materials and pyrolysis temperatures. Nevertheless, the conducted investigations regarding nano-BC are in infant stages, requiring extensive field investigations. The nano-enhanced properties of BC on one hand dramatically improve its effectiveness and sustainability, on the other hand, there may be associated with toxicity development in diverse aquatic and/or terrestrial environments. Therefore, risk assessment on soil organisms and its indirect impact on human health is another area of concern linked with the field application of nano-BC. The present review delineates the potentiality of nano-BC as an emerging sorbent for sustainable agriculture and environmental applications
Rayleigh–Taylor instability in impact cratering experiments
No full textInternational audienceWhen a liquid drop strikes a deep pool of a target liquid, an impact crater opens while the liquid of the drop decelerates and spreads on the surface of the crater. When the density of the drop is larger than the target liquid, we observe mushroom-shaped instabilities growing at the interface between the two liquids. We interpret this instability as a spherical Rayleigh–Taylor instability due to the deceleration of the interface, which exceeds the ambient gravity. We investigate experimentally the effect of the density contrast and the impact Froude number, which measures the importance of the impactor kinetic energy to gravitational energy, on the instability and the resulting mixing layer. Using backlighting and planar laser-induced fluorescence methods, we obtain the position of the air–liquid interface, an estimate of the instability wavelength, and the thickness of the mixing layer. We derive a model for the evolution of the crater radius from an energy conservation. We then show that the observed dynamics of the mixing layer results from a competition between the geometrical expansion of the crater, which tends to thin the layer, and entrainment related to the instability, which increases the layer thickness. The mixing caused by this instability has geophysical implications for the impacts that formed terrestrial planets. Extrapolating our scalings to planets, we estimate the mass of silicates that equilibrates with the metallic core of the impacting bodies
Un modello della propagazione endemica delle malattie infettive emergenti SEPI
No full textInternational audienceAuf dem Gebiet der Epidemiologie gibt es zwei Klassen dynamischer Modelle. Es gibt die Klasse der temporären Modelle, die für kurzlebige Epidemien spezialisiert sind, und die Klasse der endemischen Modelle, die für lang andauernde Epidemien reserviert sind. Im Lichte des von uns vorgeschlagenen neuen temporären dynamischen Modells „Anfällig, exponiert, vorkontaminiert, infiziert“ (SEPI) (1. Klasse) und um unser Modell effizienter zu gestalten, werden wir das endemische Modell SEPI (2. Klasse) entwickeln. und die verschiedenen Studien zu diesem Modell vorzuschlagen. Dieses endemische SEPI-Modell ist spezialisiert auf lang anhaltende Epidemien und Fälle, in denen sich die Infektion direkt ausbreitet: erstens zwischen präkontagiösen Personen (asymptomatisch) und anfälligen Personen, zweitens zwischen infektiösen Personen (symptomatisch) und anfälligen Personen.In the field of epidemiology, there are two classes of dynamic models. There is the class of temporary models specialized for short-lived epidemics and the class of endemic models reserved for epidemics that persist for a long time. In the light of the new temporary dynamic model Susceptible, Exposed, Precontaged, Infected (SEPI) (1 er class) that we have proposed and in order to make our model more efficient, we will develop the endemic model SEPI (2 th class) and to propose the different studies relating to this model. This endemic SEPI model is specialized in epidemics that persist for a long time and in cases where the infection spreads directly: first between precontagious individuals (asymptomatic) and susceptible individuals, second between infectious individuals (symptomatic) and susceptible individuals.Dans le domaine de l'épidémiologie, il existe deux classes de modèles dynamiques. Il y a la classe des modèles temporaires spécialisés pour les épidémies de courte durée et la classe des modèles endémiques réservée aux épidémies qui persistent longtemps. A la lumière du nouveau modèle dynamique temporaire Susceptible, Exposed, Precontaged, Infected (SEPI) (1 er classe) que nous avons proposé et afin de rendre notre modèle plus efficace, nous allons développer le modèle endémique SEPI (2 ème classe) et de proposer les différentes études relatives à ce modèle. Ce modèle SEPI endémique est spécialisé dans les épidémies qui persistent longtemps et dans les cas où l'infection se propage directement : d'une part entre individus précontagieux (asymptomatiques) et individus sensibles, d'autre part entre individus infectieux (symptomatiques) et individus sensibles.En savoir plus sur ce texte sourceVous devez indiquer le texte source pour obtenir des informations supplémentairesEnvoyer des commentairesPanneaux latérauxNel campo dell'epidemiologia, ci sono due classi di modelli dinamici. C'è la classe dei modelli temporanei specializzati per epidemie di breve durata e la classe dei modelli endemici riservata alle epidemie che persistono a lungo. Alla luce del nuovo modello dinamico temporaneo Susceptible, Exposed, Precontaged, Infected (SEPI) (1a classe) che abbiamo proposto e per rendere il nostro modello più efficiente, svilupperemo il modello endemico SEPI (2a classe) e di proporre i diversi studi relativi a questo modello. Questo modello SEPI endemico è specializzato nelle epidemie che persistono a lungo e nei casi in cui l'infezione si diffonde direttamente: prima tra individui precontagiosi (asintomatici) e soggetti suscettibili, secondo tra individui infettivi (sintomatici) e soggetti suscettibili
S-matrix-based bandpass negative group delay innovative model of inverted parallel arm distributed topology
No full textInternational audienceThis paper develops an innovative model of bandpass (BP) negative group delay (NGD) inverted arm topology of parallel lines. The S-matrix model is established from impedance and admittance matrix operations of elementary transmission lines constituting the topology. Parametric analysis is performed to assess the influence of inverted arm structure sizes on the BP NGD specifications. To validate the theoretical concept, a proof of concept is designed in microstrip technology. The calculated and simulated results are in very good agreement. NGD value, center frequency and bandwidth of about -8 ns, 3.6 GHz and 4 MHz, respectively, are observed with insertion loss better than 1 dB and reflection loss better than 18 dB. The innovative NGD physical structure could be an important asset to reduce propagation delay in the upcoming telecommunications systems as the 5G system
Repérage de la fragilité sociale aux urgences du CHU de Saint Denis La Réunion et lien avec le service de Permanence d’Accès aux Soins de Santé
No full textBackground: In Reunion, 39% of the population lives below the poverty line. Emergency departments are the first port of call for these vulnerable people. At the Félix-Guyon University Hospital, there is a tool : “the PASS alert”, which informs the PASS service that a situation requires their expertise. It is rarely used.Method: This is a quasi-experimental before-and-after study conducted in the emergency department of the CHU Félix-Guyon from 1 February to 30 June 2021. The PASCAL score was set up at the entrance of the emergency room. We studied the number of PASS alerts performed before and after the intervention. A descriptive analysis was carried out on 400 patient files with a positive PASCAL score.Results: 1720 patients were included, the number of PASS alerts remained stable over the two periods (30 and 28). 97% of the patients were considered as precarious after screening. Our study revealed a young population (46.4 years) with few comorbidities. The emergency room was the first port of call for 74.2% of them. Conclusion: Screening for precariousness in the emergency room of the Félix-Guyon University Hospital did not improve the rate of use of the PASS services. This study is a preliminary work to achieve a better medical and social care in the emergency room of the CHU Félix Guyon.Introduction : À la Réunion 39% de la population vit sous le seuil de pauvreté. Les urgences sont un lieu de premier recours pour ces personnes vulnérables. Au CHU Félix-Guyon il existe un outil : « l’alerte PASS » qui permet d’informer le service de la PASS qu’une situation nécessiterait leur expertise. Il est peu utilisé. Objectif : Le but de l’étude est de dépister la précarité à l’aide du score de PASCAL aux urgences du CHU Félix-Guyon afin d’améliorer le taux de recours aux consultations et ordonnances de la PASS.Méthode : Il s’agit d’une étude quasi expérimentale de type « avant-après » menée aux urgences du CHU Félix-Guyon du 1er février au 30 juin 2021. Le score de PASCAL a été mise en place à l’entrée des urgences. Nous avons étudié le nombre d’alertes PASS réalisées avant et après intervention. Une analyse descriptive a été réalisé à partir de 400 dossiers patients ayant un score de PASCAL positif.Résultats : 1720 patients ont été inclus, le nombre d’alertes PASS est resté stable sur les 2 périodes (30 et 28). 97% des patients étaient considérées comme précaires après dépistage. Notre étude a mis en évidence une population jeune (46,4 ans) avec peu de comorbidités. Les urgences étaient un lieu de premier recours pour 74,2% d’entre eux.Conclusion : Le dépistage de la précarité aux urgences du CHU Félix-Guyon n’a pas permis d’améliorer le taux de recours aux dispositifs de la PASS. Cette étude est un travail préalable pour aboutir à une meilleure prise en charge médico-sociale aux urgences du CHU Félix Guyon
Évaluation de la qualité méthodologique des thèses de médecine générale soutenues à l'UFR santé de La Réunion entre 2017 et avril 2020 : une étude descriptive rétrospective
No full textIntroduction : Research is a necessary condition for the existence of high quality medicine. General medicine practice theses (TEMG) are one of the major producers of general medicine research in France. Using the guidelines enhances the quality of written study reports and therefore publication. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the general medicine theses of the Indian Ocean subdivision.Materials and methods : A cross-sectional observational study with retrospective data collection to assess the quality of theses, has been carried out since the creation of the UFR La Réunion. The evaluation was carried out independently by two "novice" evaluators using reference grids adapted to the methodologies. In the event of a discrepancy on an item, an “expert” evaluator ruled. The statistical analysis was descriptive and bivariate, the kappa coefficient was of 0.90.Results : 65 TEMGs supported from 09/08/2017 to 04/28/2020 were included. 65.9% of the STROBE grid items were found for the 48 observational theses. The shortcomings concerned the "method" and "financing" part. 68% of the COREQ grid items were found for the 16 qualitative theses. The omissions concerned the “research and reflection team” part. One thesis was analyzed with the CONSORT grid and had 70% of expected items present.Conclusion : The quality of TEMGs from the Indian Ocean subdivision is comparable with that of theses from Grenoble. They could, however, be improved with the aim of promoting them through publication.Introduction : La recherche est une condition nécessaire à l’existence d’une médecine de haute qualité. Les thèses d’exercice de méecine générale (TEMG) sont l’un des grands producteurs de recherche en médecine générale en France. L’utilisation des lignes directrices renforce la qualité des rapports écrits d’une étude et donc la publication. L’objectif principal de cette étude était d’évaluer les TEMG de la subdivision Océan Indien.Matériels et méthodes : Une étude d’évaluation de la qualité des TEMG, observationnelle transversale avec recueil rétrospectif a été menée depuis la création de l’UFR de La Réunion. L’évaluation était faite de manière indépendante par deux évaluateurs "novices" utilisant les grilles de référence adaptées aux méthodologies. En cas de divergence sur un item, un évaluateur "expert" statuait. L’analyse statistique était descriptive et bi-variée, le coefficient kappa était renseigné.Résultats : L’inclusion comprenait 65 TEMG soutenues du 08/09/2017 au 28/04/2020. Il était retrouvé 65,9% +/- 10 des items de la grille STROBE pour les 48 thèses observationnelles. Les lacunes concernaient la partie "méthode" et "financement". Il était retrouvé 68% +/- 7 des items de la grille COREQ pour les 16 thèses qualitatives. Les lacunes concernaient la partie "équipe de recherche et de réflexion". Une thèse était analysée avec la grille CONSORT et comptait 70 % d’items attendus présents.Conclusion : La qualité des TEMG de la subdivision Océan Indien est comparable avec celle des thèses de Grenoble. Elles pourraient toutefois être améliorées dans un objectif de valorisation par la publication